中国土壤湿度的时空变化特征

doi:10.11821/dlxb201609003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于中国155个农业气象观测站1981-2010年逐旬土壤湿度资料,分析了全国和12个气候区域0~50 cm逐层的土壤湿度时空分布规律,采用趋势分析和Cramér-von Mises（CVM）方法探究了土壤湿度的变化趋势及突变性。结果表明：西南、江淮、东北、江南、江汉、黄淮和华南地区各层土壤湿度均高于全国平均值,内蒙古地区最低;随着深度增加,西南地区土壤湿度增加最明显,仅青藏高原地区土壤湿度减小。不同区域0~50 cm各层土壤湿度年变化和季节变化差异明显,并具有阶段性特征,大部地区深层土壤湿度高于浅层;总体上,新疆、华南、华北、青藏高原、东北、黄淮地区1981-2010年土壤湿度减小趋势显著,其中新疆地区减小最为明显。除江淮地区外,各区域土壤湿度均存在较为明显的年际差异,突变时段主要集中在20世纪80年代后期至90年代初期、90年代后期两个时间段。

关键词: 土壤湿度, 气候区划, 线性趋势, CVM检验, 中国

Abstract:

Using actual observed soil moisture data of 155 agro-meteorological stations across China, at dekadal scale from 1981 to 2010, this paper examined the spatial and temporal characteristics of soil moisture at each 10 cm depth from 0 to 50 cm, at regional and national scales. Annual trend and significant change point were detected through tendency analysis and Cramér-von Mises test methods. Since soil texture and crop types were approximately homogeneous in each climatic region, regional average variation of soil moisture could be observed in the analysis. Mean soil moisture was between 15% and 25% in most regions while it was above 25% in the northern part of Northeast China and southern part of Southwest China. At each depth, larger soil moisture was detected in Southwest China, Jianghuai, Northeast China, Jiangnan, Jianghan, Huanghuai and South China, while the smallest value was observed in Inner Mongolia. As soil deepening, except in Tibetan Plateau, increases in soil moisture were apparent, being a maximal magnitude in Southwest China. Obviously, as well as periodical characteristics, annual and seasonal difference of soil moisture emerged at each depth, corresponding well to regional precipitation, temperature, and water demand for planting crops. An obvious freezing-increasing-deceasing-increasing trend existed in Northeast China, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, a variation of deceasing-increasing-fluctuating in North China, Huanghuai, and eastern Northwest China, a multiple fluctuation in Jianghuai, Jianghan and Jiangnan, and a deceasing-increasing-deceasing trend in South China and Southwest China, while an increasing-deceasing trend was found in the Tibetan Plateau. Soil moisture at a greater depth was higher than that at superficial layers. Annual soil moisture varied at each depth, but the mean value decreased from 1981 to 2010. Such annual variation could be well explained by corresponding temperature and precipitation. Consequently, soil moisture tended to decrease in response to temperature increase, following climate change. Apart from climatic factors, soil texture and crop type, as well as human activity, can have influence on soil moisture, which is needed to be studied further. Soil moisture decreased in Xinjiang, South China, North China, Tibetan Plateau, Northeast China and Huanghuai among which Xinjiang was most remarkable with a velocity above -2.3%?(10a)^-1. Except in Jianghuai, a significant change of soil moisture was detected, mainly during two periods, i.e. from the late 1980s to early 1990s, and late 1990s.

Key words: soil moisture, climatic zoning, linear tendency, Cramé, r-von Mises test, China

张蕾, 吕厚荃, 王良宇, 杨冰韵. 中国土壤湿度的时空变化特征[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(9): 1494-1508.

Lei ZHANG, Houquan LU, Liangyu WANG, Bingyun YANG. Spatial-temporal characteristics of soil moisture in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(9): 1494-1508.

图/表 11

图1

表1

中国各气候区不同区域0~50 cm土壤质地分类

地区	土壤	北方地区土壤类型所占比例(%)					地区	土壤		南方地区土壤类型所占比例(%)
地区	土壤	0~10				10~20	20~30	30~40	40~50	0~10	10~20	20~30	30~40	40~50
东北	黏土	41	31	16	16	12	江淮	黏土	0		20	0	0	0
	黏壤土	39	29	43	41	45		黏壤土	40		20	40	20	20
	壤土	14	29	22	20	20		壤土	60		40	40	20	20
	砂壤土	4	6	10	8	10		砂壤土	0		20	20	40	40
	壤砂土	2	6	6	12	2		壤砂土	0		0	0	20	20
	砂土	0	0	2	2	10		砂土	0		0	0	0	0
内蒙古	黏土	20	0	0	7	0	江汉	黏土	0		0	0	0	0
	黏壤土	13	33	13	27	7		黏壤土	33		67	33	0	0
	壤土	27	20	33	7	40		壤土	33		33	0	0	0
	砂壤土	27	27	13	27	7		砂壤土	33		0	67	67	33
	壤砂土	7	7	40	33	40		壤砂土	0		0	0	33	33
	砂土	7	13	0	0	7		砂土	0		0	0	0	33
华北	黏土	12	8	0	4	4	江南	黏土	0		0	0	0	0
	黏壤土	40	16	12	20	16		黏壤土	25		0	25	0	0
	壤土	32	40	52	36	44		壤土	75		75	25	50	50
	砂壤土	8	20	24	8	12		砂壤土	0		25	25	0	25
	壤砂土	8	12	8	24	20		壤砂土	0		0	25	25	0
	砂土	0	4	4	8	4		砂土	0		0	0	25	25
黄淮	黏土	22	6	0	0	0	华南	黏土	0		0	0	0	0
	黏壤土	50	22	11	11	17		黏壤土	50		50	0	0	0
	壤土	17	44	28	33	22		壤土	50		50	100	0	0
	砂壤土	6	22	22	33	22		砂壤土	0		0	0	100	50
	壤砂土	6	6	22	17	22		壤砂土	0		0	0	0	0
	砂土	0	0	17	6	17		砂土	0		0	0	0	50
新疆	黏土	0	0	0	0	0	西南	黏土	22		33	11	11	33
	黏壤土	25	25	0	25	0		黏壤土	56		0	0	33	11
	壤土	50	25	50	25	75		壤土	0		44	44	22	22
	砂壤土	0	25	0	0	0		砂壤土	11		0	22	0	0
	壤砂土	25	0	25	25	0		壤砂土	11		11	11	22	11
	砂土	0	25	25	25	25		砂土	0		11	11	11	22
西北中东部	黏土	35	29	6	0	6	青藏高原	黏土	17		0	0	0	0
	黏壤土	47	35	53	35	47		黏壤土	50		50	33	17	33
	壤土	18	29	24	41	18		壤土	17		17	33	67	33
	砂壤土	0	6	18	12	24		砂壤土	0		0	17	0	17
	壤砂土	0	0	0	12	0		壤砂土	17		33	17	0	0
	砂土	0	0	0	0	6		砂土	0		0	0	17	17

表1

表2

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

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	土壤湿度均值(%)							土壤湿度倾向率(%?(10a)^-1)
	0~50		0~10	10~20	20~30	30~40	40~50	0~50	0~10	10~20	20~30	30~40	40~50
全国	18.3	17.4	18.0	18.2	18.7	19.2		-0.8	-0.5	-0.9	-0.7	-0.9	-0.9
东北	21.7	20.8	21.7	21.9	21.9	22.0		-0.6^*	-0.3	-0.8^*	-0.8^*	-0.6^*	-0.7^*
内蒙古	9.5	8.9	9.1	9.4	10.0	10.4		-0.3	-0.1	-0.4	-0.3	-0.3	-0.3
华北	16.1	15.3	15.8	16.0	16.3	17.0		-1.3^*	-1.1^*	-1.4^*	-1.4^*	-1.2^*	-1.3^*
黄淮	19.5	18.7	19.2	19.2	19.9	20.5		-0.6^*	-0.1	-0.6^*	-0.7^*	-1.0^*	-1.0^*
新疆	11.3	9.5	10.7	11.5	12.0	12.9		-3.8^*	-3.6^*	-4.0^*	-3.5^*	-3.0^*	-2.3^*
西北地区中东部	13.9	13.5	14.2	14.0	13.9	13.9		-0.4	-0.3	-0.4	-0.4	-0.4	-0.4
江淮	24.1	23.6	23.6	23.9	24.3	24.8		-0.1	0.1	0.0	0.0	-0.5^*	-0.6^*
江汉	21.0	20.3	20.5	20.6	21.6	22.3		0.3	0.8^*	0.4	0.3	-0.3	-0.7
江南	21.3	21.3	21.1	21.2	21.4	21.6		-0.3	0.0	-0.3	-0.4	-0.5^*	-0.7^*
华南	18.9	18.2	19.7	19.3	18.7	18.7		-1.8^*	-1.8^*	-2.7^*	-1.7^*	-0.8^*	-0.4
西南	24.4	20.1	21.6	23.6	27.4	29.3		0.1	0.0	-0.4	0.2	0.6	0.5
青藏高原	17.9	19.0	18.8	17.6	17.1	17.2		-1.2^*	-0.5	-1.4^*	-1.2^*	-1.6^*	-2.4^*