地理学报 ›› 2016, Vol. 71 ›› Issue (6): 899-913.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201606001
• 理论与方法 • 下一篇
湛东升1,2(), 张文忠1(
), 余建辉1, 党云晓1,2, 李小云1,2
收稿日期:
2015-09-21
修回日期:
2016-01-04
出版日期:
2016-06-30
发布日期:
2016-06-30
作者简介:
作者简介:湛东升(1987-), 男, 安徽寿县人, 博士, 研究方向为城市地理。E-mail:
基金资助:
Dongsheng ZHAN1,2(), Wenzhong ZHANG1(
), Jianhui YU1, Yunxiao DANG1,2, Xiaoyun LI1,2
Received:
2015-09-21
Revised:
2016-01-04
Published:
2016-06-30
Online:
2016-06-30
Supported by:
摘要:
问卷调查方法是人文地理学微观研究的重要工具,在以人为本的城市发展理念影响下开始得到广泛应用。本文运用文献计量方法分析问卷调查方法在中国人文地理学研究的应用概况,同时以2013年北京宜居城市问卷调查为案例,重点阐述问卷调查过程的抽样方案设计思想,最后对问卷调查方法的主要应用领域进行回顾总结,以期促进问卷调查方法在中国人文地理学研究的科学规范应用。研究发现:问卷调查方法在中国人文地理学研究的应用逐渐增强,研究内容不断拓展与深化,研究区域涵盖不同空间尺度、并以微观尺度为趋势,研究方法以数理统计、GIS空间分析等定量方法为主,但对问卷抽样设计阐述却不够科学规范;通过2013年北京宜居城市问卷调查案例分析,强调对问卷收集方法、抽样方式和抽样框选取、样本量确定等内容所构成的抽样方案设计过程重视,以加强问卷调查数据的科学采集;问卷调查方法在时空行为、人居环境、城市社会、旅游行为和农户行为等主题展开大量应用实践,在此基础上对问卷调查方法研究框架进行总结,并提出国内问卷调查方法应用的改进方向。
湛东升, 张文忠, 余建辉, 党云晓, 李小云. 问卷调查方法在中国人文地理学研究的应用[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(6): 899-913.
Dongsheng ZHAN, Wenzhong ZHANG, Jianhui YU, Yunxiao DANG, Xiaoyun LI. Application of questionnaire survey method in human geography studies in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(6): 899-913.
表2
问卷调查方法文献的抽样设计描述统计
抽样描述 | 类别 | 比例(%) | 抽样方法 | 类别 | 频次(次) | 样本特征 | 类别 | 数值 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
调查时间 | 有 | 68 | 概率抽样 | 随机抽样 | 25 | 发放样本(个) | 平均值 | 1268 |
无 | 32 | 分层抽样 | 9 | 中位数 | 465 | |||
调查方式 | 面访调查 | 97 | 等距抽样 | 5 | 取值范围 | [85, 11000] | ||
网络调查 | 2 | 整群抽样 | 2 | 有效样本(个) | 平均值 | 821 | ||
邮件调查 | 1 | 多阶段抽样 | 2 | 中位数 | 371 | |||
抽样方法 | 未报告 | 53 | 非概率抽样 | 方便抽样 | 14 | 取值范围 | [14, 7647] | |
1种 | 34 | 定额抽样 | 5 | 有效率(%) | 平均值 | 85.41 | ||
2种 | 9 | 判断抽样 | 3 | 中位数 | 89.23 | |||
3种以上 | 4 | 滚雪球 | 1 | 取值范围 | [28.7, 100] |
表3
不同问卷数据收集方法的比较
数据收集方法 | 优势 | 劣势 | 调查成本 |
---|---|---|---|
面访调查 | 加强与被访者互动交流、增进理解与信任、提高应答率 | 调查成本较高、调查员素质要求严格、部分样本不易获取(如高收入的门禁社区、军队大院等) | 高 |
电话调查 | 数据收集速度快、成本比面访调查要低、利于对访谈过程控制、调查员雇佣管理方便 | 抽样局限性、应答率较低、问卷的可视性较差、不适合隐私或敏感问题 | 较高 |
邮寄调查 | 不受调查员影响而独立回答问题、可视化效果较好 | 问卷设计要求较高、不太适合开放型问题、被访者的阅读和书写能力要求高、调查员不便对问卷质量进行控制 | 较低 |
网络调查 | 问卷调查成本低、回收速度快、良好的可视化效果 | 样本代表性有限、不方便对小尺度的调查区域进行控制 | 低 |
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