问卷调查方法在中国人文地理学研究的应用

doi:10.11821/dlxb201606001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

问卷调查方法是人文地理学微观研究的重要工具,在以人为本的城市发展理念影响下开始得到广泛应用。本文运用文献计量方法分析问卷调查方法在中国人文地理学研究的应用概况,同时以2013年北京宜居城市问卷调查为案例,重点阐述问卷调查过程的抽样方案设计思想,最后对问卷调查方法的主要应用领域进行回顾总结,以期促进问卷调查方法在中国人文地理学研究的科学规范应用。研究发现：问卷调查方法在中国人文地理学研究的应用逐渐增强,研究内容不断拓展与深化,研究区域涵盖不同空间尺度、并以微观尺度为趋势,研究方法以数理统计、GIS空间分析等定量方法为主,但对问卷抽样设计阐述却不够科学规范;通过2013年北京宜居城市问卷调查案例分析,强调对问卷收集方法、抽样方式和抽样框选取、样本量确定等内容所构成的抽样方案设计过程重视,以加强问卷调查数据的科学采集;问卷调查方法在时空行为、人居环境、城市社会、旅游行为和农户行为等主题展开大量应用实践,在此基础上对问卷调查方法研究框架进行总结,并提出国内问卷调查方法应用的改进方向。

关键词: 问卷调查方法, 人文地理学, 文献计量, 宜居城市, 中国

Abstract:

As an important tool for microscopic studies in human geography, questionnaire survey method has been widely used in developing people-oriented urban concepts. In order to support a scientific and standardized application of questionnaire survey method in human geography studies in China, this paper explored previous studies on the application of questionnaire survey method in human geography in China using the literature metrological method. Taking the survey of Beijing Livable City in 2013 as a case study, we illustrated the design framework and sampling strategy in the questionnaire survey procedure, and summarized some key application areas of questionnaire survey method subsequently. The results showed that: On the positive side, with the extension of human geography, questionnaire survey method tended to be a key approach to collecting data in a wide range of related research topics. However, most studies chose mathematical and statistical models or GIS spatial analysis as the principal method, while the scientific use of questionnaire survey method are often neglected, especially in the sampling design. We suggested that human geographers should pay more attention than before to the whole process of sampling scheme design, which is composed of questionnaire collection method, sampling method, sampling frame selection and the determination of sample size in order to obtain data efficiently. Lastly, questionnaire survey method was widely used in research areas including time and space behavior, living environment, urban society, tourist behavior and rural household behavior. Finally, based on the research framework of questionnaire survey method, we put forward five schemes to improve the application of questionnaire survey method in human geography studies.

Key words: questionnaire survey method, human geography, literature metrology, livable city, China

湛东升, 张文忠, 余建辉, 党云晓, 李小云. 问卷调查方法在中国人文地理学研究的应用[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(6): 899-913.

Dongsheng ZHAN, Wenzhong ZHANG, Jianhui YU, Yunxiao DANG, Xiaoyun LI. Application of questionnaire survey method in human geography studies in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(6): 899-913.

图/表 8

图1

图2

表1

表2

图3

表3

图4

图5

参考文献 75

[1]	Gu Chaolin, Chen Lu.New trends of progress in contemporary human geography. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004, 59(S): 11-20. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2004.z1.003
	[顾朝林, 陈璐. 人文地理学的发展历程及新趋势. 地理学报, 2004, 59(S): 11-20.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2004.z1.003
[2]	Nicholas Clifford, Gill Valentine.Key Methods in Geography. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2003.
[3]	Wang Dong, Brown Gregory, Liu Yan, et al.A comparison of perceived and geographic access to predict urban park use. Cities, 2015, 42(2): 85-96. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2014.10.003
[4]	Kwan M P.Space-time and integral measures of individual accessibility: A comparative analysis using a point-based framework. Geographical Analysis, 1998, 30(3): 191-216. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-4632.1998.tb00396.x
[5]	Kwan M P.Gender and individual access to urban opportunities: A study using space-time measures. Professional Geographer, 1999, 51(2): 210-227. doi: 10.1111/0033-0124.00158
[6]	Yuan Fang, Wang Hansheng.Social Research Methods Course. Beijing: Peking University Press, 2004.
	[袁方, 王汉生. 社会研究方法教程. 北京: 北京大学出版社, 2004.]
[7]	Jin Yongjin, Tao Ran.The theoretical research and practice of statistical data quality in China. Statistical Research, 2010, 27(1): 62-67. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-4565.2010.01.010
	[金勇进, 陶然. 中国统计数据质量理论研究与实践历程. 统计研究, 2010, 27(1): 62-67.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-4565.2010.01.010
[8]	Chen Yanguang.On the enigma of China's statistical data regarding level of urbanization. Modern Urban Research, 2012(7): 4-8.
	[陈彦光. 中国城市化水平统计数据的问题分析. 现代城市研究, 2012(7): 4-8.]
[9]	Lin Liyue, Zhu Yu, Liang Pengfei, et al.The spatial patterns of housing conditions of the floating population in China based on the sixth census data. Geographical Research, 2014, 33(5): 887-898. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201405008
	[林李月, 朱宇, 梁鹏飞, 等. 基于六普数据的中国流动人口住房状况的空间格局. 地理研究, 2014, 33(5): 887-898.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201405008
[10]	Zhou Yixin, Chen Yanguang.On three basic problems of urban geographical studies. Economic Geography, 2004, 24(3): 289-293. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8462.2004.03.001
	[周一星, 陈彦光. 城市地理研究的几个基本问题. 经济地理, 2004, 24(3): 289-293.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8462.2004.03.001
[11]	Rushton G.Analysis of spatial behavior by revealed space preference. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1969, 59: 391-406. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1969.tb00678.x
[12]	Gould P, White R. Mental Maps. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974.
[13]	Zhang Shanxi.The socio-demographic and spatial dynamics of green space use in Guangzhou, China. Applied Geography, 2014, 51(7): 26-34. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.03.006
[14]	Rahman M K, Paul B K, Curtis A, et al.Linking coastal disasters and migration: A case study of Kutubdia Island, Bangladesh. The Professional Geographer, 2015, 67(2): 218-228.
[15]	Mahmoudi M, Ahmad F, Abbasi B.Livable streets: The effects of physical problems on the quality and livability of Kuala Lumpur streets. Cities, 2015, 43(3): 104-114. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2014.11.016
[16]	Holz-Rau C, Scheiner J, Sicks K.Travel distances in daily travel and long-distance travel: What role is played by urban form? Environment and Planning A, 2014, 46(2): 488-507. doi: 10.1068/a4640
[17]	Murphy E, Scott M.Mortgage-related issues in a crisis economy: Evidence from rural households in Ireland. Geoforum, 2013, 46(5): 34-44. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.12.003
[18]	Tobin G A, Whiteford L M, Jones E C, et al.The role of individual well-being in risk perception and evacuation for chronic vs. acute natural hazards in Mexico. Applied Geography, 2011, 31(2): 700-711. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.12.008
[19]	Balram S, Dragicevic S.Attitudes toward urban green spaces: Integrating questionnaire survey and collaborative GIS techniques to improve attitude measurements. Landacape and Urban Planning, 2005, 71(2-4): 147-162.
[20]	Kitchin R, Tate N J.Conducting Research into Human Geography: Theory, Methodology and Practice. Harlow, UK: Prentice Hall, 2000.
[21]	Flowerdew R, Martin D.Methods in Human Geography: A Guide for Students Doing a Research Project. New York:Routledge, 2005.
[22]	Liang Yutian, Fan Jie, Liu Lin, et al.The influencing factors of manufacturing firm migration and its impact on development-optimized region: A case study of Dongguan city of Guangdong province in China. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(3): 497-506. doi: 10.11821/yj2013030011
	[梁育填, 樊杰, 柳林, 等. 优化开发区域制造业企业迁移的因素及其区域影响: 以广东东莞市为例. 地理研究, 2013, 32(3): 497-506.] doi: 10.11821/yj2013030011
[23]	Meng Bin, Zheng Limin, Yu Huili.Commuting time change and its influencing factors in Beijing. Progress in Geography, 2011, 30(10): 1218-1224. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.10.003
	[孟斌, 郑丽敏, 于慧丽. 北京城市居民通勤时间变化及影响因素. 地理科学进展, 2011, 30(10): 1218-1224.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.10.003
[24]	Feng Jian, Chen Xiuxin, Lan Zongmin.The evolution of spatial structure of shopping behaviors of Beijing's residents. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(10): 1083-1096.
	[冯健, 陈秀欣, 兰宗敏. 北京市居民购物行为空间结构演变. 地理学报, 2007, 62(10): 1083-1096.]
[25]	Dang Yunxiao, Yu Jianhui, Zhang Wenzhong, et al.Study on evaluation of livable Beijing based on subjective feelings. Human Geography, 2015, 30(4): 59-65.
	[党云晓, 余建辉, 张文忠, 等. 基于主观感受的宜居北京评价变化研究. 人文地理, 2015, 30(4): 59-65.]
[26]	Jiang Youchun, Li Jianhua.Research of tourists' satisfaction in Zhangjiajie based on five levels attitude scale. Human Geography, 2010, 25(1): 143-147.
	[姜又春, 李建华. 基于五级态度量表的张家界旅客满意度研究. 人文地理, 2010, 25(1):143-147. ]
[27]	Feng Jian, Zhou Yixing.Intra-urban migration and correlative spatial behavior in Beijing in the process of suburbanization: Based on 1000 questionnaires. Geographical Research, 2004, 23(2): 227-242.
	[冯健, 周一星. 郊区化进程中北京城市内部迁居及相关空间行为: 基于千份问卷调查的分析. 地理研究, 2004, 23(2): 227-242.]
[28]	Li Guangdong, Qiu Daochi, Wang Liping, et al.Impacts of difference among livelihood assets on the choice of economic compensation pattern for farmer households farmland protection in Chongqing city. Acta Geographica Sinica,2012, 67(4): 504-515.
	[李广东, 邱道持, 王利平, 等. 生计资产差异对农户耕地保护补偿模式选择的影响: 渝西方山丘陵不同地带样点村的实证分析. 地理学报, 2012, 67(4): 504-515.]
[29]	Qiao Jiajun.Progress and trend of human geography since 1980s. Human Geography, 2004, 19(3): 78-83. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2398.2004.03.017
	[乔家君. 20世纪80年代以来人文地理研究进展及趋向分析. 人文地理, 2004, 19(3): 78-83.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2398.2004.03.017
[30]	Zhan Dongsheng, Meng Bin, Zhang Wenzhong.A study on residential satisfaction and its behavioral intention in Beijing. Geographical Research, 2014, 33(2): 336-348. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201402012
	[湛东升, 孟斌, 张文忠. 北京市居民居住满意度感知与行为意向研究. 地理研究, 2014, 33(2): 336-348.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201402012
[31]	Chen Yanguang.Mathematical methods for Geography: Foundations and Applications. Beijing: Science Press, 2011.
	[陈彦光. 地理数学方法: 基础和应用. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011.]
[32]	Zhang Hongmei, Lu Lin, Zhang Jinhe.The influence of perceived distance on tourist destination image. Human Geography, 2006, 21(5): 25-30.
	[张宏梅, 陆林, 章锦河. 感知距离对旅游目的地之形象影响的分析: 以五大旅游客源城市游客对苏州周庄旅游形象的感知为例. 人文地理, 2006, 21(5): 25-30.]
[33]	Meng Bin.The spatial organization of separation between jobs and residential locations in Beijing. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(12): 1457-1466. doi: 10.1109/CLEOE-EQEC.2009.5194697
	[孟斌. 北京城市居民职住分离的空间特征. 地理学报, 2009, 64(12): 1457-1466.] doi: 10.1109/CLEOE-EQEC.2009.5194697
[34]	Wang Maojun, Zhang Huaxia, Huo Tingting.Spatial correlation patterns of sites cognition rate in Beijing. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(10): 1243-1254.
	[王茂军, 张学霞, 霍婷婷. 北京城市认知的空间关联模式: 城市地名认知率的空间分析. 地理学报, 2009, 64(10): 1243-1254.]
[35]	Tao Wei, Chen Huiling, Cai Shuiqing.Influence of Lingnan traditional folk festival reconstruction on residents' place attachment: A case study on Qiqiao Festival in Guangzhou Zhucu. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(4): 553-565. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201404011
	[陶伟, 陈慧灵, 蔡水清. 岭南传统民俗节庆重构对居民地方依恋的影响: 以广州珠村乞巧节为例. 地理学报, 2014, 69(4): 553-565.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201404011
[36]	Zhang Chunhui, Bai Kai, Ma Yaofeng, et al.Scenic spot endorsement of China tourism image from the perspective of inbound tourists. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(5): 924-941. doi: 10.11821/yj2013050015
	[张春晖, 白凯, 马耀峰, 等. 入境游客视角下中国旅游形象的景区代言. 地理研究, 2013, 32(5): 924-941.] doi: 10.11821/yj2013050015
[37]	Wang Fang, Huang Xiaohui, Yu Xi.Tourist cognition of sense of place in tourism attractions. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(10): 1267-1277.
	[汪芳, 黄晓辉, 俞曦. 旅游地地方感的游客认知研究. 地理学报, 2009, 64(10): 1267-1277.]
[38]	Wang Xin, Wu Jinfeng, Li Lei, et al.Study on the national tourism perceiving image of China. Human Geography, 2012,27(5): 128-133.
	[王鑫, 吴晋峰,李蕾, 等. 中国国家旅游感知形象调查. 人文地理, 2012, 27(5): 128-133.]
[39]	Wang Fenglong, Wang Donggen.Characteristics and determinants of car use in Beijing. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(6): 771-781. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201406005
	[王丰龙, 王冬根. 北京市居民汽车使用的特征及其影响因素. 地理学报, 2014, 69(6): 771-781.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201406005
[40]	Yang Xiaozhong, Liu Guoming, Feng Lixin, et al.Spatial economic contact of cross-border tourism region based on network analysis: A case study of Hukou Waterfall Scenic Spot. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(7): 1319-1330.
	[杨效忠, 刘国明, 冯立新, 等. 基于网络分析法的跨界旅游区空间经济联系: 以壶口瀑布风景名胜区为例. 地理研究, 2011, 30(7): 1319-1330.]
[41]	Li Erling, Li Xiaojian.The evolution of networks in traditional manufacturing clusters of undeveloped rural areas: The case of steel measuring tape cluster in Nanzhuang Village, Yucheng County, Henan Province. Geographical Research,2009, 28(3): 738-750. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-00205-2_9
	[李二玲, 李小建. 欠发达农区传统制造业集群的网络演化分析: 以河南省虞城县南庄村钢卷尺产业集群为例. 地理研究, 2009, 28(3): 738-750.] doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-00205-2_9
[42]	Zhao Xiaofeng, Huang Xianjin, Zhong Taiyang, et al.Intensive industrial land use based on hierarchical linear models: A case study of development zones in Jiangsu province. Geographical Research, 2012, 31(9): 1611-1620.
	[赵小风, 黄贤金, 钟太洋, 等. 江苏省开发区土地集约利用的分层线性模型实证研究. 地理研究, 2012, 31(9): 1611-1620.]
[43]	He Shenjing, Zuo Jiaojiao, Zhu Shoujia, et al.Understanding urban poverty in large Chinese cities using multiple measurements and hierarchical regression models. Human Geography, 2014, 29(6): 74-80.
	[何深静, 左姣姣, 朱寿佳, 等. 中国大城市贫困研究的多种测度与多层模型分析. 人文地理, 2014, 29(6): 74-80.]
[44]	Peng Hongsong, Lu Lin, Lu Xingfu, et al.Spatial network structure and optimization of cross-border tourism area based on tourist flow: A case study in Lugu Lake. Progress in Geography, 2014, 33(3): 422-431. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.03.013
	[彭红松, 陆林, 路幸福, 等. 基于旅游客流的跨界旅游区空间网络结构优化: 以泸沽湖为例. 地理科学进展, 2014, 33(3): 422-431.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.03.013
[45]	Dang Yunxiao, Dong Guanpeng, Yu Jianhui, et al.Impact of land-use mixed degree on resident's home-work separation in Beijing. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(6): 919-930. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201506006
	[党云晓, 董冠鹏, 余建辉, 等. 北京土地利用混合度对居民职住分离的影响. 地理学报, 2015, 70(6): 919-930.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201506006
[46]	Jin Yongjin, Du Zifang, Jiang Yan. Sampling Technique.Beijing: China Remin University Press, 2012.
	[金勇进, 杜子芳, 蒋妍. 抽样技术. 北京:中国人民大学出版社, 2012.]
[47]	Floyd J Flowe. Survey Research Methods.London: Sage Publications, 2002.
	[佛洛依德J 福勒. 孙振东, 龙藜, 陈荟, 译. 调查研究方法. 重庆: 重庆大学出版社, 2009.]
[48]	Qou Qiaoling.Building a small unit sampling frame. Statistics and Decision, 2007(9): 79-80.
	[苟巧玲. 小型单位抽样框的编制. 统计与决策, 2007(9): 79-80.]
[49]	Yuan Jianwen, Li Keyan.A comparative study on sample size's calculation method. Statistics and Decision, 2013(1): 22-25.
	[袁建文, 李科研. 关于样本量计算方法的比较研究. 统计与决策, 2013(1): 22-25.]
[50]	Rob Kitchin, Nicholas J Tate.Conducting Research into Human Geography: Theory, Methodology and Practice. Pearson Education Limited, 2000.
	[罗伯基钦, 尼古拉斯J 泰特. 蔡建辉译. 人文地理学研究方法. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2007.]
[51]	Xu Xiaoxia, Chai Yanwei.Gender difference in daily leisure behavior of Beijing residents. Human Geography, 2012, 27(1): 22-28.
	[许晓霞, 柴彦威. 北京居民日常休闲行为的性别差异. 人文地理, 2012, 27(1): 22-28.]
[52]	Lan Zongmin, Feng Jian.The time allocation and spatio-temporal structure of the activities of migrants in "village in city": Surveys in five "villages in city" in Beijing. Geographical Research, 2010, 29(6): 1092-1104.
	[兰宗敏, 冯健. 城中村流动人口的时间利用以及生活活动时空间结构: 对北京5个城中村的调查.地理研究, 2010, 29(6): 1092-1104.]
[53]	Chai Yanwei, Ta Na.Progress in space- time behavior research in China. Progress in Geography, 2013, 32(9): 1362-1373. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.09.006
	[柴彦威, 塔娜. 中国时空间行为研究进展. 地理科学进展, 2013, 32(9): 1362-1373.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2013.09.006
[54]	Chai Yanwei, Shen Jie.Travel-activity based research frame of urban spatial structure. Human Geography, 2006, 21(5): 108-112. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2398.2006.05.024
	[柴彦威, 沈洁. 基于居民移动—活动行为的城市空间研究. 人文地理, 2006, 21(5): 108-112.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-2398.2006.05.024
[55]	Zhen Feng, Wang Bo.Rethinking human geography in the age of big data. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(5): 803-811. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201505001
	[甄峰, 王波. “大数据”热潮下人文地理学研究的再思考. 地理研究, 2015, 34(5): 803-811.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201505001
[56]	Yang Zhenshan, Long Ying, Nicolas Douay.Opportunities and limitations of big data applications to human and economic geography: The state of the art. Progress in Geography, 2015, 34(4): 410-417. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.04.002
	[杨振山, 龙瀛, Nicolas Douay.大数据对人文—经济地理学研究的促进与局限. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(4): 410-417.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2015.04.002
[57]	Zhou Kan, Lin Xueqin, Shen Yuming, et al.Comprehensive evaluation of human settlement quality in Beijing suburban new countryside. Progress in Geography, 2011, 30(3): 361-368. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.03.015
	[周侃, 蔺雪芹, 申玉铭, 等. 京郊新农村建设人居环境质量综合评价. 地理科学进展, 2011, 30(3): 361-368.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.03.015
[58]	Gao Xiaolu, Ji Jue, Zhang Wenzhong.Micro-evaluation of traffic environment of Beijing. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2009, 29(6): 817-824.
	[高晓路, 季珏, 张文忠. 北京市交通出行环境的空间评价. 地理科学, 2009, 29(6): 817-824.]
[59]	Zhao Yong, Zhang Hao, Wu Yuling, et al.Public service demand of residents for smart city construction: Shijiazhuang City in Hebei Province as an example. Progress in Geography, 2015, 34(4): 473-481.
	[赵勇, 张浩, 吴玉玲, 等. 面向智慧城市建设的居民公共服务需求研究: 以河北省石家庄市为例. 地理科学进展, 2015, 34(4): 473-481.]
[60]	Ma Renfeng, Wang Mei, Zhang Wenzhong, et al.Residents' perceptions of the impact on urban human settlements from petrochemical industry cluster in port area: Case study of Zhenhai District. Geographical Research, 2015, 34(4): 729-739. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201504011
	[马仁锋, 王美, 张文忠, 等. 临港石化集聚对城镇人居环境影响的居民感知: 宁波镇海案例. 地理研究, 2015, 34(4): 729-739.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201504011
[61]	Feng Dan, Werner Breitung, Zhu Hong.Space of fragmentation: A study of the linkages between gated communities and their neighborhoods in Guangzhou, China. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(1): 61-70.
	[封丹, Werner Breitung, 朱竑. 住宅郊区化背景下门禁社区与周边邻里关系: 以广州丽江花园为例. 地理研究, 2011, 30(1): 61-70.]
[62]	Li Xueming, Liu Weiwei.An esfimation on the sense of belonging of city housing plot environment: Taking Dalian as an example. Geographical Research, 2006, 25(5): 785-791.
	[李雪铭, 刘巍巍. 城市居住小区环境归属感评价: 以大连市为例. 地理研究, 2006, 25(5): 785-791.]
[63]	Liu Jun, Chen Likun.The influence of beach management on the beach tourist behavior and attitude: Dameisha and Xiaomeisha, Shenzhen as cases. Geographical Research, 2010, 29(1): 68-78.
	[刘俊, 陈丽坤. 海滩管理制度对游客行为及态度的影响: 以深圳大小梅沙为例. 地理研究, 2010, 29(1): 68-78.]
[64]	Li Zhigang, Xue Desheng, Michael Lyons, et al.The African enclave of Guangzhou: A case study of Xiaobeilu. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(2): 207-218.
	[李志刚, 薛德升, Michael Lyons, 等. 广州小北路黑人聚居区社会空间分析. 地理学报, 2008, 63(2): 207-218.]
[65]	Peng Hao, Zeng Gang, Xu Zhongmin.A study on residents' living quality in Heihe River Basin. Human Geography, 2009, 24(4): 66-71.
	[彭浩, 曾刚, 徐中民. 黑河流域居民生活质量研究. 人文地理, 2009, 24(4): 66-71.]
[66]	He Shenjing, Qian Junxi, Deng Shangkun.Various forms of gentrification in transitional period in China. Human Geography, 2011, 26(1): 44-49.
	[何深静, 钱俊希, 邓尚昆. 转型期大城市多类绅士化现象探讨: 基于广州市六个社区的案例分析. 人文地理, 2011, 26(1): 44-49.]
[67]	Gu Chaolin, Song Guochen.Urban image space and main factors in Beijing. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2001, 56(1): 64-74.
	[顾朝林, 宋国臣. 北京城市意象空间及构成要素研究. 地理学报, 2001, 56(1): 64-74.]
[68]	Zhang Jinhe.Research on ancient village residents' perceptions of tourism impact: A case of Village Yixian-Xidi. Geography and Geo-Information Science, 2003, 19(2): 105-109.
	[章锦河. 古村落旅游地居民旅游感知分析: 以黟县西递为例. 地理与地理信息科学, 2003, 19(2): 105-109.]
[69]	Wang Mu, Wu Bihu.Residents' perceptions on tourism development of Barkhor historic district in Lhasa. Human Geography, 2012, 27(2): 128-133.
	[旺姆, 吴必虎. 拉萨八廓历史文化街区旅游发展居民感知研究. 人文地理, 2012, 27(2): 128-133.]
[70]	Peng Hongsong, Lu Lin, Lu Xingfu, et al.The network structure of cross-border tourism flow based on the social network method: A case of Lugu lake region. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2014, 34(9): 1041-1050.
	[彭红松, 陆林, 路幸福, 等. 基于社会网络方法的跨界旅游客流网络结构研究: 以泸沽湖为例. 地理科学, 2014, 34(9): 1041-1050.]
[71]	Gao Jun, Ma Yaofeng, Wu Bihu, et al.A research on tourism motivation and the differences of domestic and foreign tourists: A case study of Xi'an. Human Geography, 2011, 26(4): 132-139.
	[高军, 马耀峰, 吴必虎, 等. 国内外游客旅游动机及其差异研究: 以西安市为例. 人文地理, 2011, 26(4): 132-139.]
[72]	Wu Bihu, Tang Junya, Huang Anmin, et al.A study on destination choice behavior of Chinese urban residents. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1997, 52(2): 97-103. doi: 10.11821/xb199702001
	[吴必虎, 唐俊雅, 黄安民, 等. 中国城市居民旅游目的地选择行为研究. 地理学报, 1997, 52(2): 3-9.] doi: 10.11821/xb199702001
[73]	Li Nannan, Li Tongsheng, Yu Zhengsong, et al.Factors influencing farmers' adoption of new technology based on Logistic-ISM model: A case study of potato planting technology in Dingxi City, Gansu Province. Progress in Geography, 2014, 33(4): 542-551. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.04.011
	[李楠楠, 李同昇, 于正松, 等. 基于Logistic-ISM模型的农户采用新技术影响因素: 以甘肃省定西市马铃薯种植技术为例. 地理科学进展, 2014, 33(4): 542-551.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.04.011
[74]	Sun Wei, Hu Wangshu, Yan Mei, et al.Influencing factors of firewood consumption of rural household in restricted development zones: A case study of the Nujiang Prefecture in Yunnan Province. Geographical Research, 2014, 33(9): 1694-1705. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201409010
	[孙威, 胡望舒, 闫梅, 等. 限制开发区域农户薪柴消费的影响因素分析: 以云南省怒江州为例. 地理研究, 2014, 33(9): 1694-1705.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201409010
[75]	Ma Yan, Chen Liding, Hu Chenxia.Response of farmer households to "Grain-for-Green Project" and quantitative analysis of its affecting factors: A case study of Daniu watershed in Gansu province. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2008, 28(1): 34-39.
	[马岩, 陈利顶, 虎陈霞. 黄土高原地区退耕还林工程的农户响应与影响因素: 以甘肃定西大牛流域为例. 地理科学, 2008, 28(1): 34-39.]

抽样描述	类别	比例(%)	抽样方法	类别	频次(次)	样本特征	类别	数值
调查时间	有	68	概率抽样	随机抽样	25	发放样本(个)	平均值	1268
调查时间	无	32		分层抽样	9		中位数	465
调查方式	面访调查	97		等距抽样	5		取值范围	[85, 11000]
	网络调查	2	整群抽样		2	有效样本(个)	平均值	821
	邮件调查	1	多阶段抽样		2		中位数	371
抽样方法	未报告	53	非概率抽样	方便抽样	14		取值范围	[14, 7647]
	1种	34		定额抽样	5	有效率(%)	平均值	85.41
	2种	9		判断抽样	3		中位数	89.23
	3种以上	4		滚雪球	1		取值范围	[28.7, 100]

数据收集方法	优势	劣势	调查成本
面访调查	加强与被访者互动交流、增进理解与信任、提高应答率	调查成本较高、调查员素质要求严格、部分样本不易获取(如高收入的门禁社区、军队大院等)	高
电话调查	数据收集速度快、成本比面访调查要低、利于对访谈过程控制、调查员雇佣管理方便	抽样局限性、应答率较低、问卷的可视性较差、不适合隐私或敏感问题	较高
邮寄调查	不受调查员影响而独立回答问题、可视化效果较好	问卷设计要求较高、不太适合开放型问题、被访者的阅读和书写能力要求高、调查员不便对问卷质量进行控制	较低
网络调查	问卷调查成本低、回收速度快、良好的可视化效果	样本代表性有限、不方便对小尺度的调查区域进行控制	低