地理学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 70 ›› Issue (12): 1973-1986.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201512009
收稿日期:
2014-06-30
修回日期:
2015-05-13
出版日期:
2015-12-25
发布日期:
2015-12-25
作者简介:
作者简介:陈果(1976-), 女, 江苏南京人, 博士, 主要研究方向为城市地理。E-mail:
基金资助:
Received:
2014-06-30
Revised:
2015-05-13
Published:
2015-12-25
Online:
2015-12-25
摘要:
社会公正是当前地理学的一个热点也是传统研究课题。住房问题往往是社会公正研究和实践的重点案例。中国住房制度改革之后,中国住房拥有率及人均住房面积均大幅度提高。然而在住房分配的过程中,不平等和不公正现象时有发生。如何区别平均和公正,如何看待中国住房改革中的社会公平与不公共存的现象,是了解中国新城市现象的一个重要途径。本文从近期西方政治学和地理学关于住房权(housing rights)、社会公正以及城市权利等文献的讨论出发,通过在广州的实证研究,运用结构方程模型和Pratt指数对涉及住房权主要方面的住房分异的发生途径及其公正性进行综合分析。实证研究说明在住房分配领域,存在着制度因素延续下来所导致的分异。一些制度因素已经转化为市场因素,直接或间接影响个人居住条件和住房所有权的获得,并通过后者进一步影响住房分异。与此同时,纯粹市场因素的影响则相对薄弱。上述结论有助于了解当前中国城市住房权的核心问题,认识社会公正的发展前景,以及探寻减少社会不公正的制度利器。
陈果. 基于广州实证的后改革时代中国城市住房权问题[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(12): 1973-1986.
Guo CHEN. Housing rights in post-reform urban China: A case study of housing differentiation and justice in Guangzhou, China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(12): 1973-1986.
表1
评估模型结果(包括潜变量及其因子载荷)
潜在解释变量 | 因子载荷 |
---|---|
DEM-人口因子 | |
受访者的婚姻状况(0 = 否, 1 = 已婚) | 0.997*** |
年龄(数值) | 0.917*** |
子女数(数值) | 0.917*** |
INS-制度因子 | |
是否本地户口(0 = 否, 1 = 是) | 0.893*** |
是否城市户口(0 = 否, 1 = 是) | 0.802*** |
是否就职国企或事业单位(0 = 否, 1 = 是) | 0.730*** |
是否党员(0 = 否, 1 = 是) | 0.572*** |
MAR-市场因子 | |
是否正式工作(0 = 否, 1 = 是) | 0.849*** |
家庭月收入(数值) | 0.841*** |
受教育水平(量表, 0~5) | 0.639*** |
潜在住房变量 | 因子载荷 |
ENV-居住环境质量 | |
受访者对水质评分(李克特量表) | 0.791*** |
对空气质量评分(李克特量表) | 0.767*** |
对垃圾污染评分(李克特量表) | 0.739*** |
对其他比如噪音污染和疾病的评分(李克特量表) | 0.528*** |
RES-居住质量 | |
受访者对社区环境卫生评分(李克特量表) | 0.767*** |
对社区服务评分(李克特量表) | 0.713*** |
对社区康乐设施评分(李克特量表) | 0.703*** |
对社区安全的评分(李克特量表) | 0.702*** |
对社区绿化的评分(李克特量表) | 0.617*** |
LOC-区位便捷性 | |
受访者对住房所在地的购物便利性评分(李克特量表) | 0.816*** |
对交通便利性评分(李克特量表) | 0.806*** |
对就学便利性评分(李克特量表) | 0.717*** |
PHC-住房条件 | |
住房内是否有浴室(0 = 否, 1 = 是) | 0.708*** |
住房建筑质量(量表, 1~6) | 0.630*** |
是否有空调(0 = 否, 1 = 是) | 0.618*** |
是否有燃气灶(0 = 否, 1 = 是) | 0.507*** |
其他住房变量(非潜变量) | |
OWN-房屋所有权(0 = 否, 1 = 拥有所有权) | NA |
AHC-人均居住面积(数值) | NA |
表2
结构模型的结果
回归方程(共7个) | 回归系数 | 预测相关性 | Pratt指数(% of R2) |
---|---|---|---|
MAR-市场因素(R2 = 0.381) | |||
DEM-人口基本因子 | -0.573*** | -0.358 | 0.538 |
INS-制度因子 | 0.547*** | 0.322 | 0.462 |
OWN-房屋所有权(R2 = 0.611) | |||
DEM-人口因子 | 0.089 | 0.297 | 0.043 |
INS-制度因子 | 0.682*** | 0.771 | 0.860 |
MAR-市场因子 | 0.167** | 0.355 | 0.097 |
PHC-住房条件(R2 = 0.540) | |||
OWN-住房所有权 | 0.217** | 0.735 | 0.295 |
INS-制度因子 | 0.356** | 0.624 | 0.411 |
MAR-市场因子 | 0.314*** | 0.505 | 0.294 |
RES-居住质量(R2 = 0.138) | |||
INS-制度因子 | 0.291*** | 0.341 | 0.719 |
MAR-市场因子 | 0.155** | 0.249 | 0.281 |
LOC-区位便捷性(R2 = 0.093) | |||
INS-制度因子 | 0.305*** | 0.305 | 1.000 |
ENV-环境质量(R2 = 0.007) | |||
DEM-人口因子 | 0.082 | 0.082 | 1.000 |
AHS-人均住房面积(R2 = 0.158) | |||
INS-制度因子 | -0.146 | 0.139 | -0.128 |
OWN-住房所有权 | 0.369*** | 0.483 | 1.128 |
模型适配度:RMSEA = 0.031,90% C.I. = (0.027, 0.034);CFI = 0.96;TFI = 0.95 |
表3
制度因子和市场因子对住房差异的作用(贡献率)
住房因子 | 直接作(%) | 间接作用(%) | 总体作用(%) |
---|---|---|---|
OWN-住房所有权 | |||
INS-制度因子 | 52.5 | 1.0 | 53.5 |
MAR-市场因子 | 4.9 | 0.0 | 4.9 |
PHC-住房条件 | |||
INS-制度因子 | 22.2 | 11.3 | 33.5 |
MAR-市场因子 | 13.1 | 0.8 | 13.9 |
RES-居住质量 | |||
INS-制度因子 | 10.0 | 0.7 | 10.7 |
MAR-市场因子 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 3.2 |
LOC-区位便捷性 | |||
INS-制度因子 | 9.3 | 0.0 | 9.3 |
MAR-市场因子 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
AHS-人均住房面积 | |||
INS-制度因子 | 0.0 | 9.6 | 9.6 |
MAR-市场因子 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 |
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