基于广州实证的后改革时代中国城市住房权问题

doi:10.11821/dlxb201512009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

社会公正是当前地理学的一个热点也是传统研究课题。住房问题往往是社会公正研究和实践的重点案例。中国住房制度改革之后,中国住房拥有率及人均住房面积均大幅度提高。然而在住房分配的过程中,不平等和不公正现象时有发生。如何区别平均和公正,如何看待中国住房改革中的社会公平与不公共存的现象,是了解中国新城市现象的一个重要途径。本文从近期西方政治学和地理学关于住房权（housing rights）、社会公正以及城市权利等文献的讨论出发,通过在广州的实证研究,运用结构方程模型和Pratt指数对涉及住房权主要方面的住房分异的发生途径及其公正性进行综合分析。实证研究说明在住房分配领域,存在着制度因素延续下来所导致的分异。一些制度因素已经转化为市场因素,直接或间接影响个人居住条件和住房所有权的获得,并通过后者进一步影响住房分异。与此同时,纯粹市场因素的影响则相对薄弱。上述结论有助于了解当前中国城市住房权的核心问题,认识社会公正的发展前景,以及探寻减少社会不公正的制度利器。

关键词: 中国城市, 住房, 社会公正, 结构方程, Pratt指数, 广州

Abstract:

Sociospatial justice is a long-standing theme in geography. This paper presents a new, integrated analytical framework for interpreting housing rights, housing differentiation and housing justice in post-reform China. It makes both methodological and empirical contributions to the literature related to the right to the city and urban China geography. Methodologically, the proposed framework employs latest methods of structural equation modeling (SEM) to test complex structural relationships among different processes of housing differentiation, and uses a strategy inspired by the Pratt index of relative importance to obtain quantitative scores of justice from causal factors according to their contribution to the outcome of housing differentiation. Empirically, this paper applies the proposed framework in a case study of Guangzhou using first hand survey data collected in 2009. The case study has tested two well-conceived but rarely tested hypotheses, including the successive effects of institutional bias and the mediating role of housing tenure in the process of housing differentiation. Moreover, it provides a quantitative portrayal of institutional (in) justice, which had not been realized in the past in spite of its wide recognition. With these contributions, this paper hopes to shed new light on how to bridge the socio-political and empirical traditions in urban geographical studies about China, a crucial step for Chinese geographers to engage in studies of social justice in China.

Key words: urban China, social justice, housing, differentiation, rights, structural equation modeling (SEM), Pratt index, Guangzhou

陈果. 基于广州实证的后改革时代中国城市住房权问题[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(12): 1973-1986.

Guo CHEN. Housing rights in post-reform urban China: A case study of housing differentiation and justice in Guangzhou, China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(12): 1973-1986.

图/表 6

图1

图2

表1

表2

图3

表3

参考文献 55

[1]	United Nations.The right to adequate housing (Article 11(1)). CESCR General Comment 4. Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, 1991.
[2]	Garreau J.Edge city: Life on the New Frontier. New York: Anchor Books, 1992.
[3]	Smith N.The New Urban Frontier: Gentrification and the Revanchist City. New York, NY: Routledge, 1996. doi: 10.1016/S0962-6298(98)00009-2
[4]	Li Z G, Wu F L.Tenure-based residential segregation in post-reform Chinese cities: A case study of Shanghai. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 2008, 33(3): 404-419. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-5661.2008.00304.x
[5]	Logan J R, Bian Y J, Bian F Q.Housing inequality in urban China in the 1990s. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1999, 23(1): 7-25. doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.00176
[6]	Wang Y P.Housing reform and its impacts on the urban poor in China. Housing Studies, 2000, 15(6): 845-864.
[7]	Kline R B.Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling. 3rd ed. New York: The Guilford Press, 2011.
[8]	Pratt J W.Dividing the indivisible: Using simple symmetry to partition variance explained. The Second International Tampere Conference in Statistics, 1987: 245-260. doi: 10.1177/0002764295038006008
[9]	Thomas D R, Hughes E, Zumbo B D.On variable importance in linear regression. Social Indicators Research, 1998, 45(1-3): 253-275. doi: 10.1023/A:1006954016433
[10]	Ivison D.Rights. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2007.
[11]	Lauren P G.The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions seen. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003.
[12]	Leckie S.From housing needs to housing rights: An analyses of the right to adequate housing under international human-rights law. London: International Institute for Environment and Development, Human Settlements Programme, 1992.
[13]	Tuck R.Natural Rights Theories: Their Origin and Development. Cambridge; New York; Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1982. doi: 10.2307/1954346
[14]	Rimlinger G V.Capitalism and human rights. Daedalus, 1983, 112(4): 51-79.
[15]	United Nations.Universal Declaration of Human Rights. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 1948.
[16]	Vasak K.Human rights: A thirty-year struggle: The sustained efforts to give force of law to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. UNESCO Courier, 1977, 30(11): 29.
[17]	King P.Housing as a freedom right. Housing Studies, 2003, 18(5): 661-672.
[18]	Vale L J.From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000. doi: 10.2307/2700538
[19]	Rawls J.A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971.
[20]	Roemer J E.Theories of Distributive Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996. doi: 10.2307/2655683
[21]	Barry B.Theories of Justice. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
[22]	He S, Wu F.China's emerging neoliberal urbanism: Perspectives from urban redevelopment. Antipode, 2009, 41(2): 282-304. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00673.x
[23]	Lee J, Zhu Y P.Urban governance, neoliberalism and housing reform in China. Pacific Review, 2006, 19(1): 39-61. doi: 10.1080/09512740500417657
[24]	Li S M.Housing tenure and residential mobility in urban China: A study of commodity housing development in Beijing and Guangzhou. Urban Affairs Review, 2003, 38(4): 510-534. doi: 10.1177/1078087402250360
[25]	Wu F L.Housing provision under globalisation: A case study of Shanghai. Environment and Planning A, 2001, 33(10): 1741-1764.
[26]	Chen G.Privatization, marketization, and deprivation: Interpreting the homeownership paradox in postreform urban China. Environment and Planning A, 2011, 43(5): 1135-1153. doi: 10.1068/a43444
[27]	Lin G C S, Ho S P S. The state, land system, and land development processes in contemporary China. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2005, 95(2): 411-436. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2005.00467.x
[28]	Wu F L.China's recent urban development in the process of land and housing marketisation and economic globalisation. Habitat International, 2001, 25(3): 273-289. doi: 10.1016/S0197-3975(00)00034-5
[29]	Bourassa S C, Zhao Y S.China's urban housing reform: Recent achievements and new inequities. Housing Studies, 2003, 18(5): 721-744. doi: 10.1080/02673030304254
[30]	Chen G, Gu C, Wu F.Urban poverty in the transitional economy: A case of Nanjing, China. Habitat International, 2006, 30(1): 1-26. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.06.001
[31]	Gu C L, Wang F H, Liu G L.The structure of social space in Beijing in 1998: A socialist city in transition. Urban Geography, 2005, 26(2): 167-192. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.26.2.167
[32]	Liu Y, Wu F, He S.The making of the new urban poor in transitional China: Market versus institutionally based exclusion. Urban Geography, 2008, 29(8): 811-834. doi: 10.2747/0272-3638.29.8.811
[33]	Ma L J C. From China's urban social space to social and environmental justice. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2007, 48(5): 555-566. doi: 10.2747/1538-7216.48.5.555
[34]	Li Zhigang, Wu Fulong.Sociospatial differentiation in transitional Shanghai. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2006, 61(2): 199-211. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2006.02.009
	[李志刚, 吴缚龙. 转型期上海社会空间分异研究. 地理学报, 2006, 61(2): 199-211.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2006.02.009
[35]	Chen Guo, Gu Chaolin, Wu Fulong.Spatial analysis of urban poverty in Nanjing. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2004, 24(5): 542-549. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2004.05.005
	[陈果, 顾朝林, 吴缚龙. 南京城市贫困空间调查与分析. 地理科学, 2004, 24(5): 542-549.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2004.05.005
[36]	He Shenjing, Liu Yuting, Wu Fulong, et al.Poverty concentration and determinants in low-income neighbourhoods and social groups in Chinese large cities. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(12): 1464-1475.
	[何深静, 刘玉亭, 吴缚龙, 等. 中国大城市低收入邻里及其居民的贫困集聚度和贫困决定因素. 地理学报, 2010, 65(12): 1464-1475.]
[37]	Gu Chaolin, Kesteloot C.A research on social and spatial polarization in Beijing. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1997, 52(5): 385-393.
	[顾朝林, C·克斯特洛德. 北京社会极化与空间分异研究. 地理学报, 1997, 52(5): 385-393.]
[38]	Wu Qiyan, Wu Xiaohui, Chen Guo, et al.Social-spatial differentiation and residential segregation of old city of Nanjing, China: Evidence from the community-level census data in 2000. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2013, 33(10): 1196-1205.
	[吴启焰, 吴小慧, Chen Guo, 等. 基于小尺度五普数据的南京旧城区社会空间分异研究. 地理科学, 2013, 33(10): 1196-1205.]
[39]	Wu X G, Treiman D J.The household registration system and social stratification in China: 1955-1996. Demography, 2004, 41(2): 363-384. doi: 10.1353/dem.2004.0010 pmid: 15209045
[40]	Li S M, Song Y L.Redevelopment, displacement, housing conditions, and residential satisfaction: A study of Shanghai. Environment and Planning A, 2009, 41(5): 1090-1108. doi: 10.1068/a4168
[41]	Wu F L, Residential relocation under market-oriented redevelopment: The process and outcomes in urban China. Geoforum, 2004, 35(4): 453-470. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2003.10.001
[42]	Li S M, The housing market and tenure decisions in Chinese cities: A multivariate analysis of the case of Guangzhou. Housing Studies, 2000, 15(2): 213-236. doi: 10.1080/02673030082360
[43]	Huang Y Q, Clark W A V. Housing tenure choice in transitional urban China: A multilevel analysis. Urban Studies, 2002, 39(1): 7-32. doi: 10.1080/00420980220099041
[44]	Yip N M, Urban poverty, housing and social change in China. Housing Studies, 2006, 21(1): 151-152.
[45]	Burchfield M, Overman H G, Puga D, et al.Causes of sprawl: A portrait from space. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 2006, 121(2): 587-633. doi: 10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.587
[46]	Elsinga M, Hoekstra J.Homeownership and housing satisfaction. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 2005, 20(4): 401-424. doi: 10.1007/s10901-005-9023-4
[47]	Harvey D.The right to the city. New Left Review, 2008, 53(9-10): 23-40.
[48]	Peters B G.Institutional Theory in Political Science: The New Institutionalism. London; New York: Pinter, 1999.
[49]	Ostrom E.Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. doi: 10.2307/1964069
[50]	Liu Y T, He S J, Wu F L, et al.Urban villages under China's rapid urbanization: Unregulated assets and transitional neighbourhoods. Habitat International, 2010, 34(2): 135-144. doi: 10.1016/j.habitatint.2009.08.003
[51]	He S J, Liu Y T, Webster C, et al.Property rights redistribution, entitlement failure and the impoverishment of landless farmers in China. Urban Studies, 2009, 46(9): 1925-1949. doi: 10.1177/0042098009106015
[52]	Po L.Property rights reforms and changing grassroots governance in China's urban-rural peripheries: The case of Changping District in Beijing. Urban Studies, 2011, 48(3): 509-528. doi: 10.1177/0042098010390233
[53]	Tian L.The Chengzhongcun land market in China: Boon or bane? A perspective on property rights. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2008, 32(2): 282-304. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00787.x
[54]	Zhang M.Existent problems and suggestions in the development of economical affordable house. Urban Problems, 2001(5): 53-54, 58.
[55]	Deng F.Housing of limited property rights: A paradox inside and outside Chinese cities. Housing Studies, 2009, 24(6): 825-841. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.1151101

潜在解释变量	因子载荷
DEM-人口因子
受访者的婚姻状况(0 = 否, 1 = 已婚)	0.997^***
年龄(数值)	0.917^***
子女数(数值)	0.917^***
INS-制度因子
是否本地户口(0 = 否, 1 = 是)	0.893^***
是否城市户口(0 = 否, 1 = 是)	0.802^***
是否就职国企或事业单位(0 = 否, 1 = 是)	0.730^***
是否党员(0 = 否, 1 = 是)	0.572^***
MAR-市场因子
是否正式工作(0 = 否, 1 = 是)	0.849^***
家庭月收入(数值)	0.841^***
受教育水平(量表, 0~5)	0.639^***
潜在住房变量	因子载荷
ENV-居住环境质量
受访者对水质评分(李克特量表)	0.791^***
对空气质量评分(李克特量表)	0.767^***
对垃圾污染评分(李克特量表)	0.739^***
对其他比如噪音污染和疾病的评分(李克特量表)	0.528^***
RES-居住质量
受访者对社区环境卫生评分(李克特量表)	0.767^***
对社区服务评分(李克特量表)	0.713^***
对社区康乐设施评分(李克特量表)	0.703^***
对社区安全的评分(李克特量表)	0.702^***
对社区绿化的评分(李克特量表)	0.617^***
LOC-区位便捷性
受访者对住房所在地的购物便利性评分(李克特量表)	0.816^***
对交通便利性评分(李克特量表)	0.806^***
对就学便利性评分(李克特量表)	0.717^***
PHC-住房条件
住房内是否有浴室(0 = 否, 1 = 是)	0.708^***
住房建筑质量(量表, 1~6)	0.630^***
是否有空调(0 = 否, 1 = 是)	0.618^***
是否有燃气灶(0 = 否, 1 = 是)	0.507^***
其他住房变量(非潜变量)
OWN-房屋所有权(0 = 否, 1 = 拥有所有权)	NA
AHC-人均居住面积(数值)	NA

回归方程(共7个)	回归系数	预测相关性	Pratt指数(% of R²)
MAR-市场因素(R² = 0.381)
DEM-人口基本因子	-0.573^***	-0.358	0.538
INS-制度因子	0.547^***	0.322	0.462
OWN-房屋所有权(R² = 0.611)
DEM-人口因子	0.089	0.297	0.043
INS-制度因子	0.682^***	0.771	0.860
MAR-市场因子	0.167^**	0.355	0.097
PHC-住房条件(R² = 0.540)
OWN-住房所有权	0.217^**	0.735	0.295
INS-制度因子	0.356^**	0.624	0.411
MAR-市场因子	0.314^***	0.505	0.294
RES-居住质量(R² = 0.138)
INS-制度因子	0.291^***	0.341	0.719
MAR-市场因子	0.155^**	0.249	0.281
LOC-区位便捷性(R² = 0.093)
INS-制度因子	0.305^***	0.305	1.000
ENV-环境质量(R² = 0.007)
DEM-人口因子	0.082	0.082	1.000
AHS-人均住房面积(R² = 0.158)
INS-制度因子	-0.146	0.139	-0.128
OWN-住房所有权	0.369^***	0.483	1.128
模型适配度：RMSEA = 0.031,90% C.I. = (0.027, 0.034);CFI = 0.96;TFI = 0.95

住房因子	直接作(%)	间接作用(%)	总体作用(%)
OWN-住房所有权
INS-制度因子	52.5	1.0	53.5
MAR-市场因子	4.9	0.0	4.9
PHC-住房条件
INS-制度因子	22.2	11.3	33.5
MAR-市场因子	13.1	0.8	13.9
RES-居住质量
INS-制度因子	10.0	0.7	10.7
MAR-市场因子	3.2	0.0	3.2
LOC-区位便捷性
INS-制度因子	9.3	0.0	9.3
MAR-市场因子	0.0	0.0	0.0
AHS-人均住房面积
INS-制度因子	0.0	9.6	9.6
MAR-市场因子	0.0	0.9	0.9