清代中期江苏省土地利用格局网格化重建

doi:10.11821/dlxb201509008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对当前历史土地利用空间重建研究多基于单一地类且空间分辨率较低的特征,提出较高分辨率全地类土地利用空间重建方法。以1820年为时间断面,以现代江苏省域为研究区,以历史文献记载、历史地理学研究成果、现代统计数据、自然环境数据等为支撑,将土地利用类型划分为耕地、聚落用地（含城镇用地、农村居民点用地）、水域和其他用地（含林草地及未利用地）,考虑区域自然资源和社会经济特征,提出理论假设,对府级耕地、城镇用地、农村居民点用地数量进行修正;沿用以现代土地利用格局为基础反演历史土地利用格局的基本思路,从人地关系角度出发,采用治所邻近度分析、综合评价等方法重建了1820年100 m×100 m空间格网下的江苏省土地利用格局,同时,通过不同地理分区统计及降尺度对比间接验证等分析了重建结果。结果表明：① 1820年江苏省耕地、城镇用地、农村居民点用地、水域用地及其他用地面积分别占区域总面积的48.49%、4.46%、0.16%、15.03%和31.86%;② 1820年研究区内土地垦殖率较高,但建设用地比率较低,受人口分布、地形及河网密度等影响,不同地理分区土地利用差异较为显著;③ 农村居民点用地及耕地的降尺度分析结果均呈显著线性正相关,在一定程度上表明研究结果具有合理性。

关键词: 土地利用, 网格, 重建, 清代中期, 江苏

Abstract:

Reconstructing the spatial data of historical LUCC could fill the gap between modern remote sensing interpretation results and long-term LUCC change analysis, and promote the study of spatiotemporal dynamics of land use and its impacts on climate and ecology. The current studies has obtained certain achievements and revealed the spatial pattern of historical LUCC to some extent. However, the results were normally in the form of single land use type and low spatial resolution. Thus, this study targeted to propose an integrated method of land use reconstruction with relatively high spatial resolution. We set 1820 as the time section and took the administrative boundary of contemporary Jiangsu Province as the study area. Supported by historical documentary records, historical geography research results, modern statistical data and natural environmental data, we divided the land use types into cropland, settlement (including urban land and rural residential land), water body and other lands (including forest, grassland and unused land). Considering the characteristics of regional natural resources and socioeconomic conditions, theoretical hypotheses were proposed to obtain the areas of cropland, urban land and rural residential land at prefectural level. Based on the modern land use pattern, from the perspective of man-land relationship, the land use map of Jiangsu Province in 1820 with a spatial grid of 100 m×100 m was established by administrative seat proximity analysis, integrated suitability indices analysis and so on. Then, statistics of different geographical divisions and comparative analysis of data in sub-regions were used respectively to analyze and validate the results indirectly. The results showed that: (1) In 1820, the area of cropland, urban land, rural residential land, water body and other lands of Jiangsu Province accounted for 48.49%, 4.46%, 0.16%, 15.03% and 31.86% of the total study area respectively. (2) The land use pattern in Jiangsu Province has general features of higher cultivation rate and lower construction rate. Meanwhile, affected by the discrepant population distribution, topography and drainage density, land use in different geographical divisions varied significantly. (3) The proportion of the area of residential land and cropland at county level occupying the correspondent city level in 1820 and 1985 showed a significant positive linear correlation. Therefore, the results of this study had certain reasonability and could provide methodological references for related historical LUCC reconstruction.

Key words: land use, grid, reconstruction, mid-Qing Dynasty, Jiangsu Province

潘倩, 金晓斌, 周寅康. 清代中期江苏省土地利用格局网格化重建[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(9): 1449-1462.

Qian PAN, Xiaobin JIN, Yinkang ZHOU. Gridding reconstruction of land use pattern in Jiangsu Province in the mid-Qing Dynasty[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(9): 1449-1462.

图/表 7

图1

图2

表1

图3

图4

图5

图6

参考文献 56

[1]	Turner B L, Skole D L, Sanderson S, et al.Land-use and land-cover change science/research plan. Stochkholm: IGBP, 1995.
[2]	Steffen W, Sanderson R A, Tyson P D, et al.Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2005.
[3]	Voldoire A, Eickhout B, Schaeffer M, et al.Climate simulation of the twenty-first century with interactive land-use changes. Climate Dynamics, 2007, 29(2): 177-193.
[4]	Ramankutty N, Foley J A.Characterizing patterns of global land use: An analysis of global croplands data. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1998, 12(4): 667-685.
[5]	Ramankutty N, Foley J A.Estimating historical changes in global land cover: Croplands from 1700 to 1992. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 1999, 13(4): 997-1027.
[6]	Ramankutty N, Foley J A.ISLSCP II Historical Croplands Cover, 1700-1992//Hall F G, Collatz G, Los S et al. ISLSCP Initiative II Collection. Dataset. Available on-line [] from Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, 2010.
[7]	Goldewijk K K.Estimating global land use change over the past 300 years: The HYDE database. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2001, 15(2): 417-433.
[8]	Goldewijk K K, Van Drecht G.HYDE 3: Current and historical population and land cover//Bouwman A F, Kram T, Goldewijk K K. Integrated modelling of global environmental change. An overview of IMAGE 2.4. Bilthoven: Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2006.
[9]	Goldewijk K K, Beusen A, Van Drecht G, et al.The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human-induced global land-use change over the past 12,000 years. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 2011, 20(1): 73-86.
[10]	Pongratz J, Reick C, Raddatz T, et al. A reconstruction of global agricultural areas and land cover for the last millennium. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2008, 22: GB3018. doi: 10.1029/2007GB003153.
[11]	Hall C A S, Tian H, Qi Y, et al. Modelling spatial and temporal patterns of tropical land use change. Journal of Biogeography, 1995, 22(4): 753-757.
[12]	Kaplan J O, Krumhardt K M, Zimmermann N.The prehistoric and preindustrial deforestation of Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2009, 28(27): 3016-3034.
[13]	Fanneng He, Quansheng Ge, Junhu Dai, et al.Quantitative analysis on forest dynamics of China in recent 300 years. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(1): 30-40.
	[何凡能, 葛全胜, 戴君虎, 等. 近300年来中国森林的变迁. 地理学报, 2007, 62(1): 30-40.]
[14]	Ge Quansheng, Dai Junhu, He Fanneng, et al.Land use, land cover change and carbon cycle research of China over the past 300 years. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2008, 38(2): 197-210.
	[葛全胜, 戴君虎, 何凡能, 等. 过去300年中国土地利用、土地覆被变化与碳循环研究. 中国科学D辑: 地球科学, 2008, 38(2): 197-210.]
[15]	Ge Quansheng.Land Use Change and Terrestrial Carbon Budget of China over the Past 300 Years. Beijing: Science Press, 2008.
	[葛全胜. 过去三百年中国土地利用变化与陆地碳收支. 北京: 科学出版社, 2008.]
[16]	Liu M, Tian H.China's land cover and land use change from 1700 to 2005: Estimations from high-resolution satellite data and historical archives. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2010, 24(3): B3003.
[17]	Steyaert L T, Knox R G.Reconstructed historical land cover and biophysical parameters for studies of land-atmosphere interactions within the eastern United States. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2008, 113: D02101. doi: 10.1029/2006JD008277.
[18]	Ge Quansheng, Dai Junhu, He Fanneng, et al.Analysis of cropland quantity change and driving factors of some provinces of China over the past 300 years. Progress in Natural Science, 2003, 13(8): 825-832.
	[葛全胜, 戴君虎, 何凡能, 等. 过去300年中国部分省区耕地资源数量变化及驱动因素分析. 自然科学进展, 2003, 13(8): 825-832.]
[19]	Zhang Jie, Chen Xing.The historical land use and vegetation cover change in eastern China. Journal of Nanjing Universtiy (Natural Sciences), 2007, 43(5): 544-555.
	[张洁, 陈星. 中国东部地区土地利用和植被覆盖的历史演变. 南京大学学报(自然科学版), 2007, 43(5): 544-555.]
[20]	Lin Shanshan, Zheng Jingyun, He Fanneng.The approach for gridding data derived from historical cropland records of the traditional cultivated region in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(1): 83-92.
	[林珊珊, 郑景云, 何凡能. 中国传统农区历史耕地数据网格化方法. 地理学报, 2008, 63(1): 83-92.]
[21]	Ye Yu, Fang Xiuqi, Ren Yuyu, et al.Coverage changes of cropland in northeastern China during the past 300 years. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2009, 39(3): 340-350.
	[叶瑜, 方修琦, 任玉玉, 等. 东北地区过去300年耕地覆盖变化. 中国科学D辑: 地球科学, 2009, 39(3): 340-350.]
[22]	Ye Yu, Fang Xiuqi, Zhang Xuezhen, et al.Coverage changes of forestland and grassland in northeastern China during the past 300 years. Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2009, 31(5): 137-144.
	[叶瑜, 方修琦, 张学珍, 等. 过去300年东北地区林地和草地覆盖变化. 北京林业大学学报, 2009, 31(5): 137-144.]
[23]	He Fanneng, Li Shicheng, Zhang Xuezhen.The reconstruction of cropland area and its spatial distribution pattern in the mid-Northern Song Dynasty. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(11): 1531-1539.
	[何凡能, 李士成, 张学珍. 北宋中期耕地面积及其空间分布格局重建. 地理学报, 2011, 66(11): 1531-1539.]
[24]	Li Ke, He Fanneng, Zhang Xuezhen.An approach to reconstructing historical cropland spatial distribution with grid-boxes by utilizing MODIS land cover dataset: A case study of Yunnan Province in the Qing Dynasty. Geographical Research, 2011, 30(12): 2281-2288.
	[李柯, 何凡能, 张学珍. 基于MODIS数据网格化重建历史耕地空间分布的方法: 以清代云南省为例. 地理研究, 2011, 30(12): 2281-2288.]
[25]	Li Shicheng, He Fanneng, Chen Yisong.Gridding reconstruction of cropland spatial patterns in Southwest China in the Qing Dynasty. Progress in Geography, 2012, 31(9): 1196-1203.
	[李士成, 何凡能, 陈屹松. 清代西南地区耕地空间格局网格化重建. 地理科学进展, 2012, 31(9): 1196-1203.]
[26]	Li Shicheng, He Fanneng, Zhang Xuezhen.An approach of spatially-explicit reconstruction of historical forest in China: A case study in Northeast China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(3): 312-322.
	[李士成, 何凡能, 张学珍. 中国历史时期森林空间格局网格化重建方法研究: 以东北地区为例. 地理学报, 2014, 69(3): 312-322.]
[27]	Zhang Lijuan, Jiang Lanqi, Zhang Xuezhen, et al.Reconstruction of cropland over Heilongjiang Province in the late 19th century. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(4): 448-458.
	[张丽娟, 姜蓝齐, 张学珍, 等. 19世纪末黑龙江省的耕地覆盖重建. 地理学报, 2014, 69(4): 448-458.]
[28]	Bai Shuying, Zhang Shuwen, Zhang Yangzhen.Digital rebuilding of LUCC spatial-temporal distribution of the last 100 years: Taking Dorbod Mongolian Autonomous County in Daqing City as an example. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(4): 427-436.
	[白淑英, 张树文, 张养贞. 土地利用/土地覆被时空分布100年数字重建: 以大庆市杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县为例. 地理学报, 2007, 62(4): 427-436.]
[29]	Lu Yan, Zhang Shuwen, Yang Jiuchun.Application of toponymy to the historical LUCC researches in Northeast China: Taking Zhenlai County of Jilin Province as an example. Geo-information Science, 2010, 12(2): 174-179.
	[吕妍, 张树文, 杨久春. 基于地名志的东北历史时期土地利用变化研究: 以吉林省镇赉县为例. 地球信息科学学报, 2010, 12(2): 174-179.]
[30]	Wang Guisheng, Xie Yaowen, Wang Xueqiang, et al.Data reconstruction of Heihe River Basin cultivated land area prior to the Ming Dynasty. Resources Science, 2013, 35(2): 362-369.
	[汪桂生, 颉耀文, 王学强, 等. 明代以前黑河流域耕地面积重建. 资源科学, 2013, 35(2): 362-369.]
[31]	Zhou Rong.A general inspection and re-appraise on area under cultivation in the early period of the Qing. The Journal of Chinese Social and Economic History, 2001(3): 39-49.
	[周荣. 对清前期耕地面积的综合考察和重新估价. 中国社会经济史研究, 2001(3): 39-49.]
[32]	Zhai Lisheng.Integrated Natural Zoning and Architecture Systems of Provincial Town Architecture of China: Theory and Practice of Jiangsu, Guizhou and Hebei Provinces. Beijing: Geological Press, 2008.
	[翟礼生. 中国省域村镇建筑综合自然区划与建筑体系研究: 江苏、贵州和河北三省的理论与实践. 北京: 地质出版社, 2008.]
[33]	Fu Linxiang.A new study on the establishment of Jiangsu Province in the Qing Dynasty. Studies in Qing History, 2009(2): 23-31.
	[傅林祥. 清代江苏建省问题新探. 清史研究, 2009(2): 23-31.]
[34]	Local Chronicles Compilation Committee of Jiangsu Province. Jiangsu Provincial Annals: Geography Annals. Nanjing: Jiangsu Ancient Book Press, 1999.
	[江苏地方志编纂委员会. 江苏省志·地理志. 南京: 江苏古籍出版社, 1999.]
[35]	Zhao Yun.Land use and driving force of the Region of Su-Wan (1500-1937) [D]. Shanghai: Fudan University, 2005.
	[赵赟. 苏皖地区土地利用及其驱动力机制(1500-1937)[D]. 上海: 复旦大学, 2005.]
[36]	He Fanneng, Ge Quansheng, Zheng Jingyun.Reckoning the areas of urban land use and their comparison in the Qing Dynasty in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2002, 57(6): 709-716.
	[何凡能, 葛全胜, 郑景云. 中国清代城镇用地面积估算及其比较. 地理学报, 2002, 57(6): 709-716.]
[37]	Niu Pinghan.Comprehensive Table of Administrative Evolution of the Qing Dynasty. Beijing: Sinomaps Press, 1990.
	[牛平汉. 清代政区沿革综表. 北京: 中国地图出版社, 1990.]
[38]	Cao Shuji.Population history of China (Volume 5). Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2005.
	[曹树基. 中国人口史(第5卷上). 上海: 复旦大学出版社, 2005.]
[39]	Editorial Board of Fifty Years of Jiangsu Province. Fifty Years of Jiangsu Province: 1949 to 1999. Beijing: China Statistics Press, 1999.
	[江苏五十年编辑委员会. 江苏五十年1949-1999. 北京: 中国统计出版社, 1999.]
[40]	Cao Shuji.Urban population of Jiangsu Province in the Qing Dynasty. Journal of Hangzhou Normal University (Social Sciences), 2002(4): 50-56.
	[曹树基. 清代江苏城市人口研究. 杭州师范学院学报(社会科学版), 2002(4): 50-56.]
[41]	Fan Shuzhi.A Study on the Cities in the South of the Yangtze River during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 1990.
	[樊树志. 明清江南市镇探微. 上海: 复旦大学出版社, 1990.]
[42]	Wang Shuhuai.Regional studies of China's modernization: Jiangsu Province (1860-1916). Taipei: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, 1984.
	[王树槐. 中国现代化的区域研究:江苏省(1860-1916). 台北: 中央研究院近代史研究所, 1984.]
[43]	Tian Guangjin, Liu Jiyuan, Zhang Zengxiang, et al.The scale distribution characteristics of Chinese rural settlements by remote sensing and GIS. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2002, 6(4): 307-312.
	[田光进, 刘纪远, 张增祥, 等. 基于遥感与GIS的中国农村居民点规模分布特征. 遥感学报, 2002, 6(4): 307-312.]
[44]	Shen Wenxing, Ma Tianle.Utilization, problems and solutions of forest resources of Jiangsu Province. Forest Resources Management, 1994(4): 50-53.
	[沈文星, 马天乐. 江苏省林地资源利用现状、问题与对策. 林业资源管理, 1994(4): 50-53.]
[45]	Wu Chuanjun, Guo Huancheng.Land-use of China. Beijing: Science Press, 1994.
	[吴传钧, 郭焕成. 中国土地利用. 北京: 科学出版社, 1994.]
[46]	Wang Shusheng.Study on the structure of construction land in Chinese ancient city based on the analysis of Hejin and Hancheng. Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2009, 41(3): 391-396.
	[王树声. 从河津与韩城看中国古代城市建设用地结构. 西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版), 2009, 41(3): 391-396.]
[47]	Lu Xiqi, Ma Jian.City within the city walls: Rethinking the seat city form of ancient China. Social and Economic History of China, 2009(2): 7-16.
	[鲁西奇, 马剑. 城墙内的城市? 中国古代治所城市形态的再认识. 中国社会经济史研究, 2009(2): 7-16.]
[48]	Liu Jiyuan.Macro-scale Survey and Dynamic Study of Natural Resources and Environment of China by Remote Sensing. Beijing: China Science and Technology Press, 1996.
	[刘纪远. 中国资源环境遥感宏观调查与动态研究. 北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 1996.]
[49]	Tang Maolin, Yao Shimou.On the development of urbanization in Jiangsu Province: Process and characteristics. Economic Geography, 1999, 19(4): 117-122.
	[汤茂林, 姚士谋. 江苏省城市化进程与现状特征研究. 经济地理, 1999, 19(4): 117-122.]
[50]	Lin Chao, Lou Tongmao, Wang Chengjing, et al.Geographical survey of the Jialing River Basin (Volume 2). Geographical Special Issue, 1946(1): 105-135.
	[林超, 楼同茂, 王成敬, 等. 嘉陵江流域地理考察报告(下卷). 地理专号, 1946(1): 105-135.]
[51]	Jin Qiming. Rural Settlement Geography.Beijing: Science Press, 1988.
	[金其铭. 农村聚落地理. 北京: 科学出版社, 1988.]
[52]	Xie Hualin, Li Bo.Driving forces analysis of land-use pattern changes based on logistic regression model in the farming-pastoral zone: A case study of Ongiud Banner, Inner Mongolia. Geographical Research, 2008, 27(2): 294-304.
	[谢花林, 李波. 基于logistic回归模型的农牧交错区土地利用变化驱动力分析: 以内蒙古翁牛特旗为例. 地理研究, 2008, 27(2): 294-304.]
[53]	Yi Haomin, Zhou Shenglu, Wu Shaohua, et al.An integrated assessment for regional heavy metal contamination in soil based on normal fuzzy number. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2013, 33(4): 1127-1134.
	[易昊旻, 周生路, 吴绍华, 等. 基于正态模糊数的区域土壤重金属污染综合评价. 环境科学学报, 2013, 33(4): 1127-1134.]
[54]	Dang Anrong, Yan Shouyong, Wu Hongqi, et al.A GIS based study on the potential land productivity of China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2000, 20(6): 910-915.
	[党安荣, 阎守邕, 吴宏歧, 等. 基于GIS的中国土地生产潜力研究. 生态学报, 2000, 20(6): 910-915.]
[55]	Zhou Shenglu, Li Ruhai, Wang Liyang, et al.Farmland Classification Reserach of Jiangsu Province. Nanjing: Southeast University Press, 2004.
	[周生路, 李如海, 王黎阳, 等. 江苏省农用地资源分等研究. 南京: 东南大学出版社, 2004.]
[56]	Guo Yajun. Comprehensive Evaluation Theory, Methods and Applications. Beijing: Science Press, 2007.
	[郭亚军. 综合评价理论、方法及应用. 北京: 科学出版社, 2007.]

目标层	指标层	属性	权重(农村居民点用地)	权重(耕地)
自然条件	高程	区间值	0.256	0.408
	坡度	区间值	0.114	0.168
	离最近河流距离	负指标	0.100	0.133
	土壤质地	区间值	/	0.031
	pH	区间值	/	0.015
	全氮	正指标	/	0.024
	全磷	正指标	/	0.019
	全钾	正指标	/	0.006
	土壤有机质含量	正指标	/	0.029
社会经济条件	离最近村镇距离	负指标	0.112	0.151
	离最近县城距离	负指标	0.077	/
	居民点等级	正指标	0.340	/
	耕地连片性	正指标	/	0.017