伊河龙门峡段全新世古洪水和历史洪水水文学重建

doi:10.11821/dlxb201507012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对伊洛河流域进行水文学和沉积学野外调查,在伊河龙门峡（LMX）地点发现典型的全新世黄土—古土壤剖面,根据野外沉积特征和磁化率、粒度分析判定该剖面夹有五层洪水滞流沉积层（SWD）。通过OSL测年和地层对比,确定该地层记录了四期五次特大洪水事件,分别发生在3100~3000 a BP、1800~1700 a BP、770~610 a BP和420~340 a BP,并结合史料等初步判断其中包含了AD 223和1761年历史洪水的沉积记录。这些古洪水事件与全新世气候恶化、转折和气候事件有明确的对应关系。采用古洪水水文学方法恢复洪峰水位,并采用比降—面积法计算出古洪水和历史洪水事件的洪峰流量介于14100~15800 m³/s。同时,根据实测获得1958年7月17日伊河龙门大洪水的洪峰水位和流量数据,采用相同参数和方法恢复其洪峰流量,误差仅有-3.6%,表明在该河段古洪水水文学重建所选参数和计算结果是可靠的。这些研究成果既证明季风气候区河流水文系统对全新世气候异常事件响应敏感,又为伊洛河流域水利、交通和防洪工程建设提供基础数据,具有重要的科学意义和实践价值。

关键词: 古洪水, 滞流沉积物, 伊洛河, 全新世

Abstract:

In this study, palaeoflood hydrological and sedimentary investigations were carried out in the Yiluohe River basin. Typical loess-soil stratigraphy of the Holocene period was identified at the Longmenxia (LMX) site in the Yihe River basin. Based on the analysis of sedimentary characteristics, magnetic susceptibility and particle-size distribution, the five flood slackwater deposits were identified and interbedded into the loess-soil stratigraphy. By the stratigraphic correlation and the optically stimulated luminescence method (OSL), the four episodes of flooding events occurred at 3100-3000 a BP, 1800-1700 a BP, 770-610 a BP and 420-340 a BP, respectively, namely at the end of the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum and the beginning of the late Holocene, the dynasties of Eastern Han to Western Jin, Song-Yuan and the Ming-Qing, respectively. These flooding events might include the AD223 and 1761 flooding events and they well corresponded to the phase of the Holocene monsoonal shift, climatic abrupt change and climatic decline. The flooding peak stages were estimated with the elevations and the depositional depths of the SWD. According to the flood peak stages and hydraulic parameters, the peak discharges were reconstructed at 14100-15800 m³/s with the slope-area method. The reconstructed peak discharges of the flooding events are much more than those of the gauged modern floods at the Longmenxia gauge station in the middle reach of the Yihe River.

Key words: palaeoflood, slackwater deposits, Yiluohe River, Holocene

胡贵明, 黄春长, 周亚利, 庞奖励, 查小春, 郭永强, 张玉柱, 赵雪如. 伊河龙门峡段全新世古洪水和历史洪水水文学重建[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(7): 1165-1176.

Guiming HU, Chunchang HUANG, Yali ZHOU, Jiangli PANG, Xiaochun ZHA, Yongqiang GUO, Yuzhu ZHANG, Xueru ZHAO. Hydrological reconstruction of Holocene palaeofloods and historical floods in the Longmen Gorge of the Yihe River[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(7): 1165-1176.

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样品	深度(cm)	U(ppm)	Th(ppm)	K(%)	含水量(%)	等效剂量(Gy)	环境剂量(Gy.ka^-1)	Age(a)
YH-MS_-1	77.5	2.31±0.09	10.1±0.29	1.86±0.06	15	1.11±0.11	2.92± 0.06	380± 40
YH-SWD3	122.5	2.96±0.11	12.8±0.36	2.02±0.06	15	2.30±0.25	3.36±0.06	690±80
YH-Lo	147.5	2.46±0.10	11.60±0.32	1.94±0.06	15	5.58±0.13	3.10±0.06	1800±60
YH-So	197.5	2.30±0.09	11.8±0.33	2.07±0.06	18	9.79±0.62	3.17±0.06	3180±200

地层层位	磁化率Magnetic susceptibility	粒级比例(%) Particle size					Md	Mz
Stratigraphy	(×10^-8 m³/kg)	<2 μm	2~16 μm	16~63 μm	63~125 μm	>125 μm	μm	μm
表土底界MS_-1	128.10	8.79	34.51	45.20	5.70	5.80	20.05	24.59
历史洪水SWD5	174.90	4.85	16.95	32.40	19.10	26.70	53.65	77.55
历史洪水SWD4	127.60	6.08	22.52	52.80	13.60	5.00	30.67	35.80
历史洪水SWD3	126.50	7.86	28.24	50.50	9.90	3.50	25.76	29.18
历史洪水SWD2	44.30	5.68	24.62	58.60	9.50	1.60	26.38	29.63
风成黄土L₀	168.90	9.52	26.98	51.00	9.50	3.00	25.42	28.56
古洪水SWD1	138.80	8.81	38.29	48.70	2.80	1.40	17.18	18.86
古土壤S₀	154.40	14.80	40.60	39.50	3.60	1.50	12.82	17.53

古洪水期次	洪峰水位高程(m)	水面宽(m)	总水深H(m)	水面比降\|S	糙率系数n	过水断面面积A(m²)	湿周L(m)	水力半径R(m)	洪峰流量Q(m³/s)
SWD5	158.55	235	10.55	0.004	0.035	2044.12	242.57	8.43	15300
SWD4	157.90	234	9.90	0.004	0.035	1897.37	240.67	7.88	13600
SWD3	157.80	234	9.80	0.004	0.035	1873.95	240.29	7.80	13300
SWD2	157.85	234	9.85	0.004	0.035	1885.66	240.51	7.84	13400
SWD1	157.40	233	9.40	0.004	0.035	1780.44	238.79	7.46	12300

古洪水期次	洪峰水位高程(m)	水面宽(m)	总水深H(m)	水面比降S	糙率系数n	过水断面面积A(m²)	湿周L(m)	水力半径R(m)	洪峰流量Q(m³/s)
SWD5	158.65	236	10.65	0.004	0.035	2067.68	243.35	8.50	15500
SWD4	158.60	235	10.60	0.004	0.035	2055.89	242.84	8.47	15400
SWD3	158.50	235	10.50	0.004	0.035	2014.73	242.19	8.32	15000
SWD2	158.30	235	10.30	0.004	0.035	1944.23	241.76	8.04	14100
SWD1	158.80	238	10.80	0.004	0.035	2091.30	245.21	8.53	15800