中国能源生态效率的空间格局与空间效应

doi:10.11821/dlxb201506011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

能源生态效率兼顾能源利用中的生态效益与经济效益,是对能源—环境—经济3E系统效率的度量。基于考虑非期望产出的SBM模型对中国1997-2012年省际能源生态效率进行测度,从空间格局规模、格局强度与格局纹理三个方面分析能源生态效率的空间分布特征和演变规律,运用空间计量模型验证中国省际能源生态效率的空间溢出效应及其影响因素。研究表明：① 中国能源生态效率整体偏低,低效率省份约占40%,广东、海南、福建位于能源生态效率值的最前沿,宁夏、甘肃、青海、新疆为主要的低能效地区。全国能源生态效率总体上呈U型演变格局,局部地区主要有增长型、波动型、突变型和平稳型等4种演变类型;② 中国能源生态效率在省际尺度上表现出显著的全局与局部空间集聚特征,高高集聚区主要分布在东部沿海和南部沿海地区,低低集聚区主要分布在西北地区和黄河中游地区。空间格局的变化主要发生在高低集聚区与低高集聚区,其中又以京津冀地区的集聚类型演变最为显著;③ 中国能源生态效率存在着明显的空间效应,某一地区的能源生态效率对相邻地区的空间溢出程度均强于相邻地区的误差冲击对该地区的影响程度;在影响能源生态效率空间效应的诸多因素中,产业结构的影响最大。

关键词: 能源生态效率, SBM模型, 空间格局, 空间计量模型

Abstract:

Energy eco-efficiency is a concept trying to integrate ecological and economic benefits arising from energy utilization and serves as a measurement of the efficiency in energy-environment-economy system. Based on the SBM model considering undesirable output, this paper first measured the energy eco-efficiency of provinces in China from 1997 to 2012. Then it analyzed the spatial distribution and the evolution of energy eco-efficiency from three aspects—scale, intensity, and grain of spatial patterns; and finally, it verified the spatial spillover effects and the influencing factors of energy eco-efficiency in different provinces by means of spatial econometric model. Conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) the overall energy eco-efficiency is relatively low in China, of which energy-inefficient areas account for about 40%. Provinces of Guangdong, Hainan, and Fujian enjoy the highest energy eco-efficiency, but provinces of Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, and Xinjiang are representative areas with low efficiency, thus making a U-shaped evolution pattern of China's overall energy eco-efficiency; and in local regions, there are four evolution patterns: increasing, fluctuating, mutating, and leveling. (2) At the provincial level, China's energy eco-efficiency features significant spatial agglomeration globally and locally. High-High agglomeration mainly occurred in the eastern and southern coastal areas, and Low-Low agglomeration, in the northwest and middle reaches of the Yellow River. The change in spatial patterns mainly occurred in areas with High-Low and Low-High agglomeration, and the most remarkable change took place in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. (3) There exists a significant spatial effect of energy eco-efficiency among provinces of China. For the energy eco-efficiency of a certain region, the spatial spillovers from adjacent regions outweigh the influence of the error impact from adjacent regions. Industrial structure hasgreat influence on the energy eco-efficiency.

Key words: energy eco-efficiency, SBM model, space pattern, spatial econometric model

关伟, 许淑婷. 中国能源生态效率的空间格局与空间效应[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(6): 980-992.

Wei GUAN, Shuting XU. Study on spatial pattern and spatial effect of energy eco-efficiency in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(6): 980-992.

图/表 7

图1

图2

图3

图4

表1

图5

表2

模型回归结果

变量	变量含义	空间滞后模型 (SLM)	空间误差模型 (SEM)
X₁	经济发展	0.074***	0.113***
X₂	产业结构	-0.311***	-0.302***
X₃	人口数量	0.081***	0.083***
X₄	城镇化率	-0.039	-0.041
X₅	外商投资	0.082***	0.090***
X₆	对外贸易	0.008	-0.004
X₇	能源投资	-0.047***	-0.063***
X₈	交通基础	-0.083***	-0.074***
$ρ$	空间回归系数	0.328***
$λ$	空间误差系数		0.285***
R²	拟合判定系数	0.490	0.654
log-likelihood	对数似然比	174.376	236.070
H	Hausman检验	27.750***	256.572***
LM	LM检验	39.906***	39.906***
R-LM	稳健LM检验	11.658***	11.658***

表2

参考文献 42

[1]	World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Measuring eco-efficiency: A guide to reporting company performance. WBCSD, 2000.
[2]	Yin Ke, Wang Rusong, Zhou Chuanbin, et al.Review of eco-efficiency accounting method and its applications. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2012, 32(11): 3595-3605.
	[尹科, 王如松, 周传斌, 等. 国内外生态效率核算方法及其应用研究评述. 生态学报, 2012, 32(11): 3595-3605.]
[3]	Shi Dan.Regional differences in China's energy efficiency and conservation potentials. China Industrial Economics, 2006(10): 49-58.
	[史丹. 中国能源效率的地区差异与节能潜力分析. 中国工业经济, 2006(10): 49-58.]
[4]	Wei Chu, Shen Manhong. Energy efficiency and its influencing factors: based on the positive analysis of DEA. Management Word, 2007(8): 66-76.
	[魏楚, 沈满洪. 能源效率及其影响因素: 基于DEA的实证分析. 管理世界, 2007(8): 66-76.]
[5]	Wang Xiao, Qu Xiaoe.Research on total factor energy efficiency of China manufacture empirical analysis based on 28 sectors. Modern Economic Science. 2010(3): 20-25.
	[王霄, 屈小娥. 中国制造业全要素能源效率研究: 基于制造业28个行业的实证研究. 当代经济科学, 2010(3): 20-25.]
[6]	Chen Guanju.Research on total factor energy efficiency of Chinese manufacture industry and its influence factors based on SFA. China Soft Science Magazine, 2014(1): 180-192.
	[陈关聚. 中国制造业全要素能源效率及影响因素研究: 基于面板数据的随机前沿分析. 中国软科学, 2014(1): 180-192.]
[7]	Patterson M G.What is energy efficiency? Concepts, indicators and methodological issues. Energy Policy, 1999, 24(5): 377-390.
[8]	Wei Yiming, Liao Hua.Seven energy efficiency indicators and their measurement approaches. China Soft Science, 2010, (1): 128-137.
	[魏一鸣, 廖华. 能源效率的七类测度指标及其测度方法. 中国软科学, 2010, (1): 128-137.]
[9]	APERC. Energy efficiency indicators, a study of energy efficiency indicators for industry in APEC economies. Tokyo: Asia Pacific Energy Research Center, 2000.
[10]	Jinli Hu, Shihchuan Wang.Total-factor energy efficiency of regions in China. Energy Policy, 2006, 34: 3206-3217.
[11]	Lin Boqiang.The theoretical exploration of scientific outlook on development from the perspective of energy economics. Economic Research Journal, 2012(3): 154-159.
	[林伯强. 能源经济学视角的科学发展观的理论探索. 经济研究, 2012(3): 154-159.]
[12]	Hu Baiding.Measuring plant level energy efficiency in China's energy sector in the presence of allocates inefficiency. China Economic Review, 2014, 31: 130-144.
[13]	Weiwei Lu, Meirong Su, Yan Zhang, et al.Assessment of energy security in China based on ecological network analysis: A perspective from the security of crude oil supply. Energy Policy, 2014, 74: 406-413.
[14]	Boshu He, Changhe Chen.Energy ecological efficiency of coal fired plant in China. Energy Conversion and Management, 2002, 43: 2553-2567.
[15]	Lanbing Li, Jinli Hu.Ecological total-factor energy efficiency of regions in China. Energy Policy, 2012, 46: 216-224.
[16]	Guo Wen, Sun Tao.Chinese industries' ecological total energy efficiency. Chinese Journal of Management. 2013, 10(11): 1690-1695.
	[郭文, 孙涛. 中国工业行业生态全要素能源效率研究. 管理学报, 2013, 10(11): 1690-1695.]
[17]	Zhou Wuqi, Nie Ming. Regional differences in the efficiency of industrial carbon emissions in China. Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics, 2012(9): 58-70.
	[周五七, 聂鸣. 中国工业碳排放效率的区域差异研究: 基于非参数前沿的实证分析. 数量经济技术经济研究, 2012(9): 58-70.]
[18]	Zuo Zhongmei, Yang Li. Analysis of total factor energy efficiency in China: based on SBM model. Statistics and Decision, 2011(20): 105-107.
	[左中梅, 杨力. 基于SBM模型的中国省际全要素能源效率分析. 统计与决策, 2011(20): 105-107.]
[19]	Qian Zhengming, Liu Xiaochen.Regional differences in China's green economic efficiency and their determinants. China Population, resources and environment, 2013, 23(7): 104-109.
	[钱争鸣, 刘晓晨. 中国绿色经济效率的区域差异与影响因素研究. 中国人口·资源与环境, 2013, 23(7): 104-109.]
[20]	Zhang Wei, Wu Wenyuan. Research on total-factor energy efficiency of metropolitan regions of Yangtze River Delta based on environment performance. Economic Research Journal, 2011(10): 95-109.
	[张伟, 吴文元. 基于环境绩效的长三角都市圈全要素能源效率研究. 经济研究, 2011(10): 95-109.]
[21]	Yuan Xiaoling, Zhang Baoshan, Yang Wanping. The total factor energy efficiency measurement of China based on environment pollution. China Industrial Economics, 2009(2): 76-86.
	[袁晓玲, 张宝山, 杨万平. 基于环境污染的中国全要素能源效率研究. 中国工业经济, 2009(2): 76-86.]
[22]	Wang Qiang, Fan Jie, Wu Shidai.Spatial-temporal variation of regional energy efficiency and its causes in China, 1990-2009. Geographical Research, 2014, 33(1): 43-56.
	[王强, 樊杰, 伍世代. 1990-2009年中国区域能源效率时空分异特征与成因. 地理研究, 2014, 33(1): 43-56.]
[23]	Fu Bojie.The integrated studies of geography: coupling of patterns and processes. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(8): 1052-1059.
	[傅伯杰. 地理学综合研究的途径与方法: 格局与过程耦合. 地理学报, 2014, 69(8): 1052-1059.]
[24]	Zhang Jintun. Quantitative Ecology.Beijing: Science Press, 2004: 264.
	[张金屯. 数量生态学. 北京: 科学出版社, 2004: 264.]
[25]	Zeng Xiangang.Energy efficiency, potential of CO2 emission reduction and its determinations across Chinese regions. China Environment Science, 2010, 30(10): 1432-1440.
	[曾贤刚. 我国能源效率、CO2减排潜力及影响因素分析. 中国环境科学, 2010, 30(10): 1432-1440.]
[26]	Wu Qi, Wu Chunyou.Empirical research on key influencing factors of energy efficiency in China. Science Research Management, 2012, 31(5): 164-171.
	[吴琦, 武春友. 我国能源效率关键影响因素的实证研究. 科研管理, 2012, 31(5): 164-171.]
[27]	Li Shixiang, Cheng Jinhua.Study on the energy efficiency of China and its determinants. Statistical Research, 2008, 25(10): 18-25.
	[李世祥, 成金华. 中国能源效率评价及其影响因素分析. 统计研究, 2008, 25(10): 18-25.]
[28]	Yang Mian, Yang Fuxia, Chen Xingpeng.On influencing factors affecting China's energy efficiency: An empirical test based on the VEC model. Resources Science, 2011, 33(1): 163-168.
	[杨冕, 杨福霞, 陈兴鹏. 中国能源效率影响因素研究: 基于VEC模型的实证检验. 资源科学, 2011, 33(1): 163-168.]
[29]	Cheng Yeqing, Wang Zheye, Zhang Shouzhi, et al.Spatial econometric analysis of carbon emission intensity and its driving factors from energy consumption in China. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2013, 68(10): 1418-1431.
	[程叶青, 王哲野, 张守志, 等. 中国能源消费碳排放强度及其影响因素的空间计量. 地理学报, 2013, 68(10): 1418-1431.]
[30]	Pan Xiongfeng, Li Liangyu, Yang Yue. Research on spatial-temporal distribution dynamic evolution of regional energy efficiency disparity in China. Management Review, 2012(11): 13-19.
	[潘雄锋, 李良玉, 杨越. 我国能源效率区域差异的时空格局动态演化研究. 管理评论, 2012(11): 13-19.]
[31]	Xu Yingzhi, Guan Jianwei.On the convergence of regional energy efficiency in China: A perspective of spatial economics. Journal of Finance and Economics, 2011, 37(1): 112-123.
	[徐盈之, 管建伟. 中国区域能源效率趋同性研究: 基于空间经济学视角. 财经研究, 2011, 37(1): 112-123.]
[32]	Tone K.A Slacks-based measure of efficiency in data envelopment analysis. European Journal of Operational Research, 2001, 130(3): 495-509.
[33]	Tu Zhengge, Liu Leike.Efficiency evaluation of industrial sectors in China accounting for the energy and environment factors: Based on provincial data by a SBM approach. Economic Review, 2011(2): 55-65.
	[涂正革, 刘磊珂. 考虑能源、环境因素的中国工业效率评价: 基于SBM模型的省级数据分析. 经济评论, 2011(2): 55-65.]
[34]	Zhao Liangshi, Sun Caizhi, Zheng Defeng.Water resource utilization efficiency and its spatial spillover effects measure in China, Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(1): 121-133.
	[赵良仕, 孙才志, 郑德凤. 中国省际水资源利用效率与空间溢出效应测度. 地理学报, 2014, 69(1): 121-133.]
[35]	Getis A, Ord J K.The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics. Geographical Analysis, 1992, (24): 189-206.
[36]	Sun Caizhi, Zhao Liangshi, Zou Wei.The interprovincial water resources global environmental technology efficiency measurement in China and its spatial effect. Journal of Natural Resources, 2014, 29(4): 553-563.
	[孙才志, 赵良仕, 邹伟. 中国省际水资源全局环境技术效率测度及其空间效应研究. 自然资源学报, 2014, 29(4): 553-563.]
[37]	Zhang Jun, Wu Guiying, Zhang Jipeng. The estimation of china's provincial capital stock:1952-2000. Economic Research, 2004(10): 35-44.
	[张军, 吴桂英, 张吉鹏. 中国省际物质资本存量估计:1952-2000. 经济研究, 2004(10): 35-44.]
[38]	Shan Haojie. Reestimating the capital stock of China:1952-2006. Journal of Quantitative & Technical Economics, 2008(10): 17-31.
	[单豪杰. 中国资本存量K的再估算:1952-2006年. 数量经济技术经济研究, 2008(10): 17-31.]
[39]	Liu Kai, Li Dandan.Analysis of urbanization spatial evolution characters based on GIS in Liaoning province. Journal of Liaoning Normal University: Natural Science Edition, 2014, 37(2): 275-280.
	[刘锴, 李丹丹. 基于GIS的辽宁省城镇化空间演变特征分析. 辽宁师范大学学报: 自然科学版, 2014, 37(2): 275-280.]
[40]	Guan Wei, Xu Shuting.Spatial patterns and coupling relations between energy efficiency and industrial structure in Liaoning Province. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(4): 520-530.
	[关伟, 许淑婷. 辽宁省能源效率与产业结构的空间特征及耦合关系. 地理学报, 2014, 69(4): 520-530.]
[41]	Xiao Zhouyan.Spatial effect of population-economic distribution consistency in China. Population Research, 2013, 37(5): 42-51.
	[肖周燕. 中国人口与经济分布一致性的空间效应研究. 人口研究, 2013, 37(5): 42-51.]
[42]	Huang Jianhuan, Lv Hailong, Wang Liangjian.Mechanism of financial development influencing regional green development: Based on eco-efficiency and spatial econometrics. Geographical Research, 2014, 33(3): 532-545.
	[黄建欢, 吕海龙, 王良健. 金融发展影响区域绿色发展的机理: 基于生态效率和空间计量的研究. 地理研究, 2014, 33(3): 532-545.]

	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012
I	0.144	0.154	0.016	0.201	0.314	0.238	0.343	0.384	0.384	0.467	0.480	0.404	0.353	0.415	0.259	0.421
Z	1.412	1.494	0.404	1.870	2.767	2.159	2.996	3.330	3.330	3.984	4.087	3.477	3.074	3.570	2.332	3.610
P	0.079	0.068	0.343	0.031	0.003	0.015	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001	0.000	0.010	0.000