基于批判地缘政治学视角解读经典地缘政治理论

doi:10.11821/dlxb201506001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

大国间的争霸与兴衰更替,无不受地缘法则的支配。地理学者应紧跟时代的步伐,准确把握国家利益之所在,抓住机遇为民族伟大复兴做出贡献。但是,缺乏对地缘政治学的历史和哲学的批判将不能准确理解和有效实践地缘政治理论。本文简要介绍了批判地缘政治学的发展,总结了批判地缘政治学的3个特点,据此对4个经典地缘政治理论进行了解读。为了简化解读过程,首先提出了一个解读4个经典地缘政治理论的分析框架;其次根据这个分析框架重点解读了麦金德的“历史的地理枢纽”;最后对4个经典地缘政治理论进行了批判性总结。通过批判性解读,得出经典地缘政治理论既有科学性一面,也有假说性和理念性的一面。经典地缘政治理论构建是基于国际地缘格局、国家利益空间分布、国家间空间冲突而构建的,并展现了理论建构者的身份,体现了地缘政治理论的历史性、社会性、情境性和地理知识—权力结构。

关键词: 批判地缘政治, 地缘政治, 国家有机体论, 海权论, 陆权论, 边缘地带论

Abstract:

The rise to supremacy and decline of big powers are all subject to the laws of geopolitics. Geographers should keep up with the pace of the times, and accurately get an overall understanding of the interests of the state to seize the opportunity to contribute to the great rejuvenation of Chinese nation. However, the lack of criticism for history and philosophy of geopolitics will make it unable to understand the practice of geopolitical theory accurately and effectively. Therefore, this paper introduces the development of the critical geopolitics, which summarizes three characteristics of critical geopolitics so as to explain the four classical geopolitical theories. In order to simplify the explanation and interpretation, this paper first proposes an analytical framework of four classical geopolitical theories. Secondly, we explain "The Geographical Pivot of History" put forward by Mackinder as a focal point. Lastly, we draw a conclusion on the four classic critical geopolitical theories. The conclusion made through the critical interpretation is that the classical theory of geopolitics is not only scientific, but also hypothetic and idealistic to some extent. The construction of the classical geopolitical theory is established based on international geopolitical structure, spatial distribution of the interests of the state and space conflicts between countries, which shows the identity of theoretical constructionist, and reflects the historical, social and situational sides of the geopolitical theory and geography - power structure.

Key words: critical geopolitics, geopolitics, national organism theory, sea power theory, land power theory, edge district theory

胡志丁, 陆大道. 基于批判地缘政治学视角解读经典地缘政治理论[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(6): 851-863.

Zhiding HU, Dadao LU. The re-interpretation of the classical geopolitical theories from a critical geopolitical perspective[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(6): 851-863.

图/表 5

图1

表1

表2

图2

表3

经典地缘政治理论批判视角总结"

	陆权论	海权论	国家有机体论	边缘地带论
提出时间	1904	1898	1896	1944
作者/国家	麦金德/英国	马汉/美国	拉策尔/德国	斯皮克曼/美国
作者背景学科背景	地理学家政治学家	海军历史学家海军战略学家	地理学家受过生物学专门训练	地缘战略学家国际关系学者
视点/理念	政治地理学建立在自然地理学的基础之上	强权即公理	社会机体类似于生物有机体,受自然法则自配	地理决定论
科学性	海上势力容易受到来自陆上势力的影响	海军实力提升有助于国家实力提升和保护海外贸易安全	随着经济发展,人口增加,国家需要更多土地维持经济和人口的增长	海军强国需要借助陆上桥头堡国家对抗陆上强国
假说性	枢纽国家向欧亚大陆边缘地带的扩张,使其能够利用巨大的大陆资源来建立舰队,那时世界就在望了	国家强大、繁荣归根结底是由于国家掌握了制海权,建立了最强大的海军	国家空间增长的七条规律	不论是在战争时期还是在和平时期,美国都必须防止世界几个实力中心联合起来反对美国的利益
历史性	英俄百年大冷战俄国在欧洲、亚洲的扩张	海外贸易的激增,早期英国皇家海军拦截美国商船,拿破仑战争期间贸易禁运	民族统一战争、经济增长不稳定性和人口的持续增加	第一、二次世界大战美国参战经历
社会性/情境性	大英帝国处于积极向外扩张、殖民的势头上,须考虑争霸世界	美国处在保守的孤立主义和向海外积极进取之间徘徊	德国经济的不稳定增长和人口持续增长对其生存空间产生巨大压力	美国GDP占世界比重接近30%,在经济、军事上已经完全称霸世界
政治追求价值目标	为英国海外殖民扩张和争霸世界服务	提升海军实力,扩大海外贸易和海外殖民,确保海洋运输安全	提升德国国际地位,走向帝国主义“世界政治”	适应美国战后称霸世界的战略构想
地理知识—权力	枢纽地区的国家被描述成具有向外扩张、侵略的本性,其他国家应该联合起来对抗枢纽地区的国家	美国具有建立强大海军的基本条件	将国家类比于生物有机体,国家领过扩张受自然法则自配,国家扩张不可避免	欧亚地区的强国具有扩张、控制边缘地区的本性

表3

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年份	1700	1820	1870	1913
法国	5.7	5.5	6.5	5.3
德国	3.6	3.8	6.5	8.8
意大利	3.6	3.8	6.5	8.8
英国	2.9	5.2	9.1	8.3
前苏联	4.4	5.4	7.6	8.6
美国	0.1	1.8	8.9	19.1
日本	4.1	3.0	2.3	2.6
中国	22.3	32.9	17.2	8.9
印度	24.4	16.0	12.2	7.6

	英国			世界
时间	帆船	轮船	运载力合计	帆船	轮船	运载力合计
1780	1 000	0	1 000	3 950	0	3 950
1820	2 436	3	2 448	5 800	20	5 880
1850 1900 1913	3 397 2 096 843	168 7 208 11 273	4 069 30 928 45 935	11 400 6 500 4 200	800 22 400 41 700	14 600 96 100 171 000