水库联合运行对库下汛期河道过水断面形态参数变化率的影响——以黄河内蒙古河段为例

doi:10.11821/dlxb201503011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

水库联合运行对于库下河道的影响是河流地貌学近年来的热点问题,如何定量表征河道的因应调整则是其难点所在。基于同水位河道过水断面形态参数变化率分析方法,针对黄河内蒙古河段磴口、巴彦高勒、三湖河口、头道拐4个水文站,利用刘家峡水库、龙羊峡水库联合运行之前的1978-1982年、之后的2008-2012年汛期前后实测断面资料,计算了相应年份上述各站同水位下的河道断面面积、水面宽、平均水深等特征参数在经历汛期冲刷后的变化率。结果表明,每年在经历汛期洪水冲刷之后,上述形态参数总体上以增大为主,变化率为正值;大型水库联合运行之前与之后的两个时期相比,同水位下河道断面面积、水面宽和平均水深的变化率分别减小了3.4、3.5和2.8倍。过水断面形态参数的沿程空间变化也由之前的上凸形曲线变为之后增减相间的“S”形曲线。其原因在于,大型水库联合运行削减了洪峰流量、降低了汛期最大流速,从而导致洪水造床能力显著变弱,河道断面形态参数的变化率因之显著减小。大型水库联合运行使黄河内蒙古河道明显萎缩,这不利于可能遭遇的极端大洪水的安全行洪,因此,需要合理利用这些水库的调节功能,有效控制汛期总水沙量和洪峰流量,避免因过度调节而使河道持续萎缩,为可能出现的极端大洪水的安全行洪创造条件。

关键词: 过水河道断面, 形态参数, 变化率, 水库, 联合运行, 黄河, 内蒙古

Abstract:

Studies of the impacts of reservoir operation on downstream channel changes have been a hot spot in fluvial geomorphology in the last decades. However, it remains unknown on how to quantitatively express channel adjustments induced by the joint operation of upstream reservoir systems. The joint operation of the Liujiaxia and Longyangxia reservoirs on the upper Yellow River since 1986 has significantly influenced downstream channel variations. The objective of the paper is to analyze the channel cross-section changes at Dengkou, Bayangaole, Sanhuhekou, and Toudaoguai gauge stations located in the Inner Mongolian reach of the upper Yellow River in the period 1978-1982 (the earlier period, before the joint operation) and the period 2008-2012 (the later period, after the joint operation). As for the four gauge stations, we calculated the change ratios of cross-sectional geometry parameters, including channel cross-section area, water width, mean water depth, and the ratio of width to depth, at a given water level after the flooding season. The results show that most of the change ratios of the geometry parameters increased remarkably after the flooding season. Furthermore, the change ratio of each parameter at all the channel cross-sections decreased significantly in the later period compared with that during the earlier period. The change ratio of the cross-section area decreased 3.4 times while that of the water width and mean water depth decreased 3.5 times and 2.8 times, respectively. Spatially, the downstream variations of the change ratio of the geometry parameters evolved from a convex curve in the earlier period to an "S"-shaped curve in the later period. The observed decreases of the change ratios of channel geometry parameters are due to the joint operation of large upstream reservoirs. These reservoirs stored a large amount of flood water and reduced the peak discharge and maximum flow velocity in the flooding season; as a result, the erosion ability of the floods decreased. With the joint operation of the large reservoirs, the Inner Mongolian reach of the Yellow River shrunk significantly in recent years and the channel is faced with a great risk of extreme floods. Therefore, it is necessary to reasonably utilize the dam's adjustment functions for a better control of runoff and sediment export in the flooding season. With effective measures taken, the channel can avoid further shrinkage and is thus ready for extreme floods.

Key words: channel cross-section, geometry parameters, change ratio, reservoir, joint operation, Yellow River, Inner Mongolia

苏腾, 王随继, 梅艳国. 水库联合运行对库下汛期河道过水断面形态参数变化率的影响——以黄河内蒙古河段为例[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(3): 488-500.

Teng SU, Suiji WANG, Yanguo MEI. Impact of joint operation of reservoirs on the change ratio of downstream cross-sectional geometry parameters: A case study of the Inner Mongolian reach of the Yellow River[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(3): 488-500.

图/表 10

图1

表1

汛期前后给定水位下磴口和巴彦高勒河道断面形态参数计算值

磴口								巴颜高勒
年份		日期	S/m	A/m²	B/m	H/m	B/H	年份	日期	S/m	A/m²	B/m	H/m	B/H
1976	6-10	1060.12	648	260	2.5	104.3		1978	5-2	1050.41	622	449	1.4	324.1
	9-19	1060.69	1347	268	5.0	53.3			11-2	1050.16	1325	481	2.8	174.6
	9-19	1060.12*	1199	256	4.7	54.7			5-2	1050.16*	512	426	1.2	354.4
1977	4-21	1060.00	594	258	2.3	112.1		1979	4-25	1050.24	617	439	1.4	312.4
	10-20	1060.24	684	270	2.5	106.6			11-16	1049.66	598	468	1.3	366.3
	10-20	1060.00*	620	255	2.4	104.9			4-25	1049.66*	367	258	1.4	181.4
1978	3-17	1060.14	520	208	2.5	83.2		1980	5-10	1049.42	245	291	0.8	345.6
	9-19	1061.39	1655	288	5.7	50.1			11-20	1049.97	508	384	1.3	290.3
	9-19	1060.14*	1314	264	5.0	53.0			11-20	1049.42*	393	356	1.1	322.5
1980	5-2	1059.71	481	204	2.4	86.5		1981	4-13	1050.36	481	393	1.2	321.1
	10-26	1060.32	838	274	3.1	89.6			11-23	1049.47	1046	426	2.5	173.5
	10-26	1059.71*	682	247	2.8	89.5			4-13	1049.47*	225	250	0.9	277.8
1982	4-21	1059.84	646	278	2.3	119.6		1982	4-26	1049.63	621	373	1.7	224.0
	10-19	1060.48	1143	281	4.1	69.1			11-20	1049.71	603	400	1.5	265.3
	10-19	1059.84*	968	267	3.6	73.6			11-20	1049.63*	551	394	1.4	281.7
2008	4-30	1060.62	374	135	2.8	48.7		2008	4-7	1051.22	484	322	1.5	214.2
	11-1	1060.89	492	148	3.3	44.5			11-11	1050.6	416	361	1.2	313.3
	11-1	1060.62*	453	141	3.2	43.9			4-7	1050.6*	288	310	0.9	333.7
2009	5-16	1060.80	476	166	2.9	57.9		2009	4-1	1051.73	757	434	1.7	248.8
	10-18	1061.24	743	173	4.3	40.3			9-21	1051.2	1264	402	3.1	127.9
	10-18	1060.80*	668	176	3.8	46.4			4-1	1051.2*	533	407	1.3	310.8
2010	6-9	1061.30	620	181	3.4	52.8		2010	4-13	1051.54	739	418	1.8	236.4
	10-19	1060.96	565	197	2.9	68.7			8-11	1051.03	574	421	1.4	308.8
	6-9	1060.96*	558	180	3.1	58.0			4-13	1051.03*	527	413	1.3	323.7
2011	4-24	1060.77	465	172	2.7	63.6		2011	4-12	1050.93	482	321	1.5	213.8
	10-20	1061.19	767	199	3.9	51.6			9-21	1050.85	1036	348	3.0	116.9
	10-20	1060.77*	690	178	3.9	45.9			4-12	1050.85*	537	338	1.6	212.7
2012	4-22	1060.52	510	169	3.0	56.0		2012	3-24	1050.48	573	255	2.2	113.5
	10-24	1060.89	794	189	4.2	45.0			10-3	1051.12	1352	340	4.0	85.5
	10-24	1060.52*	725	184	3.9	46.7			10-3	1050.48*	1137	333	3.4	97.5

表1

表2

汛期前后给定水位下三湖河口和头道拐河道断面形态参数计算值

三湖河口								头道拐
年份		日期	S/m	A/m²	B/m	H/m	B/H	年份	日期	S/m	A/m²	B/m	H/m	B/H
1978	5-14	1018.27	597	279	2.1	130.4		1978	6-11	985.06	300	185	1.6	114.1
	11-8	1017.61	883	328	2.7	121.8			10-9	988.03	1278	520	2.5	211.6
	5-14	1017.61*	401	255	1.6	162.2			10-9	985.06*	115	247	0.5	530.5
1979	5-19	1016.66	209	213	1.0	217.1		1979	7-17	984.78	224	185	1.2	152.8
	10-20	1017.63	800	203	3.9	51.5			11-26	987.13	738	362	2.0	177.6
	10-20	1016.66*	607	194	3.1	62.0			11-26	984.78*	198	146	1.4	107.7
1980	5-21	1016.57	275	211	1.3	161.9		1980	5-8	986.5	602	353	1.7	207.0
	10-27	1017.79	889	207	4.3	48.2			11-10	985.54	352	254	1.4	183.3
	10-27	1016.57*	655	172	3.8	45.2			5-8	985.54*	345	192	1.8	106.9
1981	5-14	1016.41	290	75	3.9	19.4		1981	5-9	986.03	467	314	1.5	211.1
	12-28	1018.34	1060	353	3.0	117.6			9-28	990.29	3064	727	4.2	172.5
	12-28	1016.41*	492	202	2.4	82.9			9-28	986.03*	1072	300	3.6	84.0
1982	5-7	1016.86	421	268	1.6	170.6		1982	5-19	985.56	370	243	1.5	159.6
	10-16	1018.42	1353	385	3.5	109.6			10-3	988.06	1091	537	2.0	264.3
	10-16	1016.86*	784	315	2.5	126.6			10-3	985.56*	119	245	0.5	504.4
2008	4-4	1019.33	615	224	2.7	81.6		2008	4-6	987.53	900	360	2.5	144.0
	11-10	1018.97	473	212	2.2	95.1			11-3	987.16	637	283	2.3	125.7
	4-4	1018.97*	527	211	2.5	84.5			4-6	987.16*	771	347	2.2	156.2
2009	4-4	1019.75	965	250	3.9	64.8		2009	4-7	987.62	744	335	2.2	150.8
	9-30	1019.04	585	211	2.8	76.1			11-1	986.89	572	306	1.9	163.7
	4-4	1019.04*	810	245	3.3	74.1			4-7	986.89*	515	309	1.7	185.4
2010	4-7	1019.57	796	269	3.0	90.9		2010	4-14	987.62	784	340	2.3	147.4
	10-15	1019.21	601	209	2.9	72.7			10-26	986.68	577	287	2.0	142.7
	4-7	1019.21*	718	264	2.7	97.1			4-14	986.68*	502	271	1.9	146.3
2011	4-8	1019.17	618	205	3.0	68.0		2011	4-5	987.37	635	297	2.1	138.9
	10-16	1019.02	528	210	2.5	83.5			10-23	987.14	737	290	2.5	114.1
	4-8	1019.02*	587	203	2.9	70.2			4-5	987.14*	562	295	1.9	154.8
2012	3-21	1020.46	888	320	2.8	115.3		2012	4-5	987.5	699	300	2.3	128.8
	10-17	1018.83	642	296	2.2	136.5			10-9	987.68	970	324	3.0	108.2
	3-21	1018.83*	442	187	2.4	79.1			10-9	987.5*	300	185	1.6	114.1

表2

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

图8

参考文献 28

[1]	Wang Suiji, Li Ling.Lateral shift rate variation of the river banks in the Yinchuan Plain reach of the Yellow River and its causes. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(3): 399-408.
	[王随继, 李玲. 黄河银川平原段河岸摆动速率变化及原因. 地理学报, 2014, 69(3): 399-408.]
[2]	Shen Guanqing, Zhang Yuanfeng, Hou Suzhen et al. Impact of water and sediment regulation by reservoirs in the upper Yellow River on Inner-Mongolia reaches. Journal of Sediment Research, 2007, (1): 67-75.
	[申冠卿, 张原锋, 侯素珍等. 黄河上游干流水库调节水沙对宁蒙河道的影响. 泥沙研究, 2007, (1): 67-75.]
[3]	Wang S J, Yan Y X, Li Y K.Spatial and temporal variations of suspended sediment deposition in the alluvial reach of the upper Yellow River from 1952 to 2007. Catena, 2007, 92: 30-37.
[4]	Shi Changxing, Shao Wenwei, Fan Xiaoli et al. A study on characteristics and sediment rating curves of floods in the Inner Mongolian reach of the Yellow River. Progress in Geography. 2012, 31(9): 1124-1132.
	[师长兴, 邵文伟, 范小黎等. 黄河内蒙古段洪峰特征及水沙关系变化. 地理科学进展, 2012, 31(9): 1124-1132.]
[5]	Zhou Liyan, Cui Zhenhua, Luo Qiushi.Water and sediment variation and characteristics of scouring and deposition of Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River. Yellow River, 2012, 34(1): 25-26.
	[周丽艳, 崔振华, 罗秋实. 黄河宁蒙河道水沙变化及冲淤特性. 人民黄河, 2012, 34(1): 25-26.]
[6]	Zhang Xiaohua, Su Xiaohui, Zheng Yanshuang et al. Features and trends of recent changes in runoff and sediment regimes in wide-valleyed desert reach of upper Yellow River. Journal of Sediment Research, 2013, (2): 44-51.
	[张晓华, 苏晓慧, 郑艳爽等. 黄河上游沙漠宽谷河段近期水沙变化特点及趋势. 泥沙研究, 2013, (2): 44-51.]
[7]	Qin Yi, Zhang Xiaofang, Wang Fenglong et al. Scour and silting evolution and its influencing factors in Inner Mongolia reach. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(3): 324-330.
	[秦毅, 张晓芳, 王凤龙等. 黄河内蒙古河段冲淤演变及其影响因素. 地理学报, 2011, 66(3): 324-330.]
[8]	Fan Xiaoli, Shi Changxing, Zhou Yuanyuan et al. Characteristics of flood regime in Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reaches of the upper Yellow River. Resources Science, 2012, 34(1): 65-73.
	[范小黎, 师长兴, 周园园等. 黄河宁蒙段洪水过程变化特点. 资源科学, 2012, 34(1): 65-73.]
[9]	Shi Changxing, Fan Xiaoli, Shao Wenwei et al. Channel change of the Inner Mongolian reach of the Yellow River and its causes. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(5): 787-796.
	[师长兴, 范小黎, 邵文伟等. 黄河内蒙河段河床冲淤演变特征及原因. 地理研究, 2013, 32(5): 787-796.]
[10]	Wang Suiji, Fan Xiaoli.Flood processes and channel responses in typical years of the different channel patterns in Neimenggu reaches of the upper Yellow River. Progress in Geography, 2010, 29(4): 501-506.
	[王随继, 范小黎. 黄河内蒙古不同河型段对洪水过程的响应特征. 地理科学进展, 2010, 29(4): 501-506.]
[11]	Hou Suzhen, Wang Ping, Chang Wenhua et al. Evaluation on the volume of scour and fill of Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River. Yellow River, 2007, 29(4): 21-23.
	[侯素珍, 王平, 常温花等. 黄河内蒙古河段冲淤量评估. 人民黄河, 2007, 29(4): 21-23.]
[12]	Petts G E.Complex response of river channel morphology subsequent to reservoir construction. Progress in Physical Geography, 1979, 3(3): 329-362.
[13]	Ta W, Xiao H, Dong Z.Long-term morphodynamic changes of a desert reach of the Yellow River following upstream large reservoirs' operation. Geomorphology, 2008, 97(3): 249-259.
[14]	Zhao Wenlin, Cheng Xiuwen, Hou Suzhen et al. Analysis of scouring and sedimentation in the channel from Ningxia to Inner Mongolia in the upper Yellow River. Yellow River, 1999, 21(6): 11-14.
	[赵文林, 程秀文, 侯素珍等. 黄河上游宁蒙河道冲淤变化分析. 人民黄河, 1999, 21(6): 11-14.]
[15]	Yang Gensheng, Ta Wanquan, Dai Fengnian et al. Contribution of sand sources to the silting of riverbed in Inner Mongolia section of Huanghe River. Journal of Desert Research, 2003, 23(2): 152-159.
	[杨根生, 拓万全, 戴丰年等. 风沙对黄河内蒙古河段河道泥沙淤积的影响. 中国沙漠, 2003, 23(2): 152-159.]
[16]	Wang H, Yang Z, Saito Y et al. Stepwise decreases of the Huanghe (Yellow River) sediment load (1950-2005): Impacts of climate change and human activities. Global and Planetary Change, 2007, 57(3): 331-354.
[17]	Ran Lishan, Wang Suiji.Study on channel evolution and hydraulic geometry in the Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River. Journal of Sediment Research, 2010, (4): 61-67.
	[冉立山, 王随继. 黄河内蒙古河段河道演变及水力几何形态研究. 泥沙研究, 2010, (4): 61-67.]
[18]	Feng Guohua, ChaoLun Bagen, Gao Ruizhong et al. Research on ice flood control strategy for Inner Mongolia reach of Yellow River. Hydrology, 2009, 29(1): 47-49.
	[冯国华, 朝伦巴根, 高瑞忠等. 黄河内蒙古段防凌对策研究. 水文, 2009, 29(1): 47-49.]
[19]	Hu Xinglin, Wang Jing, Lan Yongchao et al. Relationship between channel scouring/silting amount and water-sediment transport process in Inner Mongolia reach of Yellow River. Journal of China Hydrology, 2012, 32(2): 44-48.
	[胡兴林, 王静, 蓝永超等. 黄河内蒙段河道冲淤量与水沙输移过程的关系分析. 水文, 2012, 32(2): 44-48.]
[20]	Wang Hongfang, Jia Xiaopeng, Wang Haibing.Effect of flood scouring channel deposits in Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River. Journal of Desert Research, 2014, 34(4): 1143-1149.
	[汪宏芳, 贾晓鹏, 王海兵. 黄河内蒙古段淤积泥沙洪水冲刷效应. 中国沙漠, 2014, 34(4): 1143-1149.]
[21]	Yao Huiming, Qin Fuxing, Shen Guochang et al. Ice regime characteristics in the Ningxia-Inner Mongolia reach of Yellow River. Advances in Water Science, 2007, 18(6): 893-899.
	[姚惠明, 秦福兴, 沈国昌等. 黄河宁蒙河段凌情特性研究. 水科学进展, 2007, 18(6): 893-899.]
[22]	Xu Jiongxin.Temporal and spatial variations in erosion and sediment yield and the cause in the ten small tributaries to the Inner Mongolia reach of the Yellow River. Journal of Desert Research, 2014, 34(6): 1-9.
	[许炯心. 黄河内蒙古段支流“十大孔兑”侵蚀产沙的时空变化及其成因. 中国沙漠, 2014, 34(6): 1-9.]
[23]	Yellow River Conservancy Commission. The hydrological data in the Yellow River Basin, 1976-1982, 2008-2012.
	[黄河水利委员会. 黄河流域水文资料, 19761982, 2008-2012.]
[24]	Hu Chunhong, Zhang Zhihao.Relationship between adjustment of section configuration and flow-sediment of tail channels in the Yellow River estuary. Journal of Basic Science and Engineering, 2011, 19(4): 543-553.
	[胡春宏, 张治昊. 黄河口尾闾河道横断面形态调整及其与水沙过程的响应关系. 应用基础与工程科学学报, 2011, 19(4): 543-553. ]
[25]	Yu Minghui, Dou Shentang,Kong Fanhui et al. Investigation on the variation of meandering channels downstream reservoirs. Journal of Sediment Research, 2006, (2): 77-81.
	[余明辉, 窦身堂, 孔凡辉等. 水库下游河湾平面形态变化规律研究. 泥沙研究, 2006, (2): 77-81.]
[26]	Richard G A, Julien P Y, Baird D C.Statistical analysis of lateral migration of the Rio Grande, New Mexico. Geomorphology, 2005, 71(1): 139-155.
[27]	Hu Chunhong, Chen Jianguo, Liu Dabin et al. Studies on the features of cross section's profile in lower Yellow River under the conditions of variable incoming water and sediment. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2006, 37(11): 1283-1289.
	[胡春宏, 陈建国, 刘大滨等. 水沙变异条件下黄河下游河道横断面形态特征研究. 水利学报, 2006, 37(11): 1283-1289.]
[28]	Wang Suiji.Analysis of river pattern transformations in the Yellow River Basin. Progress in Geography, 2008, 27(2): 10-17.
	[王随继. 黄河流域河型转化现象初探. 地理科学进展, 2008, 27(2): 10-17.]