地理学报 ›› 2015, Vol. 70 ›› Issue (3): 488-500.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201503011
收稿日期:
2014-10-28
修回日期:
2015-01-29
出版日期:
2015-03-20
发布日期:
2015-03-20
作者简介:
作者简介:苏腾, 男, 山东泰安人, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为河流地貌学。E-mail:
基金资助:
Teng SU1,2(), Suiji WANG1, Yanguo MEI1,2
Received:
2014-10-28
Revised:
2015-01-29
Published:
2015-03-20
Online:
2015-03-20
Supported by:
摘要:
水库联合运行对于库下河道的影响是河流地貌学近年来的热点问题,如何定量表征河道的因应调整则是其难点所在。基于同水位河道过水断面形态参数变化率分析方法,针对黄河内蒙古河段磴口、巴彦高勒、三湖河口、头道拐4个水文站,利用刘家峡水库、龙羊峡水库联合运行之前的1978-1982年、之后的2008-2012年汛期前后实测断面资料,计算了相应年份上述各站同水位下的河道断面面积、水面宽、平均水深等特征参数在经历汛期冲刷后的变化率。结果表明,每年在经历汛期洪水冲刷之后,上述形态参数总体上以增大为主,变化率为正值;大型水库联合运行之前与之后的两个时期相比,同水位下河道断面面积、水面宽和平均水深的变化率分别减小了3.4、3.5和2.8倍。过水断面形态参数的沿程空间变化也由之前的上凸形曲线变为之后增减相间的“S”形曲线。其原因在于,大型水库联合运行削减了洪峰流量、降低了汛期最大流速,从而导致洪水造床能力显著变弱,河道断面形态参数的变化率因之显著减小。大型水库联合运行使黄河内蒙古河道明显萎缩,这不利于可能遭遇的极端大洪水的安全行洪,因此,需要合理利用这些水库的调节功能,有效控制汛期总水沙量和洪峰流量,避免因过度调节而使河道持续萎缩,为可能出现的极端大洪水的安全行洪创造条件。
苏腾, 王随继, 梅艳国. 水库联合运行对库下汛期河道过水断面形态参数变化率的影响——以黄河内蒙古河段为例[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(3): 488-500.
Teng SU, Suiji WANG, Yanguo MEI. Impact of joint operation of reservoirs on the change ratio of downstream cross-sectional geometry parameters: A case study of the Inner Mongolian reach of the Yellow River[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(3): 488-500.
表1
汛期前后给定水位下磴口和巴彦高勒河道断面形态参数计算值
磴口 | 巴颜高勒 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
年份 | 日期 | S/m | A/m2 | B/m | H/m | B/H | 年份 | 日期 | S/m | A/m2 | B/m | H/m | B/H | |
1976 | 6-10 | 1060.12 | 648 | 260 | 2.5 | 104.3 | 1978 | 5-2 | 1050.41 | 622 | 449 | 1.4 | 324.1 | |
9-19 | 1060.69 | 1347 | 268 | 5.0 | 53.3 | 11-2 | 1050.16 | 1325 | 481 | 2.8 | 174.6 | |||
9-19 | 1060.12* | 1199 | 256 | 4.7 | 54.7 | 5-2 | 1050.16* | 512 | 426 | 1.2 | 354.4 | |||
1977 | 4-21 | 1060.00 | 594 | 258 | 2.3 | 112.1 | 1979 | 4-25 | 1050.24 | 617 | 439 | 1.4 | 312.4 | |
10-20 | 1060.24 | 684 | 270 | 2.5 | 106.6 | 11-16 | 1049.66 | 598 | 468 | 1.3 | 366.3 | |||
10-20 | 1060.00* | 620 | 255 | 2.4 | 104.9 | 4-25 | 1049.66* | 367 | 258 | 1.4 | 181.4 | |||
1978 | 3-17 | 1060.14 | 520 | 208 | 2.5 | 83.2 | 1980 | 5-10 | 1049.42 | 245 | 291 | 0.8 | 345.6 | |
9-19 | 1061.39 | 1655 | 288 | 5.7 | 50.1 | 11-20 | 1049.97 | 508 | 384 | 1.3 | 290.3 | |||
9-19 | 1060.14* | 1314 | 264 | 5.0 | 53.0 | 11-20 | 1049.42* | 393 | 356 | 1.1 | 322.5 | |||
1980 | 5-2 | 1059.71 | 481 | 204 | 2.4 | 86.5 | 1981 | 4-13 | 1050.36 | 481 | 393 | 1.2 | 321.1 | |
10-26 | 1060.32 | 838 | 274 | 3.1 | 89.6 | 11-23 | 1049.47 | 1046 | 426 | 2.5 | 173.5 | |||
10-26 | 1059.71* | 682 | 247 | 2.8 | 89.5 | 4-13 | 1049.47* | 225 | 250 | 0.9 | 277.8 | |||
1982 | 4-21 | 1059.84 | 646 | 278 | 2.3 | 119.6 | 1982 | 4-26 | 1049.63 | 621 | 373 | 1.7 | 224.0 | |
10-19 | 1060.48 | 1143 | 281 | 4.1 | 69.1 | 11-20 | 1049.71 | 603 | 400 | 1.5 | 265.3 | |||
10-19 | 1059.84* | 968 | 267 | 3.6 | 73.6 | 11-20 | 1049.63* | 551 | 394 | 1.4 | 281.7 | |||
2008 | 4-30 | 1060.62 | 374 | 135 | 2.8 | 48.7 | 2008 | 4-7 | 1051.22 | 484 | 322 | 1.5 | 214.2 | |
11-1 | 1060.89 | 492 | 148 | 3.3 | 44.5 | 11-11 | 1050.6 | 416 | 361 | 1.2 | 313.3 | |||
11-1 | 1060.62* | 453 | 141 | 3.2 | 43.9 | 4-7 | 1050.6* | 288 | 310 | 0.9 | 333.7 | |||
2009 | 5-16 | 1060.80 | 476 | 166 | 2.9 | 57.9 | 2009 | 4-1 | 1051.73 | 757 | 434 | 1.7 | 248.8 | |
10-18 | 1061.24 | 743 | 173 | 4.3 | 40.3 | 9-21 | 1051.2 | 1264 | 402 | 3.1 | 127.9 | |||
10-18 | 1060.80* | 668 | 176 | 3.8 | 46.4 | 4-1 | 1051.2* | 533 | 407 | 1.3 | 310.8 | |||
2010 | 6-9 | 1061.30 | 620 | 181 | 3.4 | 52.8 | 2010 | 4-13 | 1051.54 | 739 | 418 | 1.8 | 236.4 | |
10-19 | 1060.96 | 565 | 197 | 2.9 | 68.7 | 8-11 | 1051.03 | 574 | 421 | 1.4 | 308.8 | |||
6-9 | 1060.96* | 558 | 180 | 3.1 | 58.0 | 4-13 | 1051.03* | 527 | 413 | 1.3 | 323.7 | |||
2011 | 4-24 | 1060.77 | 465 | 172 | 2.7 | 63.6 | 2011 | 4-12 | 1050.93 | 482 | 321 | 1.5 | 213.8 | |
10-20 | 1061.19 | 767 | 199 | 3.9 | 51.6 | 9-21 | 1050.85 | 1036 | 348 | 3.0 | 116.9 | |||
10-20 | 1060.77* | 690 | 178 | 3.9 | 45.9 | 4-12 | 1050.85* | 537 | 338 | 1.6 | 212.7 | |||
2012 | 4-22 | 1060.52 | 510 | 169 | 3.0 | 56.0 | 2012 | 3-24 | 1050.48 | 573 | 255 | 2.2 | 113.5 | |
10-24 | 1060.89 | 794 | 189 | 4.2 | 45.0 | 10-3 | 1051.12 | 1352 | 340 | 4.0 | 85.5 | |||
10-24 | 1060.52* | 725 | 184 | 3.9 | 46.7 | 10-3 | 1050.48* | 1137 | 333 | 3.4 | 97.5 |
表2
汛期前后给定水位下三湖河口和头道拐河道断面形态参数计算值
三湖河口 | 头道拐 | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
年份 | 日期 | S/m | A/m2 | B/m | H/m | B/H | 年份 | 日期 | S/m | A/m2 | B/m | H/m | B/H | |
1978 | 5-14 | 1018.27 | 597 | 279 | 2.1 | 130.4 | 1978 | 6-11 | 985.06 | 300 | 185 | 1.6 | 114.1 | |
11-8 | 1017.61 | 883 | 328 | 2.7 | 121.8 | 10-9 | 988.03 | 1278 | 520 | 2.5 | 211.6 | |||
5-14 | 1017.61* | 401 | 255 | 1.6 | 162.2 | 10-9 | 985.06* | 115 | 247 | 0.5 | 530.5 | |||
1979 | 5-19 | 1016.66 | 209 | 213 | 1.0 | 217.1 | 1979 | 7-17 | 984.78 | 224 | 185 | 1.2 | 152.8 | |
10-20 | 1017.63 | 800 | 203 | 3.9 | 51.5 | 11-26 | 987.13 | 738 | 362 | 2.0 | 177.6 | |||
10-20 | 1016.66* | 607 | 194 | 3.1 | 62.0 | 11-26 | 984.78* | 198 | 146 | 1.4 | 107.7 | |||
1980 | 5-21 | 1016.57 | 275 | 211 | 1.3 | 161.9 | 1980 | 5-8 | 986.5 | 602 | 353 | 1.7 | 207.0 | |
10-27 | 1017.79 | 889 | 207 | 4.3 | 48.2 | 11-10 | 985.54 | 352 | 254 | 1.4 | 183.3 | |||
10-27 | 1016.57* | 655 | 172 | 3.8 | 45.2 | 5-8 | 985.54* | 345 | 192 | 1.8 | 106.9 | |||
1981 | 5-14 | 1016.41 | 290 | 75 | 3.9 | 19.4 | 1981 | 5-9 | 986.03 | 467 | 314 | 1.5 | 211.1 | |
12-28 | 1018.34 | 1060 | 353 | 3.0 | 117.6 | 9-28 | 990.29 | 3064 | 727 | 4.2 | 172.5 | |||
12-28 | 1016.41* | 492 | 202 | 2.4 | 82.9 | 9-28 | 986.03* | 1072 | 300 | 3.6 | 84.0 | |||
1982 | 5-7 | 1016.86 | 421 | 268 | 1.6 | 170.6 | 1982 | 5-19 | 985.56 | 370 | 243 | 1.5 | 159.6 | |
10-16 | 1018.42 | 1353 | 385 | 3.5 | 109.6 | 10-3 | 988.06 | 1091 | 537 | 2.0 | 264.3 | |||
10-16 | 1016.86* | 784 | 315 | 2.5 | 126.6 | 10-3 | 985.56* | 119 | 245 | 0.5 | 504.4 | |||
2008 | 4-4 | 1019.33 | 615 | 224 | 2.7 | 81.6 | 2008 | 4-6 | 987.53 | 900 | 360 | 2.5 | 144.0 | |
11-10 | 1018.97 | 473 | 212 | 2.2 | 95.1 | 11-3 | 987.16 | 637 | 283 | 2.3 | 125.7 | |||
4-4 | 1018.97* | 527 | 211 | 2.5 | 84.5 | 4-6 | 987.16* | 771 | 347 | 2.2 | 156.2 | |||
2009 | 4-4 | 1019.75 | 965 | 250 | 3.9 | 64.8 | 2009 | 4-7 | 987.62 | 744 | 335 | 2.2 | 150.8 | |
9-30 | 1019.04 | 585 | 211 | 2.8 | 76.1 | 11-1 | 986.89 | 572 | 306 | 1.9 | 163.7 | |||
4-4 | 1019.04* | 810 | 245 | 3.3 | 74.1 | 4-7 | 986.89* | 515 | 309 | 1.7 | 185.4 | |||
2010 | 4-7 | 1019.57 | 796 | 269 | 3.0 | 90.9 | 2010 | 4-14 | 987.62 | 784 | 340 | 2.3 | 147.4 | |
10-15 | 1019.21 | 601 | 209 | 2.9 | 72.7 | 10-26 | 986.68 | 577 | 287 | 2.0 | 142.7 | |||
4-7 | 1019.21* | 718 | 264 | 2.7 | 97.1 | 4-14 | 986.68* | 502 | 271 | 1.9 | 146.3 | |||
2011 | 4-8 | 1019.17 | 618 | 205 | 3.0 | 68.0 | 2011 | 4-5 | 987.37 | 635 | 297 | 2.1 | 138.9 | |
10-16 | 1019.02 | 528 | 210 | 2.5 | 83.5 | 10-23 | 987.14 | 737 | 290 | 2.5 | 114.1 | |||
4-8 | 1019.02* | 587 | 203 | 2.9 | 70.2 | 4-5 | 987.14* | 562 | 295 | 1.9 | 154.8 | |||
2012 | 3-21 | 1020.46 | 888 | 320 | 2.8 | 115.3 | 2012 | 4-5 | 987.5 | 699 | 300 | 2.3 | 128.8 | |
10-17 | 1018.83 | 642 | 296 | 2.2 | 136.5 | 10-9 | 987.68 | 970 | 324 | 3.0 | 108.2 | |||
3-21 | 1018.83* | 442 | 187 | 2.4 | 79.1 | 10-9 | 987.5* | 300 | 185 | 1.6 | 114.1 |
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