地理学报 ›› 2014, Vol. 69 ›› Issue (7): 983-992.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201407010
郭燕红1,2(), 张寅生1(
), 马颖钊1,2, 马宁1,2
收稿日期:
2014-03-26
修回日期:
2014-06-06
出版日期:
2014-07-20
发布日期:
2014-07-20
作者简介:
作者简介:郭燕红 (1986-), 男, 在读博士, 主要从事寒旱区地表水文过程研究。E-mail:
基金资助:
Yanhong GUO1,2(), Yinsheng ZHANG1(
), Yingzhao MA1,2, Ning MA1,2
Received:
2014-03-26
Revised:
2014-06-06
Published:
2014-07-20
Online:
2014-07-20
Supported by:
摘要:
青藏高原加热及地—气间物质能量交换对我国、东亚乃至全球的天气和气候系统都有着非常重要的作用,受客观条件限制,藏北羌塘高原腹地尚无系统的地—气相互作用过程观测。本文利用中国科学院羌塘双湖极端环境综合观测研究站2011年10月-2012年9月一年的自动气象站观测数据,分析了年内季节和日尺度下双湖地区地面加热场特征,探讨了地表能量平衡及水量平衡特征,结果表明:(1) 双湖地区年内地表热源强度基本为正,年平均热源强度为79.5 W/m2;然而地表热源强度呈现明显的季节和日变化规律,夏季热源强度大于冬季,白天热源强度大于夜间。夏季地表白天为强热源,夜间为弱热源,冬季地表白天为强热源,夜间为冷源。(2) 双湖地区地表能量分配季节变化明显,7、8月份地—气间主要以潜热交换为主,其他月份主要以感热方式进行热量交换,年平均上主要以感热交换为主,年均感热通量和潜热通量分别为55.4 W/m2和24.1 W/m2,波文比为2.3。(3) 双湖地区降水和蒸发皆主要集中在6-9月,年降雨量为332 mm,年蒸发量为312.9 mm,年水量差为19.1 mm,地表水量存在不平衡现象。(4) 双湖地区地表蒸发力很强,年潜在蒸发为1888.2 mm,年均湿润指数为0.17,属典型半干旱气候特征。
郭燕红, 张寅生, 马颖钊, 马宁. 藏北羌塘高原双湖地表热源强度及地表水热平衡[J]. 地理学报, 2014, 69(7): 983-992.
Yanhong GUO, Yinsheng ZHANG, Yingzhao MA, Ning MA. Surface heat source intensity and surface water/energy balance in Shuanghu, northern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(7): 983-992.
[1] | Qiu Jane. The Third Pole. Nature, 2008, 454: 393-396. |
[2] | Ye Duzheng, Gao Youxi.Meteorology of Tibetan Plateau. Beijing: Science Press, 1979: 1-9. |
[叶笃正, 高由禧. 青藏高原气象学. 北京: 科学出版社, 1979: 1-9.] | |
[3] | Ye Duzheng, Wu Guoxiong.The role of the heat source of the Tibetan Plateau in the general circulation. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, 1998, 67: 181-198. |
[4] | Chen Longxun, Li Wei, Zhao Ping.The effects of thermal status of Tibetan Plateau in winter on zonal wind anomalies over equatorial Pacific. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2001, 31(Suppl.): 320-326. |
[陈隆勋, 李薇, 赵平. 青藏高原冬季热状况对赤道太平洋纬向风异常的影响. 中国科学D辑: 地球科学, 2001, 31(S): 320-326.] | |
[5] | Li Dongliang, Ji Guoliang, Lv Lanzhi.The inluence of surface heating intensity in Tibetan Plateau on the atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere and climatic anomaly of China weather. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2001, 31(Suppl.): 312-319. |
[李栋梁, 季国良, 吕兰芝. 青藏高原地面加热场强度对北半球大气环流和中国天气气候异常的影响研究. 中国科学D辑: 地球科学, 2001, 31(S): 312-319.] | |
[6] | Zhao Ping, Chen Longxun.The relationship between the climate characteristics of atmospheric heat sources in Tibetan Plateau and the precipitation in China in recent 35 years. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2001, 31(4): 327-332. |
[赵平, 陈隆勋. 35年来青藏高原大气热源气候特征及其与中国降水的关系. 中国科学D辑: 地球科学, 2001, 31(4): 327-332.] | |
[7] | Wu Guoxiong, Liu Yimin, Liu Xin et al. How the heating over the Tibetan Plateau affects the Asian climate in summer. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2005, 29(1): 47-58. |
[吴国雄, 刘屹岷, 刘新等. 青藏高原加热如何影响亚洲夏季的气候格局. 大气科学, 2005, 29(1): 47-58.] | |
[8] | Wu Guoxiong, Liu Yimin, Wang Tongmei.The influence of mechanical and thermal forcing by the Tibetan Plateau on Asian climate. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 2007, 8(4): 770-789. |
[9] | Wang Tongmei, Wu Guoxiong, Wan Rijin.Influence of the mechanical and thermal forcing of Tibetan Plateau on the circulation of the Asian summer monsoon area. Plateau Meteorology, 2008, 27(1): 1-9. |
[王同美, 吴国雄, 万日金. 青藏高原的热力和动力作用对亚洲季风区环流的影响. 高原气象, 2008, 27(1): 1-9.] | |
[10] | Zhou Xiuji, Zhao Ping, Chen Junming et al. The research on influence of thermal effect in Tibetan Plateau on the climate of the Northern Hemisphere. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2009, 39(11): 1473-1486. |
[周秀骥, 赵平, 陈军明等. 青藏高原热力作用对北半球气候影响的研究. 中国科学D辑: 地球科学, 2009, 39(11): 1473-1486.] | |
[11] | Ma Yaoming, Osamu Tsukamoto, Wu Xiaoming et al. Characteristics of energy transfer and micrometeorology in the surface layer of the atmosphere above grassy marshland of the Tibetan Plateau area. Chinese Journal of Atmosphere Sciences, 2000, 24(5): 715-722. |
[马耀明, 塚本修, 吴晓鸣等. 藏北高原草甸下垫面近地层能量输送及微气象特征. 大气科学, 2000, 24(5): 715-722.] | |
[12] | Ma Yaoming, Su Zhongno, Koike Toshio, et al.On measuring and remote sensing surface energy partitioning over the Tibetan Plateau: From GAME/Tibet to CAMP/Tibet. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 2003, 28: 63-74. |
[13] | Ma Yaoming, Fan S, Ishikawa H et al. Diurnal and inter-monthly variation of land surface heat fluxes over the central Tibetan Plateau area. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 2005, 80: 259-273. |
[14] | Yang Kun, Koike Toshio, Fujll H et all. Improvement of surface parametrizations with a turbulence-related length. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 2002, 128(584): 2073-2087. |
[15] | Ma Wiqiang,Ma Yaoming, Li Maoshan et al. Seasonal variation on land surface energy budget and energy balance components in the northern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2005, 27(5): 673-680. |
[马伟强, 马耀明, 李茂善等. 藏北高原地区地表辐射支出和能量平衡的季节变化. 冰川冻土, 2005, 27(5): 673-680.] | |
[16] | Li Jialun, Hong Zhongxiang, Luo Weidong et al. A study of surface fluxes in Gerze area, Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Chinese Journal of Atmosphere Sciences, 1999, 23(2):142-152. |
[李家伦, 洪钟祥, 罗卫东等. 青藏高原改则地区近地层通量观测研究. 大气科学, 1999, 23(2): 142-152.] | |
[17] | Li Guoping, Duan Tingyang, Gong Yuanfa.The bulk transfer coefficients and surface fluxes in the western Tibetan Plateau. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2000, 45(8): 865-869. |
[李国平, 段廷扬, 巩远发. 青藏高原西部地区的总体输送系数和地面通量. 科学通报, 2000, 45(8): 865-869.] | |
[18] | Li Guoping, Duan Tingyang, Wu Guifen.The intersity of surface heat source and surface heat balance on the western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2003, 23(1): 13-18. |
[李国平, 段廷扬, 吴贵芬. 青藏高原西部的地面热源强度及地面热量平衡. 地理科学, 2003, 23(1): 13-18.] | |
[19] | Zhong Lei, Ma Yaoming, Su Zhongbo et al. Atmospheric turbulence and land-atmosphere energy transfer characteristics in the surface layer of the northern slope of Mt. Qomolangma area. Advances in Earth Science, 2006, 21(12): 1293-1303. |
[仲雷, 马耀明, 苏中波等. 珠峰北坡地区近地层大气湍流与地气能量交换特征. 地球科学进展, 2006, 21(12): 1293-1303.] | |
[20] | Zhong Lei, Ma Yaoming, Li Maoshan.An analysis of atmosphere turbulence and energy transfer characteristics of surface layer over Rongbu Valley in Mt.Qomolangma area. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 2007, 31(1): 48-57. |
[仲雷, 马耀明, 李茂善. 珠穆朗玛峰绒布河谷近地层大气湍流及能量输送特征分析. 大气科学, 2007, 31(1): 48-57.] | |
[21] | Ma Yaoming, Wang Yongjie, Zhong Lei et al. The characteristics of atmospheric turbulence and radiation energy transfer and the structure of atmospheric boundary layer over the northern slope area of Himalaya. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 2011, 89A: 345-353. |
[22] | Chen Xuelong, Su Zhongbo, Ma Yaoming et al. Estimation of surface energy fluxes under complex terrain of Mt. Qomolangma over the Tibetan Plateau. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 2013, 17(4): 1607-1618. |
[23] | Weng Duming, Pan Shouwen, Shen Zhibao.Survey of investigation on surface radiation balance and heat balance over Tibetan Plateau.Meteorology, 1984, 8(1): 2-6. |
[翁笃鸣, 潘守文, 沈志宝. 青藏高原地面辐射平衡和热量平衡考察概况. 气象, 1984, 8(1): 2-6.] | |
[24] | Ji Guoliang, Yao Lanchang, Wang Wenhua.Survey of field investigation on heat source over Tibetan Plateau. Plateau Meteorology, 1985, 4(Suppl.2): 1-9. |
[季国良, 姚兰昌, 王文华. 1982-1983年青藏高原热源野外考察概况. 高原气象, 1985, 4(Suppl.2): 1-9.] | |
[25] | Ji Guoliang, Zou Jiling, Lu Lanzhi. the seasonal variation of surface heating field over the northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Plateau Meteorology, 1997, 16(1): 2-10. |
[季国良, 邹基玲, 吕兰芝. 藏北高原地面加热场的季节变化. 高原气象, 1997, 16(1): 2-10.] | |
[26] | Ji Guoliang, Shi Xinghe, Gao Wuxiang.The variation of surface field over northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its effect on climate. Plateau Meteorology, 2001, 20(3): 239-244. |
[季国良, 时兴和, 高务祥. 藏北高原地面加热场的变化及其对气候的影响. 高原气象, 2001, 20(3): 239-244.] | |
[27] | Tao Shiyan, Chen Lianshou, Xu Xiangde et al. Progresses of Theoretical Study in the Second Tibetan Plateau Atmosphere Scientific Experiment. Beijing: China Meteorological Press, 1999: 1-14. |
[陶诗言, 陈联寿, 徐祥德等. 第二次青藏高原大气科学实验理论研究进展. 北京: 气象出版社, 1999: 1-14.] | |
[28] | Ma Yaoming, Yao Tandong, Wang Jiemin.Experimental study of energy and water cycle in Tibetan Plateau: The progress introduction on the study of GAME/ Tibet and CAMP/ Tibet. Plateau Meteorology, 2006, 25(2): 344-351. |
[马耀明, 姚檀栋, 王介民. 青藏高原能量和水循环试验研究: GAME/Tibet与CAMP/Tibet研究进展. 高原气象, 2006, 25(2): 344-351.] | |
[29] | Ma Yaoming, Yao Tandong, Wang Jiemin et al. The study on the land surface heat fluxes over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau. Advances in Earth Science, 2006, 21(12): 1215-1223. |
[马耀明, 姚檀栋, 王介民等. 青藏高原复杂地表能量通量研究. 地球科学进展, 2006, 21(12): 1215-1223.] | |
[30] | Ma Yaoming, Yao Tandong, Hu Zeyong et al. The cooperative study on energy and water cycle over the Tibetan Plateau. Advances in Earth Science, 2009, 24(11): 1280-1284. |
[马耀明, 姚檀栋, 胡泽勇等. 青藏高原能量与水循环国际合作研究的进展与展望. 地球科学进展, 2009, 24(11): 1280-1284.] | |
[31] | Duan Anmin, Wu Guoxiong, Liu Yimin et al. Weather and climate effects of the Tibetan Plateau. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2012, 29(5): 978-992. |
[32] | Lin Zhenyao, Wu Xiangding.Climate characteristics of the eastern of north Qiangtang Plateau in the warm season (June-August). Acta Geographica Sinica, 1979, 34(1): 69-75. |
[林振耀, 吴祥定. 北羌塘东部暖季 (6-8月) 气候特征的初步探讨. 地理学报, 1979, 34(1): 69-75.] | |
[33] | Wang Jingsheng, Zhang Xianzhou, Zhao Yuping et al. Spatio-temporal pattern of climate changes in northern Tibet's Qiangtang Plateau. Resources Science, 2008, 30(12): 1852-1859. |
[王景升, 张宪洲, 赵玉萍等. 藏北羌塘高原气候变化的时空格局. 资源科学, 2008, 30(12): 1852-1859.] | |
[34] | Zhen Jingyun, Bian Juanjuan, Ge Quansheng et al. Climate regionalization in China during 1981-2013. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013, 58(30): 3088-3099. |
[郑景云, 卞娟娟, 葛全胜等. 1981-2010年中国气候区划. 科学通报, 2013, 58(30): 3088-3099.] | |
[35] | Comprehensive Scientific Expedition of Tibetan Plateau. Tibetan Vegetations. Beijing: Science Press, 1988: 318-320. |
[中国科学院青藏高原综合科学考察队. 西藏植被. 北京: 科学出版社, 1988: 318-320.] | |
[36] | Oke T R. Boundary Layer Climate.New York: Halsted Press, 1987: 1-32. |
[37] | Thom A S, Stewart J B, Oliver H B.Comparison of aero-dynamical and energy budget estimates of fluxes over a pine forest. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 1975, 101: 93-105. |
[38] | Hu Yinqiao, Qi Yuejin.The combinatory method to determine turbulent fluxed and the universal functions in the surface layer. Acta Meteorological Sinica, 1991, 49(1): 46-53. |
[胡隐樵, 奇跃进. 组合法确定近地层湍流通量和通用函数. 气象学报, 1991, 49(1): 46-53.] | |
[39] | Zuo Hongchao, Hu Yinqiao.The bulk transfer coefficient over desert and gobi in Heihe Region. Plateau Meteorology, 1992, 11(4): 371-380. |
[左洪超, 胡隐樵. 黑河试验区沙漠和戈壁的总体输送系数. 高原气象, 1992, 11(4): 371-380.] | |
[40] | Zhang Yinsheng, Ohata T, Yang Daqing et al. Bias correction of daily precipitation measurements for Mongolia. Hydrological Processes, 2004, 18: 2991-3005. |
[41] | Xu Jianqing.An estimation og heat and water balances in the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 2001, 79: 485-504. |
[42] | Penman H L.1948.Natural evaporation from open water,bare soil and grass. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 193: 120-145. |
[43] | Li Dinghua,Wu Jingzhi, Ji Guolianget al.The Heat Balance in the Lhasa,Nagqu, Gerze and Garze During August 1982to July 1983.Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 45(3):370-374. |
[李丁华, 吴敬之, 季国良等. 1982年8月-19 83年7月拉萨、那曲、改则、甘孜地面热量平衡分析. 气象学报, 45(3): 370-374.] | |
[44] | Li Ren, Zhao Lin, Ding Yongjian,et al.The features of each components in the surface heat balance equation over Wudaoliang, northern Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Mountain Science, 2007, 25(6): 664-670. |
[李韧, 赵林, 丁永建等. 青藏高原北部五道梁地表热量平衡方程中各分量特征. 山地学报, 2007, 25(6): 664-670.] | |
[45] | Zeng Qunzhu, Xie Yingqin.A study on land evaporability and dry-wet state of Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1986, 8(2): 131-143. |
[曾群柱, 谢应钦. 青藏高原陆面可能蒸发量和干湿状况的研究. 冰川冻土, 1986, 8(2): 131-143.] | |
[46] | Zheng Du.Research on the Tibetan Plateau natural region system. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 1996, 26(4): 336-341. |
[郑度. 青藏高原自然地域系统研究. 中国科学D辑: 地球科学, 1996, 26(4): 336-341.] |
[1] | 刘昌明, 刘小莽, 张丹, 刘晓燕, 刘卓. 有关地理学研究中几个学术问题的研讨——学习黄秉维院士严谨治学的精神[J]. 地理学报, 2013, 68(1): 3-9. |
[2] | 尹志芳,欧阳华,徐兴良,宋明华,段德玉,张宪洲. 拉萨河谷灌丛草原与农田水热平衡 及植被水分利用特征[J]. 地理学报, 2009, 64(3): 303-314. |
[3] | 崔启武, 孙延俊. 论水热平衡联系方程[J]. 地理学报, 1979, 34(2): 169-178. |