中国城镇书法景观空间分异及其地方意义——以城镇商业街区为例

doi:10.11821/xb201212009

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 书法景观作为文化符号是中国传统文化景观的典型代表,是城镇文化景观的重要组成部分,其空间分布特征及其在全球化城市景观更新背景下的演化特征规律,是文化地理研究的重要问题。通过设计书法景观指数对北京、江苏、安徽、香港、四川等19个案例地典型地段的12种案例类型的书法景观调查统计,揭示了中国城镇书法景观存在多种明显的空间分异现象,即书法景观的空间分异存在于不同属性的城镇之间、城镇内部不同文化和功能属性的街区之间、以及同一街区的核心区与外围区之间。本文分析了影响中国城镇书法景观空间分异的基本因素—现代化和全球化、文化认同、城市更新、商业驱动,并构建了一个相应的机制模型。研究表明,中国人潜意识地将书法作为一种传统景观标志和传统文化象征符号,使得书法景观具备了空间地方界定和定义的功能,并促成了城镇中文化象征空间和地方感的形成以及书法景观的空间分异。书法景观研究对全球化和城市化过程中我国传统文化景观的保护具有一定的现实意义。

关键词: 书法景观, 空间分异, 文化符号, 象征空间, 书法景观指数, 地方

Abstract: Calligraphic landscape was defined as a portion of geographical space with a specific visual characteristics and special sense of place resulting from the laying-out of the assemblies of calligraphy as landscape elements. As Chinese calligraphy is at the center of the core of Chinese culture, calligraphic landscape was the typical traditional Chinese culture landscape and an important part of urban cultural landscape. On the basis of different characters of calligraphic landscape, this paper developed an index of calligraphic landscape to measure the spatial differentiation of calligraphic landscape. 19 surveys of calligraphic landscape were done to detect the spatial differentiation. Survey areas included cities and towns in regions such as Beijing, Sichuan, Jiangsu and Hong Kong. The statistical results of calligraphic landscape showed an obvious spatial differentiation phenomenon. Spatial differentiation not only existed among the cities and towns with different cultural attributes and functional attributes, but also existed between the peripheral zone and the core zone within the same cultural or business block. The important factor affecting this spatial differentiation of calligraphic landscape was subconscious cognitive and cultural identity to calligraphy of shopkeepers. The spatial agglomeration of different shops forced by the pursuit of the agglomeration benefits was another important factor. The fact that Chinese people consider calligraphy as a symbol of landscape and culture in subconsciousness have made calligraphic landscape have functions of space delineation and definition, which may contribute to the formation of cultural symbolic space of cities and towns. Research of calligraphic landscape has practical meanings to the protection of traditional Chinese cultural landscape in the process of globalization and urbanization.

Key words: calligraphic landscape, spatial differentiation, symbolic space, place, city

张捷, 张宏磊, 唐文跃. 中国城镇书法景观空间分异及其地方意义——以城镇商业街区为例[J]. 地理学报, 2012, 67(12): 1675-1685.

ZHANG Jie, ZHONG Honglei, TANG Wenyue. Spatial Differentiation and Place Identity of Chinese Calligraphic Landscape[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(12): 1675-1685.

参考文献

[1] Rubin B. Aesthetic ideology and urban design. Annals of American Association of Geographers, 1979, 69(3): 339-361.

[2] Salter C L, Lloyd W J. Landscape in Literature. Resource Papers for College Geography. 76-3. Washington, D.C.: American Association of Geographers, 1977.

[3] Gold J R. An Introduction to Behavioral Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980.

[4] Sha Run. Research on the physical geographical background of the culture of traditional Chinese residential architecture. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1998, 18(1): 58-64. [沙润. 中国传统民居建筑文化的自然地理背景. 地理科学, 1998, 18(1): 58-64.]

[5] Huang Chenglin. The preliminary studies on cultural landscape of Huizhou. Geographical Research, 2000, 19(3): 257-263. [黄成林. 徽州文化景观初步研究. 地理研究, 2000, 19(3): 257-263.]

[6] Kong L. Cultural icons and urban development in Asia: Economic imperative, national identity, and global city status. Political Geography, 2007, 26(4): 383-404.

[7] Hagen J. Architecture, symbolism, and function: The Nazi Party's ‘Forum of the Movement'. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 2010, 28(3): 397-424.

[8] Lin C Y, Hsing W C. Culture-led urban regeneration and community mobilisation: The case of the Taipei Bao-an temple area, Taiwan. Urban Studies, 2009, 46(7): 1317-1342.

[9] Zukin S. Landscape of Power. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.

[10] Zukin S. The Culture of Cities. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.

[11] Xiong Bingming. Calligraphy and ultimate care of life: Speech at senior calligraphic research class. Chinese Calligraphy, 2003, (12): 33-39. [熊秉明. 书法与人生的终极关怀: 老年书法研究班讲稿. 中国书法, 2003, (12): 33-39.]

[12] Wu Bihu, Liu Xiaojuan. Chinese Landscape History. Shanghai: Shanghai People Press, 2004. [吴必虎, 刘筱娟. 中国景观史. 上海: 上海人民出版社, 2004.]

[13] Zhang Jie. The evolution of concept of space: Physical, geographical or spiritistic/Tao Dongfeng, Zhou Xian. Culture Studies. Vol.10. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2010. 68-84. [张捷. 空间概念的演化: 物质的、地理的抑或是精神的?//陶东风, 周宪. 文化研究. 第十辑. 北京:社会科学文献出版社, 2010. 68-84.]

[14] Wu Huiping. Spatial study on calligraphy geography. Human Geography, 2001, 16(2): 93-96. [吴慧平. 论书法地理的地域空间研究. 人文地理, 2001, 16(2): 93-96.]

[15] Feng Jian, Hu Mu. Priliminary study on writing culture region. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research, 1999, 11 (2): 89-95. [冯健, 胡牧. 书法文化的区域初步研究. 云南地理环境研究, 1999, 11(2): 89-95.]

[16] Zhou Shangyi, Kong Xiang, Zhu Hong. Culture Geography. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2004. [周尚意, 孔翔, 朱竑. 文化地理学. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2004.]

[17] Feng Jian, Zhang Xiaolin. Human calligraphy and the division of the calligraphic culture areas in the world. World Regional Studies, 1999, 8(1): 68-74. [冯健, 张小林. 人文区划方法及世界书法文化区的划分. 世界地理研究, 1999, 8 (1): 68-74.]

[18] Wu Huiping. The spatial distribution and zoning of Chinese calligraphers at Wei, Jin and Northern & Southern Dynasties. Collections of Essays on Chinese Historical Geography, 2003, 18(2): 86-94. [吴慧平. 魏晋南北朝时期书法家的地理分布与区域划分. 中国历史地理论丛, 2003, 18(2): 86-94.]

[19] Zhang Jie, Wang Xiaolun, Huang Zhengming. The types and functions of natural images description in Chinese classical theory of calligraphy. Chinese Calligraphy, 2004, (2): 26-29. [张捷, 王小伦, 黄正明. 古典书论中自然意象描述的类型及其功能. 中国书法, 2004, (2): 26-29.]

[20] Dong Minghui, Wu Huiping. An attempt to discuss the relationship between the ancient Chinese calligraphy and the geographic environment. Human Geography, 1997, 12(2): 58-61. [董明辉, 吴慧平. 试论古代中国书法与地理环境. 人文地理, 1997, 12(2): 58-61.]

[21] Cao Shitu, Li Zhuowen. The geographical trace of Chinese calligraphy. Journal of Wuhan University of Hydraulic and Electrical Engineering: Social Sciences, 1999, 19(3): 67-68. [曹诗图, 李卓文. 中国书法艺术中的地理印痕. 武汉水利电力大学学报: 社科版, 1999, 19(3): 67-68.]

[22] Wu Huiping, Situ Shangji. The interpretation of calligraphy landscape in culture geography. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2002, 22(6): 757-762. [吴慧平, 司徒尚纪. 书法景观的文化地理浅释. 地理科学, 2002, 22(6): 757-762.]

[23] Zhang Jie. Geographical research on Chinese calligraphy with special reference to man and land relationship. Human Geography, 2003, 18(5): 1-6. [张捷. 基于人地关系的书法地理学研究. 人文地理, 2003, 18(5): 1-6.]

[24] Zhang J, Li X S, Huang Z M. An empirical approach to the relationships among aesthetic dimensions on Chinese calligraphy: With case stone inscriptions of Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD)//Gottesdiener H, Vilatte J C. Culture and Communication. France: University of Avignon, 2006: 700-703.

[25] Zhang J, Zhang J H, Xu Z X et al. Place aesthetics of calligraphic landscape in tourist vernacular township// Gottesdiener H, Vilatte J C. Culture and Communication. France: University of Avignon, 2006: 919-922.

[26] Ke Li, Zhang Jie, Li Qian. Analysis on the factors effecting tourists' perceptual image to calligraphic landscape scenery: A case study in Diecaishan, Guilin. Carsologica Sinica, 2010, 29(1): 87-92. [柯立, 张捷, 李倩. 书法景观旅游地游客感知意象影响因素分析: 以桂林叠彩山景区为例. 中国岩溶, 2010, 29(1): 87-92.]

[27] Zhang Jie, Tang Wenyue, Lin Hui et al. Spatial difference and variation of Chinese city calligraphic landscape in the era of globalization: Cases from Nanjing, Beijing and Hong Kong//Zhou Jianyu. Urban Culture and Human Vision. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2009: 27-38. [张捷, 唐文跃, 林珲等. 全球化时代中国城市书法景观的空间分异与变异: 来自南京、北京和香港的比较案例//周建渝. 城市文化与人文视野. 香港: 中文大学出版社, 2009: 27-38.]

[28] Zhang Jie, Ke Li. Classified statistic in calligraphic landscape of karst caves and development of cave tourism: A case study of Guilin in Guangxi province. Human Geography, 2010, 25(6): 98-103. [张捷, 柯立. 喀斯特洞穴书法景观的分类统计与洞穴旅游发展: 以广西桂林市为例, 人文地理, 2010, 25(6): 98-103.]

[29] Cutter S L, Golledge R, Graf W L. The big questions in geography. The Professional Geographer, 2002, 54(3): 305-317.

[30] Zhang Jie, Lu Shaojing, Jiang Zhijie et al. The dimensions and characteristics of the perception of Chinese calligraphic landscape. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(2): 230-238. [张捷, 卢韶婧, 蒋志杰等. 中国书法景观的公众地理知觉特征: 书法景观知觉维度调查. 地理学报, 2012, 67(2): 230-238.]

[31] Alonso W. Liang Jinshe et al. trans. Location and Land Use: Toward a General Theory of Land Rent. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2005. [Alonso W. 梁进社等译. 区位和土地利用: 地租的一般理论. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2005.]

[32] Ye Wentian. The transition for living of old shop in Suzhou. Jiangsu Economic Daily, 2005-07-30(1). [叶文添. 姑苏老字号“变脸”求生. 江苏经济报, 2005-07-30(1).]

[33] Yahner T G, Nadenicek D J. Community by design: Contemporary problems-historic resolve. Landscape and Urban Planning, 1997, 39(2/3): 137-151.

[34] Duncan S S. Housing policy, the methodology of levels, and urban research: The case of Castells. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 1981, 5(2): 231-254.

[35] Olwig K R. Has ‘geography' always been modern? Choros, (non) representation, performance, and the landscape. Environment and Planning A, 2008, 40(8): 1843-1861.

[36] Prytherch D L. Elegy to an iconographic place: Reconstructing the regionalism/landscape dialectic in L'Horta de València. Cultural Geographies, 2009, 16(1): 55-85.

[37] Swensen G, Jerpåsen G B. Cultural heritage in suburban landscape planning: A case study in Southern Norway. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2008, 87(4): 289-300.

[38] Thompson C W. Urban open space in the 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2002, 60(2): 59-72.

[39] Zhang Jie. Story of calligraphy, local context and space production of calligraphy: Evidence from calligraphic context and city calligraphic landscape of Nanjing and Beijing//Tao Dongfeng, Zhou Xian. Culture Studies. Vol.10. Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press, 2010: 245-260. [张捷. 地方文脉与书法的空间生产: 南京、北京书法文脉与城市书法景观案例//陶东风, 周宪. 文化研究. 第十辑. 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2010: 245-260.]

[40] Burger J. Landscapes, tourism, and conservation. The Science of the Total Environment, 2000, 249(1-3): 39-49.

[41] Kerstetter D L, Hou J S, Lin C H. Profiling Taiwanese ecotourists using a behavioral approach. Tourism Management, 2004, 25(4): 491-498.

[42] Chang T C, Yeoh B. “New Asia-Singapore”: Communicating local cultures through global tourism. Geoforum, 1999, 30(2): 101-115.

[43] Zhang Jie, Zhang Jing. Calligraphic landscape and city landscape: Conceptual planning case of calligraphic landscape and calligraphic products in Nanjing. Urban and Rural Development, 2004, (3): 42-43. [张捷, 张静. 书法景观与城市景观: 南京书法景观及书法旅游产品概念规划案例. 城乡建设, 2004, (3): 42-43.]

[44] Zhang Jie. On the cultural chain of Chinese calligraphy (CCCC) and the development strategy for a mega-calligraphic culture: Review and prospect of the strategic planning for the development of Chinese calligraphic culture. Journal of Yunnan Normal University: Humanities and Social Sciences Edition, 2006, 38(3): 81-88. [张捷. 书法文化链与“大书法文化”发展战略研究. 云南师范大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 2006, 38(3): 81-88]

[45] Zhang Jie. Research on interactive development between Chinese calligraphic culture and tourism industry//Cultural Tourism. Vol. 1. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University Press, 2005: 150-159. [张捷. 中国书法文化与旅游闲暇业互动发展研究//人文旅游. 第一辑. 杭州: 浙江大学出版社, 2005: 150-159.]

[46] Zhu Hong, Situ Shangji. New progress in China's cultural geography. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1999, 19(4): 338-343. [朱竑, 司徒尚纪. 近年我国文化地理学研究的新进展. 地理科学, 1999, 19(4): 338-343.]

[47] Anholt S. Places: Identity, Image and Reputation. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

[48] Mazumdar S, Mazumdar S, Docuyanan F et al. Creating a sense of place: The Vietnamese-Americans and Little Saigon. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2000, 20(4): 319-333.

[49] Wylie J. Landscape. London & N.Y.: Rutledge, 2007.