基于全球价值链的全球化城市网络分析——以苹果手机供应商为例

doi:10.11821/dlxb202104007

地理学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 76 ›› Issue (4): 870-887.doi: 10.11821/dlxb202104007

基于全球价值链的全球化城市网络分析——以苹果手机供应商为例

刘清¹(), 杨永春¹^,²(), 蒋小荣³, 曹宛鹏¹, 刘笑杰¹

1.兰州大学资源环境学院,兰州 730000
2.兰州大学西部环境教育部重点实验室,兰州 730000
3.湖北文理学院资源环境与旅游学院,襄阳 441053

收稿日期:2020-03-10 修回日期:2020-07-22 出版日期:2021-04-25 发布日期:2021-06-25
通讯作者: 杨永春(1969-), 男, 陕西白水人, 教授, 博士生导师, 研究方向为城市与区域发展规划。E-mail: yangych@lzu.edu.cn
作者简介:刘清(1995-), 女, 甘肃华亭人, 硕士生, 研究方向为城市与区域规划。E-mail: liuq18@lzu.edu.cn
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41971198);国家自然科学基金项目(41571155)

An analysis of the multidimensional globalizing city networks based on global value chain: A case study of iPhone suppliers

LIU Qing¹(), YANG Yongchun¹^,²(), JIANG Xiaorong³, CAO Wanpeng¹, LIU Xiaojie¹

1. College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
2. Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
3. College of Resource Environmental and Tourism, Hubei University of Art and Science, Xiangyang 441053, Hubei, China

Received:2020-03-10 Revised:2020-07-22 Published:2021-04-25 Online:2021-06-25
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971198);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41571155)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文基于2019年苹果手机供应商数据,从全球价值链视角构建全球化城市网络,将具有全球化职能的专业城市与世界城市纳入同一分析框架,运用社会网络与社区发现方法,研究了研发型、生产型、代工服务型城市网络的节点中心性、整体拓扑结构、社群结构及影响机制。结果发现：① 苹果手机零部件的全球化城市网络均具有多中心与多样化、节点等级化、联系外部化特征,网络中“明星”节点高权力—高声望并存且权力总体高于声望;② 研发型城市网络联系最紧密,趋于首位城市分布,小团体结构与集群发育明显。生产型网络关联性最高,网络趋于均匀结构与位序—规模分布。代工服务型网络中心性最高,权力集中在少数城市节点,众多节点易受核心节点控制与支配。③ 研发型城市社区集群最明显,企业通过知识关联效应形成专业化集群,获取本地化经济益处,并通过链式与轮轴式布局建立基于关系接近的跨国网络社区。生产型城市社区集群次之,企业通过经济关联效应形成一般化集群,获取城市化经济益处,通过网络式布局建立基于地理接近的本国内跨行政区网络社区。代工服务型城市社区未发育出明显集群网络,企业通过低成本关联实现规模经济,世界工厂模式形成散点式网络社区。

关键词: 全球化城市网络, 全球价值链, 苹果手机供应商, 社会网络分析, 社区发现

Abstract:

Based on the data of 197 suppliers of iPhone components and parts in 2019, this paper builds multidimensional world city networks from the perspective of global value chains, integrating specialized cities with global functions and the high-class world cities into the same analytical framework, which enriches the research perspective of world city networks in the era of globalization to a certain extent. The purpose of this paper is to expand the research and investigation scope of the existing field of world city networks. By means of social network analysis (i.e. the analysis of centrality, connectedness and network cohesion), rank-size rule and community detection, we study the power and prestige, the overall topological structure, the community structure and influence mechanism of the city networks of R&D-oriented, production-oriented and OEM service-oriented types. The results show that: (1) All the world city networks are characterized by polycentricity and diversification, differentiation of nodes' status and dependence on external connections. The "star" nodes in the network coexist with high power and high prestige, and the power is generally higher than the prestige. (2) The network cohesion and rank of R&D-oriented cities are the highest, and the network tends to show a primate city distribution, and the growth of small group structure and the phenomenon of R&D clusters are obvious. The production-oriented network has the highest connectedness, and it tends to present a rank-size distribution and an equilibrium structure. Its network scale is large, but the ties of many nodes are sparse and decentralized; OEM service-oriented network has the highest relative centrality, and power and information are concentrated in a few city nodes. (3) The cluster characteristics of R&D-oriented city communities are most noticeable. Moreover, the network has significant long-distance knowledge spillover and cooperation behavior. Enterprises form specialized clusters in R&D-type cities through non-tradable interdependence, and obtain the benefits of localization economies and spatial integrated effects. The cluster tendency of production-oriented city communities are relatively obvious. Geographical proximity and spatial dependence are the main factors incubating community structure. Enterprises form generalized clusters through tradable interdependence to obtain the benefits of urbanization economies and distance attenuation effect. No obvious cluster network has been incubated in OEM serviced-oriented city communities. Polarization phenomenon of the inter-community is extremely significant, that is to say, the core city community in Taiwan, China, radiates to other low-level equilibrium communities, forming a radial community structure. Contract manufacturers seek the cities with low labor costs around the world to carry out standardized production, and realize full competition through scale economies, therefore, a scatter-type city network layout structure is formed.

Key words: globalizing city networks, global value chain, iPhone suppliers, social network analysis, community detection

刘清, 杨永春, 蒋小荣, 曹宛鹏, 刘笑杰. 基于全球价值链的全球化城市网络分析——以苹果手机供应商为例[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(4): 870-887.

LIU Qing, YANG Yongchun, JIANG Xiaorong, CAO Wanpeng, LIU Xiaojie. An analysis of the multidimensional globalizing city networks based on global value chain: A case study of iPhone suppliers[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(4): 870-887.

图/表 8

图1

图2

表1

图3

表2

图4

图5

图6

参考文献 40

[1]	Li Xiande. Research of urban network based on firm network [D]. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2012.
	[ 李仙德. 基于企业网络的城市网络研究[D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2012.]
[2]	Gereffi G, Lee J. Economic and social upgrading in global value chains and industrial clusters: Why governance matters. Journal of Business Ethics, 2016,133(1):25-38.
[3]	Wang Baoping, Xu Wei. City Network the Spatial Organization of Value Production. Beijing: Science Press, 2017: 53-66.
	[ 王宝平, 徐伟. 城市网络: 价值生产的空间组织. 北京: 科学出版社, 2017: 53-66.]
[4]	Robinson J. Global and world cities: A view from off the map. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 2002,26(3):531-554.
[5]	Marcuse P, Van Kempen R. Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000.
[6]	Taylor P J, Derudder B, Saey P, et al. Cities in Globalization. London: Routledge, 2006: 1-13.
[7]	Hall P. The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-city Regions in Europe. London: Earthscan, 2006: 18-45.
[8]	Brown E, Derudder B, Parnreiter C, et al. World city networks and global commodity chains: Towards a world-systems integration. Global Networks, 2010,10(1):12-34.
[9]	Parnreiter C. Global city formation in Latin America: Socioeconomic and spatial transformation in Mexico City and Santiago de Chile. Paper Presented at the 99th Annual Meeting Association of American Geographers, New Orleans, 2010: 4-8.
[10]	Rossi E C, Beaverstock J V, Taylor P J. Transaction links through cities: 'decision cities' and 'service cities' in outsourcing by leading Brazilian firms. Geoforum, 2007,38(4):628-642.
[11]	Vind I, Fold N. Multi-level modularity vs. hierarchy: Global production networks in Singapore's electronics industry. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography, 2007,107(1):69-83.
[12]	Vind I, Fold N. City networks and commodity chains: Identifying global flows and local connections in Ho Chi Minh City. Global Networks, 2010,10(1):54-74.
[13]	Wu Qianbo. Study on spatial organization of enterprise and city-regions space reshaping[D]. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2009.
	[ 武前波. 企业空间组织和城市与区域空间重塑[D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2009.]
[14]	Kang Jiangjiang, Zhang Fan, Ning Yuemin. Value allocation and China's evolving role in the global value chains of iPhone parts. Progress in Geography, 2019,38(3):395-406.
	[ 康江江, 张凡, 宁越敏. 苹果手机零部件全球价值链的价值分配与中国角色演变. 地理科学进展, 2019,38(3):395-406.]
[15]	Geddes P. Cities in Evolution. London: Williams & Norgate, 1915: 51-68.
[16]	Hall P. Planning for the mega-city: A new eastern Asian urban form//East-West Perspective on 21st Century Urban Development: Sustainable Eastern and Western Cities in the New Millennium. Aldershot: Ashgat, 1999: 3-36.
[17]	Hymer S. The multinational corporation and the law of uneven development. Paper presented at Sociology of "Developing Societies", New York: Macmillan Press, 1982: 113-140.
[18]	Cohen R B. New international Division of Labor, Multinational Corporations, and Urban Hierarchy in Urbanization and Urban Planning in Capitalist Society. New York: Methuen, 1981: 287-315.
[19]	Friedmann J. The world city hypothesis. Development and Change, 1986,17(1):69-83.
[20]	Sassen S. The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991: 1-16.
[21]	Castells M. The Rise of Network Society. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1996: 1-28.
[22]	Taylor P J. World City Network: A Global Urban Analysis. London: Routledge, 2004: 4-6.
[23]	Alderson A S, Beckfield J. Power and position in the world city system. American Journal of Sociology, 2004,109(4):811-851. doi: 10.1086/378930
[24]	Defever F. Functional fragmentation and the location of multinational firms in the enlarged Europe. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 2006,36(5):658-677.
[25]	Rozenblat C. Opening the black box of agglomeration economies for measuring cities' competitiveness through international firm networks. Urban Studies, 2010,47(13):2841-2865.
[26]	Ning Yuemin, Wu Qianbo. Spatial Organization of Enterprise and Development of City-region. Beijing: Science Press, 2011: 23-25.
	[ 宁越敏, 武前波. 企业空间组织与城市区域发展. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011: 23-25.]
[27]	Yang Yongchun, Leng Bingrong, Tan Yiming, et al. Review on world city studies and their implications in urban systems. Geographical Research, 2011,30(6):1009-1020.
	[ 杨永春, 冷炳荣, 谭一洺, 等. 世界城市网络研究理论与方法及其对城市体系研究的启示. 地理研究, 2011,30(6):1009-1020.]
[28]	Zhao Xinzheng, Li Qiuping, Rui Yang, et al. The characteristics of urban network of China: A study based on the Chinese companies in the Fortune Global 500 list. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019,74(4):694-709.
	[ 赵新正, 李秋平, 芮旸, 等. 基于财富500强中国企业网络的城市网络空间联系特征. 地理学报, 2019,74(4):694-709.]
[29]	Porter M. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: The Free Press, 1990.
[30]	Kogut B. Designing global strategies: Comparative and competitive value added chains. Sloan Management Review, 1985,26(4):15-28.
[31]	Hopkins T K, Wallerstein I. Commodity chains in the world economy prior to 1800. Review, 1986,10(1):157-170.
[32]	Gereffi G, Korzeniewicz M. Commodity Chains and Global Capitalism. Santa Barbara: ABCCLIO, 1994.
[33]	Gereffi G, Humphrey J, Kaplinsky R, et al. Introduction: Globalisation, value chains and development. IDS Bulletin, 2001,32(3):1-8. DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-5436.2001.mp32003001.x.
[34]	Shi Song. From spatial division of labour to spatial organization of metropolitan regions[D]. Shanghai: East China Normal University, 2005.
	[ 石崧. 从劳动空间分工到大都市区空间组织[D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2005.]
[35]	Zhou Tao. Evolution mechanism and economic effects of urban space based on the value chain theory [D]. Lanzhou: Lanzhou University, 2015.
	[ 周韬. 基于价值链的城市空间演化机理及经济效应研究[D]. 兰州: 兰州大学, 2015.]
[36]	Miao changhong, Wei Yehua, Lv Lachang. New Economic Geographies. Beijing: Science Press, 2011: 209-252.
	[ 苗长虹, 魏也华, 吕拉昌. 新经济地理学. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011: 209-252.]
[37]	Dicken P. Global Shift: Reshaping the Global Economic Map in the 21st Century. Liu Weidong, et al. trans. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2009: 337-364.
	[ 彼得·迪肯. 全球性转变: 重塑21世纪的全球经济地图. 刘卫东, 等, 译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2009: 337-364.]
[38]	Abele E, Meyer T, Näher U, et al. Global Production. Springer: Berlin Heidelberg, 2008: 164-167.
[39]	Masahisa Fujita, Thisse J-K. Economics of Agglomeration: Cities, Industrial Location, and Globalization. Shi Minjun, et al. trans. Shanghai: Truth & Wisdom Press, 2015: 323-358.
	[ 藤田昌久, 雅克·弗朗斯瓦·蒂斯. 集聚经济学: 城市、产业区位与全球化. 石敏俊, 等, 译. 上海: 格致出版社, 2015: 323-358.]
[40]	GaWC. The world according to GaWC 2018 [EB/OL]. https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2018t.html, 2018-11-19.

	A₁	A₂	A₃	A₄	A₅	A₆
A₁	0	1	1	1	1	1
A₂	1	1	0	0或1	0	0或1
A₃	1	0	0/1	0或0/1	0	0
A₄	1	0	0	0/1	0或0/1	0或0/1
A₅	1	0	0	0	1	0
A₆	1	0	0或0/1	0或0/1	0或1	1

网络特征	统计指标	GCN₁	GCN₂	GCN₃	GCN₄	GCN₅
网络规模	节点数	87	83	106	61	66
	边数	135	132	194	76	95
	密度	0.018	0.019	0.017	0.020	0.022
	网络直径	5	4	5	2	3
相对中心性	平均度数中心性	0.757	0.783	0.648	0.258	0.821
	平均中介中心性	1.081	1.274	0.924	0.333	1.452
	位序—规模法则	y=2.897-1.662x R²=0.985	y=1.563-1.159x R²=0.973	y=1.633-1.236x R²=0.908	y=0.492-0.566x R²=0.939	y=2.654-1.543x R²=0.961
关联性	关联度	0.866	0.946	0.999	0.989	0.777
	等级度	0.689	0.551	0.302	0.371	0.833
	效率	0.985	0.862	0.984	0.970	0.387
	最近上限	0.359	0.331	0.138	0.197	0.720
派系分析	E-I指数	-0.975^**	-0.991^**	-0.913^**	-0.535^**	-0.736^**

基于全球价值链的全球化城市网络分析——以苹果手机供应商为例

An analysis of the multidimensional globalizing city networks based on global value chain: A case study of iPhone suppliers

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

赞

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 8

参考文献 40

相关文章 12

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	袁丽华, 陈小强, 宋长青, 程昌秀, 沈石. 环印度洋区域国家地缘经济格局分析[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(4): 955-972.
[2]	任梦瑶, 肖作鹏, 王缉宪. 中国城际专线物流网络空间格局[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(4): 820-832.
[3]	冯颖, 侯孟阳, 姚顺波. 中国粮食生产空间关联网络的结构特征及其形成机制[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(11): 2380-2395.
[4]	陈小强, 袁丽华, 沈石, 梁晓瑶, 王元慧, 王翔宇, 叶思菁, 程昌秀, 宋长青. 中国及其周边国家间地缘关系解析[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(8): 1534-1547.
[5]	蔡晓梅, 刘美新. 后结构主义背景下关系地理学的研究进展[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(8): 1680-1694.
[6]	秦奇, 吴良, 李飞, 成升魁, 张丹, 陈晓鹏. 基于社会网络分析的东南亚地缘关系研究[J]. 地理学报, 2018, 73(10): 2014-2030.
[7]	陈伟, 刘卫东, 柯文前, 王女英. 基于公路客流的中国城市网络结构与空间组织模式[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(2): 224-241.
[8]	季菲菲, 陈雯, 魏也华, 袁丰. 长三角一体化下的金融流动格局变动及驱动机理——基于上市企业金融交易数据的分析[J]. 地理学报, 2014, 69(6): 823-837.
[9]	陈超, 刘家明, 马海涛, 王润, 周彬, 陈楠. 中国农民跨省旅游网络空间结构研究[J]. 地理学报, 2013, 68(4): 547-558.
[10]	汤放华, 汤慧, 孙倩, 汤迪莎. 长江中游城市集群经济网络结构分析[J]. 地理学报, 2013, 68(10): 1357-1366.
[11]	潘裕娟, 曹小曙. 广州批发市场的供应物流空间格局及其形成机制[J]. 地理学报, 2012, 67(2): 179-188.
[12]	刘法建, 张捷, 陈冬冬. 中国入境旅游流网络结构特征及动因研究[J]. 地理学报, 2010, 65(8): 1013-1024.