地理学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 76 ›› Issue (3): 645-662.doi: 10.11821/dlxb202103011
收稿日期:
2020-06-30
修回日期:
2021-03-09
出版日期:
2021-03-25
发布日期:
2021-05-25
通讯作者:
游珍(1980-), 女, 湖北武汉人, 博士, 高级工程师, 主要从事人口地理与区域发展研究。E-mail: youz@igsnrr.ac.cn作者简介:
封志明(1963-), 男, 河北平山人, 博士, 研究员, 主要从事资源开发与区域可持续发展。E-mail: fengzm@igsnrr.ac.cn
基金资助:
FENG Zhiming(), YOU Zhen(
), YANG Yanzhao, SHI Hui
Received:
2020-06-30
Revised:
2021-03-09
Published:
2021-03-25
Online:
2021-05-25
Supported by:
摘要:
资源环境承载力定量评价与综合计量是资源环境承载力研究由分类走向综合的关键技术环节。本文从系统角度出发,提出了“人居环境适宜性分区——资源承载力限制性分类——社会经济发展适应性分等——资源环境承载力警示性分级”的资源环境承载力综合评价的研究思路与技术路线,构建了具有平衡态意义的资源环境承载力综合评价的三维四面体模型,对区域资源环境承载力监测预警机制的建立具有清晰的政策指导意义。基于上述模型方法,以公里格网为基础,以分县为基本单元,开展了西藏自治区的资源环境承载力综合评价。研究表明,西藏3/4左右土地、4/5以上人口所在的县域资源环境综合承载力处于盈余或平衡状态,资源环境综合承载状态良好;人居环境以不适宜和临界适宜为主要特征,社会经济发展水平普遍滞后,人居环境自然适宜性和社会经济发展水平在较大程度上限制了西藏资源环境承载力的发挥及其提升。
封志明, 游珍, 杨艳昭, 施慧. 基于三维四面体模型的西藏资源环境承载力综合评价[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(3): 645-662.
FENG Zhiming, YOU Zhen, YANG Yanzhao, SHI Hui. Comprehensive evaluation of resource and environment carrying capacity of Tibet based on a three-dimensional tetrahedron model[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(3): 645-662.
表1
人居环境各分项指数的计算方法列表
指标名称 | 计算公式 | 变量解释 |
---|---|---|
地形起伏度 | RDLS为地形起伏度;ALT为以某一栅格单元为中心一定区域内的平均海拔;Max(H)和Min(H)分别为该区域内的最高与最低海拔;P(A)为区域内的平地面积;A为区域总面积。 | |
地被指数 | LTi为以某一栅格单元为中心一定区域的土地利用类型指数;Li为该区域内的第i种土地利用类型;Ai为该区域内第i种土地利用类型的面积;A为区域总面积;LVI为地被指数;NNDVI为该单元格标准化后的归一化植被指数;NLTi为归一化后的土地利用类型指数。 | |
水文指数 | WRI为水文指数;P为归一化的降水量;Wa为归一化的水网密度;L为归一化的湖泊密度;α、β和λ分别为降水、水网与湖泊的权重。 | |
温湿指数 | THI为温湿指数;t为月均温;f为月均空气相对湿度。 |
表6
社会经济各分项指数的计算方法列表
指标名称 | 计算公式 | 变量解释 |
---|---|---|
人类发展指数 | HDI为人类发展指数;LEI为预期寿命;EI为教育指数;II为人均GDP;ALI为成人识字率;GEI为小学、中学、大学综合入学率。 | |
交通通达指数 | TAI为交通通达指数;TDI为交通密度指数;TCI为交通便捷指数;r1,r2和r3分别为道路密度指数(RDI)、铁路密度指数(RWDI)和水路密度指数(WDI)与人口密度之间的相关系数;SDRI为中心点到道路最短距离指数;SDRWI为中心点到铁路最短距离指数;SDAI为中心点到机场最短距离指数;SDPI为中心点到港口最短距离指数。 | |
城市化指数 | UI为城市化指数;UPI为归一化后的人口城市化率;ULI为归一化后的土地城市化率。 |
表12
西藏资源环境综合承载状态与限制类型统计表
资源环境综合 承载状态 | 限制 类型 | PREDI | HSI | RCI | SDI | 县 | 土地 | 人口 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
数量(个) | 占比(%) | 面积(万km2) | 占比(%) | 数量/万人 | 占比(%) | 密度(人/km2) | ||||||||
超载(Ⅰ) | R限制型(I1) | 0.8725 | 1.0018 | 0.8654 | 1.0065 | 1 | 1.35 | 4.82 | 4.01 | 17.86 | 5.19 | 4.55 | ||
R&D限制型(I2) | 0.8352 | 1.0161 | 0.8246 | 0.9969 | 1 | 1.35 | 4.60 | 3.82 | 18.56 | 5.40 | 4.96 | |||
E&R&D限制型(I3) | 0.8607 | 0.9692 | 0.8906 | 0.9973 | 7 | 9.46 | 25.23 | 20.99 | 8.79 | 2.56 | 0.43 | |||
小计 | 0.8592 | 0.9781 | 0.8805 | 0.9982 | 9 | 12.16 | 34.65 | 28.82 | 45.21 | 13.15 | 1.60 | |||
平衡(Ⅱ) | E限制型(II1) | 1.0832 | 0.9847 | 1.0962 | 1.0035 | 2 | 2.70 | 2.31 | 1.92 | 5.92 | 1.72 | 3.15 | ||
R限制型(II2) | 0.9392 | 1.0135 | 0.9261 | 1.0006 | 1 | 1.35 | 7.65 | 6.36 | 41.82 | 12.16 | 6.72 | |||
D限制型(II3) | 1.0758 | 1.0500 | 1.0269 | 0.9977 | 1 | 1.35 | 6.23 | 5.18 | 29.23 | 8.50 | 5.76 | |||
E&R限制型(II4) | 0.9059 | 0.9440 | 0.9560 | 1.0039 | 1 | 1.35 | 8.54 | 7.10 | 6.50 | 1.89 | 0.93 | |||
E&D限制型(II5) | 1.0380 | 0.9728 | 1.0689 | 0.9980 | 6 | 8.11 | 19.71 | 16.39 | 11.57 | 3.36 | 0.72 | |||
R&D限制型(II6) | 0.9320 | 1.0182 | 0.9176 | 0.9972 | 5 | 6.76 | 4.93 | 4.10 | 14.04 | 4.08 | 3.50 | |||
E&R&D限制型(II7) | 0.9312 | 0.9820 | 0.9505 | 0.9976 | 2 | 2.70 | 16.36 | 13.61 | 11.16 | 3.25 | 0.84 | |||
均衡型(II8) | 1.0421 | 1.0229 | 1.0166 | 1.0022 | 2 | 2.70 | 2.50 | 2.08 | 12.07 | 3.51 | 5.94 | |||
小计 | 0.9961 | 0.9957 | 1.0019 | 0.9991 | 20 | 27.03 | 68.21 | 56.74 | 132.29 | 38.48 | 2.38 | |||
盈余(Ⅲ) | E限制型(III1) | 1.1594 | 0.9914 | 1.1578 | 1.0101 | 10 | 13.51 | 2.01 | 1.67 | 12.48 | 3.63 | 7.64 | ||
R限制型(III2) | 1.7285 | 1.0288 | 0.9844 | 1.7068 | 1 | 1.35 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 107.28 | 31.20 | 533.23 | |||
D限制型(III3) | 1.2436 | 1.0778 | 1.1550 | 0.9985 | 12 | 16.22 | 7.25 | 6.03 | 15.33 | 4.46 | 2.60 | |||
E&D限制型(III4) | 1.1569 | 0.9829 | 1.1793 | 0.9980 | 3 | 4.05 | 5.15 | 4.28 | 14.29 | 4.16 | 3.41 | |||
均衡型(III5) | 1.2188 | 1.0230 | 1.1604 | 1.0268 | 19 | 25.68 | 2.71 | 2.26 | 16.94 | 4.93 | 7.67 | |||
小计 | 1.2194 | 1.0280 | 1.1557 | 1.0287 | 45 | 60.81 | 17.36 | 14.44 | 166.32 | 48.37 | 11.77 |
表12
西藏资源环境综合承载状态与限制类型统计表
资源环境综合 承载状态 | 限制 类型 | PREDI | HSI | RCI | SDI | 县 | 土地 | 人口 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
数量(个) | 占比(%) | 面积(万km2) | 占比(%) | 数量/万人 | 占比(%) | 密度(人/km2) | ||||||||
超载(Ⅰ) | R限制型(I1) | 0.8725 | 1.0018 | 0.8654 | 1.0065 | 1 | 1.35 | 4.82 | 4.01 | 17.86 | 5.19 | 4.55 | ||
R&D限制型(I2) | 0.8352 | 1.0161 | 0.8246 | 0.9969 | 1 | 1.35 | 4.60 | 3.82 | 18.56 | 5.40 | 4.96 | |||
E&R&D限制型(I3) | 0.8607 | 0.9692 | 0.8906 | 0.9973 | 7 | 9.46 | 25.23 | 20.99 | 8.79 | 2.56 | 0.43 | |||
小计 | 0.8592 | 0.9781 | 0.8805 | 0.9982 | 9 | 12.16 | 34.65 | 28.82 | 45.21 | 13.15 | 1.60 | |||
平衡(Ⅱ) | E限制型(II1) | 1.0832 | 0.9847 | 1.0962 | 1.0035 | 2 | 2.70 | 2.31 | 1.92 | 5.92 | 1.72 | 3.15 | ||
R限制型(II2) | 0.9392 | 1.0135 | 0.9261 | 1.0006 | 1 | 1.35 | 7.65 | 6.36 | 41.82 | 12.16 | 6.72 | |||
D限制型(II3) | 1.0758 | 1.0500 | 1.0269 | 0.9977 | 1 | 1.35 | 6.23 | 5.18 | 29.23 | 8.50 | 5.76 | |||
E&R限制型(II4) | 0.9059 | 0.9440 | 0.9560 | 1.0039 | 1 | 1.35 | 8.54 | 7.10 | 6.50 | 1.89 | 0.93 | |||
E&D限制型(II5) | 1.0380 | 0.9728 | 1.0689 | 0.9980 | 6 | 8.11 | 19.71 | 16.39 | 11.57 | 3.36 | 0.72 | |||
R&D限制型(II6) | 0.9320 | 1.0182 | 0.9176 | 0.9972 | 5 | 6.76 | 4.93 | 4.10 | 14.04 | 4.08 | 3.50 | |||
E&R&D限制型(II7) | 0.9312 | 0.9820 | 0.9505 | 0.9976 | 2 | 2.70 | 16.36 | 13.61 | 11.16 | 3.25 | 0.84 | |||
均衡型(II8) | 1.0421 | 1.0229 | 1.0166 | 1.0022 | 2 | 2.70 | 2.50 | 2.08 | 12.07 | 3.51 | 5.94 | |||
小计 | 0.9961 | 0.9957 | 1.0019 | 0.9991 | 20 | 27.03 | 68.21 | 56.74 | 132.29 | 38.48 | 2.38 | |||
盈余(Ⅲ) | E限制型(III1) | 1.1594 | 0.9914 | 1.1578 | 1.0101 | 10 | 13.51 | 2.01 | 1.67 | 12.48 | 3.63 | 7.64 | ||
R限制型(III2) | 1.7285 | 1.0288 | 0.9844 | 1.7068 | 1 | 1.35 | 0.25 | 0.21 | 107.28 | 31.20 | 533.23 | |||
D限制型(III3) | 1.2436 | 1.0778 | 1.1550 | 0.9985 | 12 | 16.22 | 7.25 | 6.03 | 15.33 | 4.46 | 2.60 | |||
E&D限制型(III4) | 1.1569 | 0.9829 | 1.1793 | 0.9980 | 3 | 4.05 | 5.15 | 4.28 | 14.29 | 4.16 | 3.41 | |||
均衡型(III5) | 1.2188 | 1.0230 | 1.1604 | 1.0268 | 19 | 25.68 | 2.71 | 2.26 | 16.94 | 4.93 | 7.67 | |||
小计 | 1.2194 | 1.0280 | 1.1557 | 1.0287 | 45 | 60.81 | 17.36 | 14.44 | 166.32 | 48.37 | 11.77 |
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