地理学本体论：内涵、性质与理论价值

doi:10.11821/dlxb201704002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

科学哲学研究表明,本体论问题的探讨对于具体学科的科学哲学研究和理论研究都具有重要意义。本文界定了地理学本体论的内涵,讨论了地理学方法论、本体论和地理学哲学的关系,比较和分析了哲学本体论与地理学本体论之间的联系和区别,阐述了地理学本体论的性质,概括了地理学本体论的理论价值。地理学本体论包括两个层面：地理学家和地理学流派的哲学本体论观念、地理学理论的本体论承诺,地理学家的本体论影响和决定着地理学家的认识论、方法论和价值论选择,而某个地理学理论的本体论承诺则是该理论得以成立的前提和基础。

关键词: 地理学, 科学哲学, 本体论, 多元化, 方法论, 理论价值

Abstract:

Research on the contemporary philosophy of science shows that discussion of the ontological problem is of fundamental significance for the study of the philosophy of science and theory of a certain specific discipline. Natural and social sciences researches are inseparable from the philosophical guidance. The philosophy of geography is the ideological basis of geography. The traditional philosophy of geography is methodology-oriented, which usually lays emphasis on "logical structure of explanation of geography", and ignores the discussion of its ontology. This article, in the context of philosophy of science, explores the relationships among methodology, ontology and philosophy of geography, defines the connotations of geographical ontology, analyzes the links and differences between philosophical ontology and scientific ontology of geography, clarifies the nature of geographical ontology, and summaries its theoretical values. The ontology of geography does not only involve the philosophically ontological belief of geographers and geographical schools but also the ontological commitment of the theory of geography. As different geographers hold different philosophical viewpoints, their ontological beliefs are different; and one geographical theory holds an ontological commitment of "what there is to be", and thus the nature and kinds of objectives referred to by the theory are determined. The ontological beliefs of geographers determine their epistemology, methodology and axiology, and the ontological commitment of a geographical theory is the premise and basis of the theory to be constructed.

Key words: geography, philosophy of science, ontology, pluralism, methodology, theoretical value

刘凯, 汤茂林, 刘荣增, 秦耀辰. 地理学本体论：内涵、性质与理论价值[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(4): 577-588.

Kai LIU, Maolin TANG, Rongzeng LIU, Yaochen QIN. On the connotation, nature and theoretical value ofontology of geography[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(4): 577-588.

参考文献 62

[1]	Lawson T.A conception of social ontology//Social Ontology and Modern Economics, London: Routledge, 2015: 19-52.
[2]	Yu Xuanmeng.Ontology. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press, 2012: 304-305.
	[俞宣孟. 本体论研究. 上海: 上海出版社, 2012: 304-305.]
[3]	Smith B.Ontology//Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of Computing and Information, Oxford: Blackwell, 2003: 155-166.
[4]	Worral J.The Ontology of Science. Brookfield: Dartmouth, 1994.
[5]	Heidegger M.The Selected Works of Heidegger M. Shanghai: Joint Publishing Company, 1996: 764-765.
	[海德格尔. 海德格尔选集(下). 上海: 三联书店, 1996: 764-765.]
[6]	Burian R M, Trout J D.Ontological progress in science. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 1995, 25(2): 1-17.
[7]	Esfeld M.The impact of science on metaphysics and its limits. Abstracta, 2006, 2(2): 86-101.
[8]	Dilworth C.The Metaphysics of Science. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1996.
[9]	Yu Wujin.The resurgence and tendency of research in ontology. Zhejiang Academic Journal, 2002, 25(1): 46-52. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-420X.2002.01.012
	[俞吾金. 本体论研究的复兴和趋势. 浙江学刊, 2002, 25(1): 46-52.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-420X.2002.01.012
[10]	Mäki U eds. The Economic World View: Studies in the Ontology of Economics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
[11]	Liam S.Rethinking the definition and role of ontology in political science. Politics, 2012, 32(2): 93-99. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9256.2012.01431.x
[12]	Chatterjee A.Ontology, epistemology and multimethod research in political science. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 2011, 43(1): 73-99. doi: 10.1177/0048393111415380
[13]	Pang Zhuoheng.The ontology, epistemology and methodology of History. Historical Research, 1988, 28(1): 3-13.
	[庞卓恒. 历史学的本体论、认识论、方法论. 历史研究, 1988, 28(1): 3-13.]
[14]	Tymoczko T.Mathematics, science and ontology. Synthese, 1991, 88(2): 201-228.
[15]	Harre R.Is there a basic ontology for the physical sciences. Dialectica: International Journal of Philosophy, 1997, 51(1): 17-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-8361.1997.tb00019.x
[16]	Liu Kai.On the issues of ontology of Geography. Studies in Dialectics of Nature, 2013, 29(10): 111-117.
	[刘凯. 论地理学的本体论问题. 自然辩证法研究, 2013, 29(10): 111-117.]
[17]	Hartshone R.The concept of geography as a science of space, from Kant and Humboldt to Hettner. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1958, 48(2): 97-108. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1958.tb01562.x
[18]	Schaefer F K.Exceptionalism in geography: A methodological examination. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 1953, 43(3): 226-249. doi: 10.1080/00045605309352114
[19]	Johnston R J.Philosophy and Human Geography. Baltimore: Edward Arnold, 1986.
	[约翰斯顿. 哲学与人文地理学. 蔡运龙, 江涛译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2000.]
[20]	Johnston R J.Order in space: Geography as a discipline in distance//A Century of British Geography. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003: 303-345.
[21]	Ma Li, Fang Xiuqi.Bai Meichu's ideas on geography expressed in his geographical philosophy. Studies in the History of Natural Sciences, 2010, 29(2): 177-184. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0224.2010.02.005
	[马丽, 方修琦. 从地理哲学看白眉初的地理观. 自然科学史研究, 2010, 29(2): 177-184.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-0224.2010.02.005
[22]	Cai Yunlong.Preliminary views on some problems in the study philosophy of geography. Human Geography, 1992, 7( 4): 1-5.
	[蔡运龙. 地理哲学研究若干问题刍议. 人文地理, 1992, 7(4): 1-5.]
[23]	Ye Chao, Cai Yunlong.Re-evaluating Schaefer and his criticizing on exceptionalism in geography: A case study of the Innovation of Methodology. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(9): 1134-1142. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.09.011
	[叶超, 蔡运龙. 地理学方法论变革的案例剖析: 重新审视《地理学中的例外论》之争. 地理学报, 2009, 64(9): 1134-1142.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.09.011
[24]	Bai Guangrun.The philosophical predicament in the development of geography. Aata Geographica Sinica, 1995, 50(3): 279-287. doi: 10.11821/xb199503011
	[白光润. 地理学的哲学贫困. 地理学报, 1995, 50(3): 279-287.] doi: 10.11821/xb199503011
[25]	Tang Maolin.The methodological issues of human geography researches in mainland China. Human Geography, 2010, 25(4): 1-6.
	[汤茂林. 我国人文地理学研究的若干基本意识问题. 人文地理, 2010, 25(4): 1-6.]
[26]	Ye Chao, Cai Yunlong.The geographical methodology between subjectivity and objectivity. Geographical Research, 2010, 29(5): 947-958. doi: 10.11821/yj2010050019
	[叶超, 蔡运龙. 地理学方法论演变与价值判断. 地理研究, 2010, 29(5): 947-958.] doi: 10.11821/yj2010050019
[27]	Li Jijun.Geography call for new theory. Geography Teaching Reference of Middle School, 2003, 25(4): 5-6.
	[李吉钧. 地理学呼唤新理论. 中学地理教学参考, 2003, 25(4): 5-6.]
[28]	Cai Yunlong, Ye Chao, Chen Yanguang, et al.Methodology of Geography. Beijing: Science Press, 2011.
	[蔡运龙, 叶超, 陈彦光, 等. 地理学方法论. 北京: 科学出版社, 2011.]
[29]	Fry I.Is science metaphysically neutral. Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Science, 2012, 43(3): 665-673. doi: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2012.05.011 pmid: 22771725
[30]	Plank M.Physics and philosophy. The Philosophycal Problems of Natural Science, 1989, 8(2): 68-69.
	[普朗克. 物理学和哲学. 自然科学的哲学问题, 1989, 8(2): 68-69.]
[31]	Hill M R.Positivism: A 'hidden' philosophy in geography//Themes in Geographic Thought. London: Croom Helm, 1981: 38-60.
[32]	Anuqin B A.The Theoretical Issues of Geography. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1994: 83-84.
	[阿努钦. 地理学理论问题. 李德美, 包森铭译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1994: 83-84.]
[33]	Hettner A.Die geographie: Ihre Geschichte ihe Wesen und Ihre Methoden. Breslau: Ferdinand Hirt, 1927: 1-2.
	[赫特纳. 地理学:它的历史、性质和方法. 王兰生, 译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1983: 1-2.]
[34]	Harvey D.Explanation in Geography. London: Edward Arnold., 1969.
	[大卫·哈维. 地理学中的解释. 高泳源, 刘立华, 蔡运龙, 译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1996.]
[35]	Kitchin R, Nicholas J T.Conducting Research into Human Geography: Theory, Methodology and Practice. New York: Routledge, 2013: 6-7.
[36]	Sun Jun, Pan Yujun, Tang Maolin, et al.The strategic directions for geography. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2013, 68(2): 268-283. doi: 10.11821/xb201302011
	[孙俊, 潘玉君, 汤茂林, 等. 地理学发展的战略方向探讨. 地理学报, 2013, 68(2): 268-283.] doi: 10.11821/xb201302011
[37]	Yang Changfu.Scientific meaning of Quine's thought for ontological commitment. Studies in Dialectics of Nature, 2008, 24(10): 6-12.
	[杨长福. 蒯因“本体论承诺”思想的科学意义. 自然辩证法研究, 2008, 24(10): 6-12.]
[38]	Quine W O.From a Logical Point of View. New York: Harper and Row, 1961.
[39]	Zhang Yiming.The truth of existence and existers: The rejuvenation of ontology in contemporary philosophy and the promise of ontology in modern philosophy. Theoretical Investigation, 2005(1): 35-39. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8594.2005.01.010
	[张以明. 存在的真理和存在者的真理: 现代哲学的本体论复兴和近代哲学的本体论承诺. 理论探讨, 2005(1): 35-39.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-8594.2005.01.010
[40]	Laudan L.Progress and its Problem. Shanghai: Shanghai Translation Publishing House, 1991: 67-115.
	[拉里·劳丹. 进步及其理论问题. 方在庆译. 上海: 上海译文出版社, 1991: 67-115.]
[41]	Lakatos I.The Methodology of Scientific Research Programmes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
[42]	Liu Jingxian.On Williamson's necessitism. Studies in Dialectics of Nature, 2016, 32(2): 19-23.
	[刘靖贤. 论威廉姆森的必然主义. 自然辩证法研究, 2016, 32(2): 19-23.]
[43]	Rouse J.Scientific law, natural necessity, and Heideggerian ontology. Journal of Dialectics of Nature, 2015, 37(5): 103-115. doi: 10.15994/j.1000-0763.2015.05.016
	[约瑟夫·劳斯. 科学定律、自然的必然性与海德格尔的本体论(英文). 自然辩证法通讯, 2015, 37(5): 103-115.] doi: 10.15994/j.1000-0763.2015.05.016
[44]	Li Xingmin.The metaphysical foundation of Science: Science presuppositions. Academics in China, 2008, 23(2): 15-34.
	[李醒民. 科学的形而上学基础: 科学预设. 学术界, 2008, 23(2): 15-34.]
[45]	Wu Kun.On the issues of world view of system theory. Academics in China, 2006, 21(5): 99-108.
	[邬焜. 关于系统主义世界图景中的几个问题: 与《本体论、价值论与科学解释》一文的作者讨论. 学术界, 2006, 21(5): 99-108.]
[46]	Tang Maolin.The diversification of research approaches in human geography in Chinese Mainland. Geographical Research, 2009, 28(4): 865-882. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2009.04.002
	[汤茂林. 我国人文地理学研究方法多样化问题. 地理研究, 2009, 28(4): 865-882.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2009.04.002
[47]	Li Shuangcheng, Wang Yang, Cai Yunlong.The paradigm transformation of geography from the perspective of complexity sciences. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(12): 1315-1324. doi: 10.11821/xb201011001
	[李双成, 王羊, 蔡运龙. 复杂性科学视角下的地理学研究范式转型. 地理学报, 2010, 65(12): 1315-1324.] doi: 10.11821/xb201011001
[48]	Zhang Haiyuan.Ontology and epistemology: the basic problem of philosophy. The Journal of Humanities, 1995, 21(2): 11-15.
	[张海源. 认识论与本体论: 哲学基本问题. 人文杂志, 1995, 21(2): 11-15.]
[49]	Zhou Minfeng.Philosophical ontology that pursues the highest rational wisdom. Academic Research, 2003, 34(4): 25-28. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7326.2003.04.006
	[周民锋. 追求最高理性智慧的哲学本体论. 学术研究, 2003, 34(4): 25-28.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-7326.2003.04.006
[50]	Sun Xianyuan.All sciences are ontology and methodology. Journal of Social Sciences, 1985(6): 39-41.
	[孙显元. 一切科学都是本体论和方法论. 社会科学, 1985(6): 39-41.]
[51]	Laudan L.Science and Values. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984: 68-69.
[52]	Meng Jianwei.On the theory of value of science of Larry Laudan. Studies in Dialectics of Nature, 1989, 5(3): 18-25.
	[孟建伟. 论劳丹的科学价值论. 自然辩证法研究, 1989, 5(3): 18-25.]
[53]	Lund M, Chang H.N R Hanson: Observation, discovery, and scientific change. ISIS, 2011, 102(3): 593-595. doi: 10.1086/663070
[54]	Bunge W. Theoretical Geography.Beijing: The Commercial Press, 1991: 231-232.
	[威廉·邦奇. 理论地理学. 石高玉, 石高俊译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 1991: 231-232.]
[55]	Williams M.Historical geography and the concept of landscape. Journal of Historical Geography, 1989, 15(1): 92-104. doi: 10.1016/S0305-7488(89)80067-2
[56]	Hartshorne R.Perspective on the Nature of Geography. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2009: 6-7.
	[哈特向. 地理学性质的透视. 黎樵译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2009: 6-7.]
[57]	Quine W O.The Ways of Paradox and Other Essays. New York: Random House, 1966: 203-204.
[58]	Zhang Nengwei.The evolution and destiny of Western ontology theory. Philosophical Trends, 2000, 22(1): 37-40.
	[张能为. 西方本体论学说之流变与命运. 哲学动态, 2000, 22(1): 37-40.]
[59]	Liu Jiyue.Philosophy and ontology. Journal of Beijing Normal University (Social Science Edition), 1996, 57(6): 11-19.
	[刘继岳. 哲学与本体论. 北京师范大学学报(社会科学版), 1996, 57(6): 11-19.]
[60]	Cuba E G, Lincoln Y S.Competing paradigms in qualitative research//Handbook of Qualitative Research, Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, 1994: 105-117.
[61]	Peet R.Modern geographical thought. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2007: 329-330.
	[理查德·皮特. 现代地理学思想. 周尚意译. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2007: 329-330.]
[62]	.