中美过去300年土地利用变化比较

doi:10.11821/dlxb201502010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

开展历史土地利用变化的国别对比研究,不仅有利于深化大尺度LUCC过程与驱动机制的科学认识,而且对深入研究历史碳排放责任等也有着重要意义。利用长时间序列数据,对中美两国过去300年土地利用/覆被变化的时空特征及驱动因素进行对比分析。结果表明：① 过去300年中美两国耕地数量总体均呈持续增长态势,中国在1661-1980s的320余年间耕地总量增长了79.46×10⁴ km²,但人均耕地面积却从1685年的5.5亩,下降至2000年的1.5亩;而美国在1700-1950年的250年间耕地面积增加了190.87×10⁴ km²,且人均耕地面积均超过9亩,其中1890年高达30.2亩。② 受土地垦殖扩张影响,过去300年中美两国林、草地资源均呈持续减少态势;其中,美国森林面积减少了约145×10⁴ km²,草地面积减少约137×10⁴ km²;而中国森林面积减少了约90×10⁴ km²,草地面积减少了约40×10⁴ km²。③ 从空间格局变化特征看,过去300年中国土地垦殖主要向边区（如东北、西南、内蒙等）及内地山地丘陵区发展;而美国在“西进运动”的影响下,大规模向中西部拓殖。④ 政策、人口、农业技术等因素是影响过去300年中美土地利用/覆被变化的主要因素,但由于两国资源禀赋及发展历史的差异,虽然直接驱动力均体现为政策因素,但就根本驱动因素而言,中国是人口数量,美国则是经济利益;同时,在农业技术发展取向上,中国因“人多地少”,走“精耕细作”之路,而美国因“人少地多”,走“机械化”之途。

关键词: 土地利用/覆被变化, 历史比较, 过去300年, 中国, 美国

Abstract:

The comparative studies of large-scale land use and land cover change (LUCC) among different countries can deepen our understanding of its historical processes and driving forces, and it is also significant for the regulation of human land-use behavior and adaptation to global climate change. Based on the data covering a long time scale, this paper compared and analyzed the temporal and spatial characteristics of LUCC between China and the United States (US) over the past 300 years. The results are shown as follows. (1) Over the past 300 years, the cropland area shows a growing tendency overall in both China and the US. As a traditional agricultural country, China increased cropland area by 79.46×10⁴ km² for 1661-1980s, but the per capita cropland decreased from 5.5 mu (Chinese area unit, 1 mu = 666.7 m²) in 1685 to 1.5 mu in 2000; while the cropland area of the US increased by 190.87×10⁴ km² for 1700-1950 and the per capita cropland area increased from 9.4 mu in 1700 to 30.2 mu in 1890, although the US has a short history and its agriculture started late. (2) Affected by the land reclamation, the forest and grassland areas decreased by about 1.45 million km² and 1.37 million km² in the US over the past 300 years; and the corresponding numbers of China are about 0.90 million km² and 0.40 million km², respectively. (3) In terms of the variation of spatial pattern, cropland expansion of China mainly occurred in border areas (such as the northeast, southwest, Inner Mongolia) and the mainland hilly areas; while under the influence of the "westward movement", cropland expansion of the US occurred in the Midwest. (4) The main factors affecting land use change of China and the US are policy, population and agricultural technology. Because of the differences in resource endowment and agricultural development history between the two countries, the population and economic interests are the fundamental driving factors to China and the US, respectively. In terms of the orientation of agricultural technology development, China has a large population and less per capita cropland area, and the agricultural technology improved slowly, while the US has a small population and more per capita cropland area, but the agricultural technology improved quickly, especially in the terms of the mechanization.

Key words: LUCC, historical comparison, past 300 years, China, the United States

何凡能, 李美娇, 肖冉. 中美过去300年土地利用变化比较[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(2): 297-307.

Fanneng HE, Meijiao LI, Ran XIAO. Comparisons of the land use and cover change in China and the United States over the past 300 years[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(2): 297-307.

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中国				美国
分期		年代	年均增长率（%）	分期	年代	年平均增长率（%）
快速增长期	1661-1724	0.48		缓慢增长期	1700-1800	10.61
缓慢增长期	1724-1873	0.09		快速增长期	1800-1930	24.31
波动快速增长期	1873-2000	0.31		波动趋稳期	1930-2000	-0.06