地理学报 ›› 2014, Vol. 69 ›› Issue (7): 969-982.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201407009
田原1,2, 余成群1, 雒昆利1, 武建双1, 张宪洲1, 倪润祥1,2, 田兴磊1,2
收稿日期:
2014-04-08
修回日期:
2014-06-03
出版日期:
2014-07-20
发布日期:
2014-07-20
作者简介:
田原(1991-),男,陕西西安人,硕士研究生,主要从事地质环境与健康、西藏区域可持续发展研究。E-mail:tiany.13s@igsnrr.ac.cn
基金资助:
TIAN Yuan1,2, YU Chengqun1, LUO Kunli1, WU Jianshuang1, ZHANG Xianzhou1, NI Runxiang1,2, TIAN Xinglei1,2
Received:
2014-04-08
Revised:
2014-06-03
Published:
2014-07-20
Online:
2014-07-20
Supported by:
摘要: 为了调查西藏的水质和水资源特色,2013 年在西藏拉萨、那曲地区、阿里地区、日喀则地区36 个县乡镇采集了60 个水样(地下水35 个,地表水22 个,温泉水3 个),对其水化学性质与元素含量进行分析测定,并与周边的青海西南部、新疆南部、四川西部与西藏东部等地水的水化学类型进行了对比,讨论了不同地区内水化学类型的差异。总体上看西藏大部地区水质较好,能够满足国家生活饮用水卫生标准。水样pH 处于6.75~8.21 范围内;总溶解性固体(TDS) 均值为225.54 mg/L;阿里地区水中砷元素含量超标(超过10 μg/L),双湖地区水中氟含量超标(超过1 mg/L);水化学类型主要为Ca-HCO3型;由南向北水中阳离子由以Ca2+ 为主逐渐过渡到以Na+ 为主,阴离子HCO3- 逐渐减少,Cl- 与SO42- 逐渐增多;河流水与冰川融水的成因类型主要为岩石风化型,地下水成因受多种因素控制;构造分区控制水中主要元素进而影响水化学类型。
田原, 余成群, 雒昆利, 武建双, 张宪洲, 倪润祥, 田兴磊. 西藏地区天然水的水化学性质和元素特征[J]. 地理学报, 2014, 69(7): 969-982.
TIAN Yuan, YU Chengqun, LUO Kunli, WU Jianshuang, ZHANG Xianzhou, NI Runxiang, TIAN Xinglei. Water chemical properties and the element characteristics of natural water in Tibet, China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(7): 969-982.
[1] Shen Yunlong, Zhou Mingwei. The environmental geological assessment in Tibet. Sichuan Acta Geologica, 2011, 31: 89-92. [沈云龙, 周明伟. 西藏自治区环境地质分区评价. 四川地质学报, 2011, 31: 89-92.] [2] Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China. China's Water Resource Report in 2007, 2009. [中华人 民共和国水利部. 2007 年中国水资源公报. 中华人民共和国水利部公报, 2009.] [3] Bian Duo, Bian Baciren, La Ba et al. The response of water level of Selin Co to climate change during 1975-2008. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2010, 65(3): 313-319. [边多, 边巴次仁, 拉巴等. 1975-2008 年西藏色林错湖面变化对气候 变化的响应. 地理学报, 2010, 65(3): 313-319.] [4] Zhang Xianying, Li Xiaoju, Da Wa et al. Drinking water hygiene monitoring and analysis in 2011, Tibet Nyingchi. Journal of Tibet Medicine, 2013, 34(1): 62-64. [张宪英, 李晓菊, 达瓦等. 2011 年西藏林芝地区生活饮用水水质卫生 监测分析. 西藏医药杂志, 2013, 34(1): 62-64.] [5] Liu Cheng, Gesangcuomu. Direct determination 22 kinds of trace elements of lake water in Tibet by ICP-MS. Tibet's Science & Technology, 2012, (2): 27-31. [柳诚, 格桑措姆. ICP-MS直接测定西藏湖泊水中22 种痕量元素. 西藏科技, 2012, (2): 27-31.] [6] Bu Duo, Jiang Dongsheng, Ren Jingyin et al. Preliminary study on the arsenic water of fisheries in Lhasa region. Journal of Tibet University, 2011, 26(1): 15-24. [布多, 姜东生, 任景印等. 拉萨地区渔场水体重金属砷的初步研究. 西 藏大学学报, 2011, 26(1): 15-24.] [7] Nie Lixia. Drinking water microorganism index analysis of 6 counties in Tibet rural area. Journal of Tibet Medicine, 2011, 32(1): 56-57. [聂立夏. 西藏6 县农村生活饮用水微生物指标分析. 西藏医药杂志, 2011, 32(1): 56-57.] [8] Wang Junbo, Peng Ping, Ma Qingfeng et al. Investigation of water depth, water quality and modern sedimentation rate in Mapam Yumco and La'ang Co, Tibet. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2013, 25(4): 609-616. [王君波, 彭萍, 马庆峰等. 西 藏玛旁雍错和拉昂错水深、水质特征及现代沉积速率. 湖泊科学, 2013, 25(4): 609-616.] [9] Zheng Bimei, Li Suzhi, Zhou Xiaobo. The detection of 11 bathhouses' bathwater quality at certain part and habitat in Tibet Naqu. Journal of Henan Preventive Medicine, 2008, 19(3): 168-171. [郑必海, 李素之, 周小波. 西藏那曲某部驻 地洗浴场所洗浴用水水质检测. 河南预防医学杂志, 2008, 19(3): 168-171.] [10] Zheng Bimei, Li Suzhi, Ma Kuanjun et al. The investigation and analysis of the spring and well water of certain part halt in Tibet Biru County. Journal of Henan Preventive Medicine, 2007, 18(4): 245-246. [郑必海, 李素之, 马宽军等. 驻西藏比如县某部泉水井水质调查分析. 河南预防医学杂志, 2007, 18(4): 245-246.] [11] Zheng Bimei, Li Suzhi, Li Shangshi et al. The analysis and significance of water quality in certain department troops adopt the provide for oneself centered type water supply dwell in Tibet Naqu District. Journal of Henan Preventive Medicine, 2007, 18(5): 332-334. [郑必海, 李素之, 李尚师. 驻西藏那曲某部自备集中式供水水质分析及其意义. 河南 预防医学杂志, 2007, 18(5): 332-334.] [12] Zhang Na, Li Hongjing, Wen Zhenzhong et al. Spatio-temporal characteristics of Niyang River in Tibet. Journal of Henan Normal University, 2009, 37(6): 79-82. [张娜, 李红敬, 文祯中等. 西藏尼洋河水质时空特征分析. 河南师范 大学学报, 2009, 37(6): 79-82.] [13] Li Hongjing, Zhang Na, Lin Xiaotao. Spatio-temporal characteristics of Yarlung Zangbo River in Tibet. Journal of Henan Normal University, 2010, 38(2): 126-130. [李红敬, 张娜, 林小涛. 西藏雅鲁藏布江水质时空特征分析. 河南师 范大学学报, 2010, 38(2): 126-130.] [14] Liu Xianyong, Shi Yan. Tibet Shannan rural drinking water safety project in 2012 water quality monitoring results. Journal of Tibet Medicine, 2013, 35(3): 54-55. [刘先勇, 石燕. 西藏山南地区2012 年农村饮用水安全工程水质监测结 果分析. 西藏医药杂志, 2013, 35(3): 54-55.] [15] Luo Dan, Huang Chuanyou, Yin Tong. Assessment of water quality and water security on centralized drinking water sources in towns of Tibet. Water Conservancy Science and Technology and Economy, 2010, 16(4): 420-422. [罗丹, 黄 川友, 殷彤. 西藏自治区城镇饮用水水源地水质现状与水质安全评价. 水利科技与经济, 2010, 16(4): 420-422.] [16] Zhao Wei, Liu Daohua, Zhang Huaping et al. Investigation of water quality on individual supply well in Tibet servicemen outstation. Journal of PLA Preventive Medicine, 2002, 20(6): 427-428. [赵伟, 刘道华, 张华平等. 驻藏边 远部队自备水源水质调查. 解放军预防医学杂志, 2002, 20(6): 427-428.] [17] Ma Guanqing, Yao Zongfu. The region geology of Tibet Autonomous Region. Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Tibet Autonomous Region. [马冠卿, 姚宗富. 西藏自治区地质. 西藏自治区地质矿产局.] [18] Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China. Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wasted Water. 4th ed. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 2002. [国家环境保护总局. 水和废水监测分析方 法. 4 版. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2002.] [19] GB5750 85. Standards for Drinking Water Test, 1985. [GB5750 85. 生活饮用水标准检验法, 1985.] [20] Hirokazu Hara,Yoshiki Wakizaka,Satoshi Okazaki. Silver chloride pre-treatment for the direct potentiometric determination of chloride in stream waters using a solid-state chloride ion-selective electrode. Analyst, 1985, 110(9): 1087-1090. [21] Yu Changzhen, Fu Erhong. Determination of chloride in water by ion-selective electrode method. Chemical Analysis and Meterage, 2010, 19(1): 40-42. [于长珍, 付二红. 离子选择电极法测定水中氯含量. 化学分析计量, 2010, 19(1): 40-42.] [22] Shen Zhaoli, Zhu Wanhua. Hydrogeochemical Basis. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1993: 83-91. [沈照理, 朱 宛华. 水文地球化学基础. 北京: 地质出版社, 1993: 83-91.] [23] Ji Qiguang, Wang Biquan. The data processing and application of groundwater chemical composition. Land and Resources of Southern China, 2007, (1): 31-33. [纪其光, 王碧泉. 地下水化学成分的数据处理及应用. 南方国土资 源, 2007, (1): 31-33.] [24] Harry V Warren. Geology, trace elements and health. Social Science & Medicine, 1989, 29(8): 923-926. [25] Webster J G, Brown K L, Vincent W F. Geochemical processes affecting meltwater chemistry and the formation of saline ponds in the Victoria Valley and Bull Pass Region, Antarctica. Hydrobiologia, 1994, 281(3): 171-186. [26] GB 5749-2006. Standards for Drinking Water Quality [S][D]. Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, 2006. [GB 5749-2006. 生活饮用水卫生标准[S][D]. 中华人民共和国卫生部, 2006.] [27] World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 3rd ed. Geneva, 2005. [28] GB 8537-2008. Drinking Natural Mineral Water [S][D]. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China, 2008. [GB 8537-2008. 饮用天然矿泉水[S][D]. 中华人民共和国国家质 量监督检验检疫总局, 2008.] [29] Zhao Sulian, Wang Lingfen, Liang Jinghui. The damage and remove measure of arsenic in drinking water. Modern Preventive Medicine, 2002, (5): 651-652. [赵素莲, 王玲芬, 梁京辉. 饮用水中砷的危害及除砷措施. 现代预防医学, 2002, (5): 651-652.] [30] Qing Zhengyao, Jing Zhang, Ying Wu et al. Hydrochemical processes controlling arsenic and selenium in the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) System. Science of the Total Environment, 2007, 377(1): 93-104. [31] Arthur M Piper. A graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water-analyses. Transactions, American Geophysical Union, 1944, 25: 914-928. [32] Zhu Bingqi, Yang Xiaoping, Patrick Rioual et al. Hydrogeochemistry of three watersheds (the Erlqis, Zhungarer and Yili) in northern Xinjiang, NW China. Applied Geochemistry, 2011, 26(8): 1535-1548. [33] Gibbs R J. Mechanisms controlling world water chemistry. Science, 1970, 170: 1088-1090. [34] Liu Yonglin, Luo Kunli, Lin Xiaoxu et al. regional distribution of longevity population and chemical characteristics of natural water in Xinjiang, China. Science of the Total Environment, 2014(473/474): 54-62. [35] Pang Zhonghe, Huang Tianming, Chen Yaning. Diminished groundwater recharge and circulation relative to degrading riparian vegetation in the middle Tarim River, Xinjiang, western China. Hydrol. Process, 2010, 24: 147-59. [36] Zhang J, Takahashi K, Wushiki H et al. Water geochemistry of the rivers around the Taklimakan Desert (NW China): Crustal weathering and evaporation processes in arid land. Chemical Geology, 1995, 119: 225-37. [37] Su Chunjiang, Tang Bangxing. The hydrochemical characteristics of Tongtian River. Mountain Research, 1987, 5(3): 143-146. [苏春江, 唐邦兴. 通天河河水的水化学特征. 山地研究, 1987, 5(3): 143-146.] [38] Xu Hai, Hou Zhaohua, An Zhisheng et al. Major ion chemistry of waters in Lake Qinghai Catchments, NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Quaternary International, 2010, 212: 35-43. [39] Wang Haijing, Liu Zaihua, Zheng Cheng, Hydrochemical variations of Huanglong Spring and the stream in Huanglong Ravine, Sichuan Province. Geochimica, 2009, 38(3): 307-314. [王海静, 刘再华, 曾成等. 四川黄龙沟源头黄龙泉泉水 及其下游溪水的水化学变化研究. 地球化学, 2009, 38(3): 307-314.] [40] Du Jingting. Hydrogeochemical research of Kashin-Beck Disease [D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology, 2011. [杜锦婷, 茂县大骨节病病区水文地球化学研究. 成都: 成都理工大学, 2011.] [41] Cao Nan. An analysis of the characteristics of geological environment in the Kashin-Beck Disease (KBD) Area in the Rangtang County [D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology, 2011. [曹楠. 壤塘县大骨节病区地质环境特征分 析[D]. 成都: 成都理工大学, 2011.] [42] Liu Zhao. The characterization of hydrochemistry and isotopic in the natural water of the Yarlung Tsangpo Lhasa-Nyingchi [D]. Chengdu: Chengdu University of Technology, 2011. [刘昭. 雅鲁藏布江拉萨—林芝段天然水水化学及 同位素特征研究[D]. 成都: 成都理工大学, 2011.] [43] Ren Qingshan, Wang Jingsheng, Zhang Bo et al. Different forms of water quality analysis in southeastern Tibetan Fir Forest. Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 2002, 30(2): 52-54. [任青山, 王景升, 张博等. 藏东南冷杉原始林不 同形态水的水质分析. 东北林业大学学报, 2002, 30(2): 52-54.] |
[1] | 封志明, 游珍, 杨艳昭, 施慧. 基于三维四面体模型的西藏资源环境承载力综合评价[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(3): 645-662. |
[2] | 杜军, 胡军, 尼玛吉, 次旺顿珠. 1981-2017年西藏“一江两河”流域5 cm地温及其界限温度时空变化特征[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(9): 1821-1834. |
[3] | 牛方曲, 封志明, 刘慧. 资源环境承载力综合评价方法在西藏产业结构调整中的应用[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(8): 1563-1575. |
[4] | 吴宜进,赵行双,奚悦,刘慧,李畅. 基于MODIS的2006-2016年西藏生态质量综合评价及其时空变化[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(7): 1438-1449. |
[5] | 田原,余成群,查欣洁,高星,于明寨. 青藏高原西部、南部和东北部边界地区天然水的水化学性质及其成因[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(5): 975-991. |
[6] | 杜军, 马鹏飞, 潘多. 1981-2014年西藏各时次气温的变化趋势分析[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(3): 422-432. |
[7] | 拉巴次仁, 索朗加措, 白玛. 1981-2010年西藏霜冻日数的变化特征[J]. 地理学报, 2014, 69(5): 690-696. |
[8] | 杜军, 路红亚, 建军. 1961-2010 年西藏极端气温事件的时空变化[J]. 地理学报, 2013, 68(9): 1269-1280. |
[9] | 孙瑞, 张雪芹, 郑度. 藏南羊卓雍错流域水化学区域差异及其成因[J]. 地理学报, 2013, 68(1): 36-44. |
[10] | 唐小萍, 闫小利, 尼玛吉, 路红亚. 西藏高原近40年积雪日数变化特征分析[J]. 地理学报, 2012, 67(7): 951-959. |
[11] | 杜军, 杨志刚, 石磊, 马鹏飞. 近50年西藏冷暖冬的气候变化特征[J]. 地理学报, 2011, 66(7): 885-894. |
[12] | 朱竑, 韩亚林, 陈晓亮. 藏族歌曲对西藏旅游地形象感知的影响[J]. 地理学报, 2010, 65(8): 991-1003. |
[13] | 边多, 边巴次仁, 拉巴, 王彩云, 陈涛. 1975-2008 年西藏色林错湖面变化对气候变化的响应[J]. 地理学报, 2010, 65(3): 313-319. |
[14] | 胡军, 杜军, 边多, 左慧林, 格桑, 杨勇. 西藏地温的年际和年代际变化[J]. 地理学报, 2007, 62(9): 925-934. |
[15] | 高志友, 王小丹, 尹观. 雅鲁藏布江径流水文规律及水体同位素组成[J]. 地理学报, 2007, 62(9): 1002-1007. |