中国书法景观的公众地理知觉特征——书法景观知觉维度调查

doi:10.11821/xb201202009

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 书法景观是一种代表中国特色文化符号的文化景观,景观知觉维度研究是了解这种景观基本特征的手段。本文将尝试开放问卷对书法知觉场所地方记忆报告结果进行编码,并构建专门计算公式进行权重计算,结果表明书法景观主要知觉维度可归为6 类：知觉时间、地理环境、书法特性、书法载体形式、价值和个体心理,并揭示了热点景点书法景观的知觉维度特征。眼动仪分析结果表明旅游景点的书法景观作为地域标志和景观标志,在公众知觉过程中占有重要地位。相对园林、湖泊和海滨景点内的书法景观,公众更多知觉到了山岳和宫殿庙宇内的书法景观。利用知觉频数描述了不同类型书法景观的地理场所公众知觉特征,根据书法景观知觉频率可将这些场所划分为景点、与人们生活息息相关的场所、新闻媒体和广场三个层次。本文的研究实际上也为中国特色文化景观的实证研究提供了一个有效的方法。

关键词: 书法景观, 文化符号, 知觉维度, 空间分异, 文化地理, 中国

Abstract: Combining the human/natural landscapes with the element of Chinese calligraphy which is characterized by the handwriting of Chinese characters, Chinese calligraphic landscape is an essential part of cultural landscapes. And it is worthy to be taken into consideration when exploring the factors causing the spatial differentiation of places and landscapes. The calligraphic landscape is defined as a portion of geographical space with certain visual characteristics and special sense of place resulted from the layout of assembles of calligraphic works/analogous calligraphic works with a certain scale or visual performance. The basic characteristics of the calligraphic landscape can be explored by the investigation of the perceptual dimensions of the calligraphic landscape. By the open-ended questionnaires, undergraduate students, excluding those who major in calligraphy, from Nanjing University and Nanjing University of Finance, were investigated in April and May in 2004. A total of 496 valid questionnaires were collected finally. After context encoding and weight processing, this article reveals the public perceptual characteristics of Chinese calligraphic landscape. Six perceptual dimensions are concluded as i) perceptual time, ii) geographic environment, iii) calligraphic idiosyncrasy, iv) the calligraphy carrier form, v) value and vi) individual psychology, among which calligraphic idiosyncrasy and geographic environment are the most important factors influencing the perceptual process of calligraphic landscapes. Then this article describes different types and their perceptual characteristics of the settings of calligraphic landscapes. According to the statistical results of perceptual frequency, the settings investigated are divided as three levels as i) the scenic spots thought to be the representative of calligraphic landscape by the public, ii) the place related with the public's normal life where calligraphic landscapes can be perceived more easily if related with exhibition/economy/daily life/culture, and iii) the news media and squares where calligraphic landscapes are believed impossible to present. The result of eye movement analysis indicates the importance of calligraphic landscapes as landmarks during tourists' perception of a scenic spot. On tourism scenic spots, compared with the calligraphic landscapes in the garden, the lake and seaside, those in the mountains, the palace and the temples are more impressive for the public. This research has contributed to the empirical study of Chinese cultural landscape with a valid method.

Key words: calligraphic landscape, cultural symbol, perceptual dimensions, spatial differentiation, cultural geography

张捷, 卢韶婧, 蒋志杰, 李倩, 梁莉, 李娜, 黄正明. 中国书法景观的公众地理知觉特征——书法景观知觉维度调查[J]. 地理学报, 2012, 67(2): 230-238.

ZHANG Jie, LU Shaojing, JIANG Zhijie, LI Qian, LIANG Li, LI Na, HUANG Zhengming. The Dimensions and Characteristics of the Perception of Chinese Calligraphic Landscape[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(2): 230-238.

参考文献

[1] Backhaus G, Murungi J. Symbolic Landscapes. Dordrecht: Springer, 2008: 25.
[2] Cosgrove D E. Social formation and symbolic landscape. Canadian Geographer, 1985, 29(4): 370-378.
[3] Rubin B. Aesthetic ideology and urban design. Annals of the Association of American Geographer, 1979, 69(3):339-361.
[4] Wu Bihu, Liu Xiaojuan. General Annals of Chinese Cultural·Books of Art and Literature (8-080)·Records ofLandscape. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1998: 366-384. [吴必虎, 刘筱娟. 中华文化通志·艺文典(8-080). 景观志. 上海: 上海人民出版社, 1998: 366-384].
[5] Wu Huiping. Spatial study on calligraphy geography. Human Geography, 2001, 16(2): 93-96. [吴慧平. 论书法地理的地域空间研究. 人文地理, 2001, 16(2): 93-96.]
[6] Feng Jian, Hu Mu. Primary study on writing cultural region. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research, 1999, 11(2):89-95. [冯健,胡牧. 书法文化的区域初步研究. 云南地理环境研究, 1999, 11(2): 89-95.]
[7] Zhou Shangyi, Kong Xiang, Zhu Hong. Cultural Geography. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2004: 87-89. [周尚意, 孔翔, 朱竑. 文化地理学. 北京: 高等教育出版社, 2004: 87-89.]
[8] Feng Jian, Zhang Xiaolin. Zoning of world calligraphic culture with respect to human geography. World GeographyStudy, 1999, (1): 2. [冯健,张小林.人文区划方法及世界书法文化区的划分. 世界地理研究, 1999, (1): 2.]
[9] Zhang Jie ,Wang Xiaolun, Huang Zhengming. Types and function of description of natural image in classics of Chinesecalligraphy. Journals of Chinese Calligraphy, 2004, (2): 26-29. [张捷, 王小伦, 黄正明. 古典书论中自然意象描述的类型及其功能.中国书法, 2004, (2): 26-29.]
[10] Dong Minghui, Wu Huiping. Geographical environment and ancient Chinese calligraphy. Human Geography, 1997, 13(2): 58-61. [董明辉, 吴慧平. 试论古代中国书法与地理环境. 人文地理, 1997, 13(2): 58-61.]
[11] Cao Shitu, Li Zhuowen. The geographical trace of Chinese calligraphy. Journal of Wuhan University of Hydraulic andElectrical Engineering: Social Sciences, 1999, 19(3): 67-68. [曹诗图, 李卓文. 中国书法艺术中的地理印痕. 武汉水利电力大学学报: 社科版, 1999, 19(3): 67-68.]
[12] Zhang J, Zhang J H, Xu Z X et al. Place aesthetics of calligraphic landscape in tourist vernacular township//Gottesdiener H, Vilatte J C. Culture and Communication: Proceedings of XIX International Congress of InternationalAssociation for Empirical Aesthetics. France: University of Avignon, 2006: 919-922.
[13] Zhang Jie. Geographical research on Chinese calligraphy with special reference to man and land relationship. HumanGeography, 2003, 18(5): 1-6. [张捷. 基于人地关系的书法地理学研究. 人文地理, 2003, 18(5): 1-6. ]
[14] Zhang Jie, Zhang Jing. Calligraphy landscape and city landscape. City and County Construction, 2004, (3): 42-43. [张捷, 张静. 书法景观与城市景观. 城乡建设, 2004, (3): 42-43.]
[15] Zhang J, Tang W, Shi C, et al. Chinese calligraphy and tourism: From cultural heritage to landscape symbol and media of the tourism industry. Current Issues in Tourism, 2008, 11(6): 529-548.
[16] Zhang J, Li X S, Huang Z M. An empirical approach to the relationships among aesthetic dimensions on Chinesecalligraphy: with case stone inscriptions of Han Dynasty (206BC-220AD)//Gottesdiener H, Vilatte J C. Culture andCommunication: Proceedings of XIX International Congress of International Association for Empirical Aesthetics.France: University of Avignon, 2006: 700-703.
[17] Ke Li, Zhang Jie, Li Qian. Analysis on the factors effecting tourists' perceptual image to calligraphic landscapescenic: A case study in Diecaishan, Guilin. Carsologica Sinica, 2010, 29(1): 87-92. [柯立, 张捷, 李倩. 书法景观旅游地游客感知意象影响因素分析: 以桂林叠彩山景区为例.中国岩溶, 2010, 29(1): 87-92.]
[18] Mao Duanqian, Zhang Jie, Bao Haosheng et al. Case study on the images of tourist destinations of Jiangxi: Usingcorrespondence analysis. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2003, 12(1): 23-28. [毛端谦, 张捷, 包浩生等. 旅游目的地映象的对应分析: 以江西庐山、龙虎山、三清山、井冈山为例. 长江流域资源与环境, 2003, 12(1): 23-28.]
[19] Cutter S L, Golledge R, Graf W L. The big questions in geography. The Professional Geographers, 2002, 54(3):305-317.
[20] Gould P R, White P R. The mental maps of British school leavers. Regional Studies, 1968, 2(2): 161-182.
[21] Lynch K. The Image of The City. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1960.
[22] Zube E H. Landscape Assessment: Values, Perceptions and Resources. Sydney: Halstead Press, John Wiley & SonsInc., 1975.
[23] Craik K H. Psychological reflection on landscape//Penning-Rowsell E C, Lowenthal D. Landscape Meanings andValues. London: Allen & Unwin, 1986: 48-64
[24] Uzzell D L. Environmental phychological perspectives on landscape. Landscape Research, 1991, 16(1): 3.
[25] Palmer J F. Stability of landscape perceptions in the face of landscape change. Landscape and Urban Planning, 1997,37(1): 109-113.
[26] Fairweather J R, Swaffield S R. Visitor experiences of Kaikoura, New Zealand: An interpretative study usingphotographs of landscapes and Q method. Tourism Management, 2001, 22(3): 219-228.
[27] Lapka M, Cudlinova E. Perception of landscapes: Possible integrating tool for landscape research. Ekologia Bratislava,2004, 23(1): 170-178.
[28] Soliva R, Hunziker M. How do biodiversity and conservation values relate to landscape preferences? A case studyfrom the Swiss Alps. Biodiversity Conservation, 2009, 18(9): 2483-2507.
[29] Zube E H, Sell J L, Taylor J G. Landscape perception: Research, application and theory. Landscape Planning, 1982, 9(1): 1-33.
[30] Gibson J J. The Senses Considered as Perceptual Systems. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1966.
[31] Mao Jiongwei, Zhu Feijie, Che Shengquan. Study on landscape assessment of urban remnant natural area: Theory andapplication of psychophysical method. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2010, (3): 51-54. [毛炯玮, 朱飞捷, 车生泉. 城市自然遗留地景观美学评价的方法研究. 中国园林, 2010, (3): 51-54.]
[32] Berylne D E. Conflict, Arousal and Curiosity. New York: McGrawHil1, 1960.
[33] Kaplan S. An informal model for the prediction of preference//Zube E H, Bush R O, Fabos J G. LandscapeAssessment: Values, Perceptions and Resources. Dowden, Stroudsburg: Hutchinson and Ross, 1975.
[34] Kaplan R. A methodology for simultaneously obtaining and sharing information//Assessing Amenity Resource Values.USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-68, 1979: 58-66.
[35] Zhang Jie. Quantitative evaluation of tourist resources of regional folklore. Human Geography, 1998, 13(1): 59-62. [张捷. 区域民俗文化旅游资源的定量评价研究. 人文地理, 1998, 13(1): 59-62.]
[36] Xu Nanrong, Zhong Weijun. Theories and Methods to Scientific Decision. Nanjing: Southeast University Press, 1996:139-140. [徐南荣, 钟伟俊. 科学决策理论与方法. 南京: 东南大学出版社, 1996: 139-140.]
[37] Zhang Jie. On establishment of an objective model of calligraphy critique. Journal of Southeast University: Philosophyand Social Science, 2004, 6(6): 78-82. [张捷. 书法客观批评模式的构建. 东南大学学报, 2004, 6(6): 78-82.]
[38] Wu Huiping, Situ Shangji. The interpretation of calligraphy landscape in cultural geography. Scientia GeographicaSinica, 2002, 22(6): 757-762. [吴慧平, 司徒尚纪. 书法景观的文化地理浅释. 地理科学, 2002, 22(6): 757-762.]
[39] Downs R Stea D. Image and Environment: Cognitive Mapping and Spatial Behaviour. Chicago: Aldine, 1973: 9.
[40] Altman I, Chemers M M. Culture and environment. Beijing: Oriental Press, 1991: 79. [欧·奥尔特曼, 马·切墨斯. 骆林生, 王静译. 文化与环境. 北京: 东方出版社, 1991: 79.]
[41] Linton D L. The assessment of scenery as a natural resource. Scottish Geographical Magazine, 1968, 84(3): 218-238.
[42] Fines K D. Landscape evaluation: A research project in East Sussex. Regional Studies, 1968, 2(1): 41-55.
[43] Yu Kongjian, Ji Qingping. Aesthetic differences between experts and the public and countermeasure research. Journalof Chinese Landscape Architecture, 1990, 6(2): 19-23. [俞孔坚, 吉庆萍. 专家与公众景观审美差异研究及对策. 中国园林, 1990, 6(2): 19-23.]
[44] Gould P, White R. Mental Maps. London: Penguin, 1974
[45] Smith K L. Exploring the need for a shared cognitive map. Journal of Management Studies, 1992, 29(3): 349-368.
[46] Brookfield H C. On the environment and perceived. Progress in Geography, 1969, 1: 51-80.
[47] Lue C, Crompton J, Fesenmaier D. Conceptualization of multi-destination pleasure trips. Annals of Tourism Research,1993, 20(2): 289-301.
[48] Zhang Jie. Story of calligraphy, local context and space production of calligraphy: evidence from calligraphic contextand city calligraphic landscape of Nanjing and Beijing//Tao Dongfeng, Zhou Xian. Culture Studies Vol.10. Beijing:Social Sciences Academic Press, 2010: 245-260. [张捷. 书法故事、地方文脉与书法的空间生产: 南京、北京书法文脉与城市书法景观的案例//陶东风, 周宪. 文化研究(第10 辑). 北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2010: 245-260.]
[49] Zhang J, Tang W, Shi C et al. Chinese calligraphy and tourism: from cultural heritage to landscape symbol and mediaof the tourism industry. Current Issues in Tourism, 2008, 11(6): 529-548.