关键词: 文化景观, 乡村发展规划, 乡村转型, 新农村建设, 联邦德国

Abstract: The Federal Republic of Germany has become the largest economy in the European Union and ranks fourth worldwide, but unbalanced regional development still exists between the urban and rural areas, and especially between West and East Germany. Based on a dynamic regional and cultural landscape analysis, this paper summarizes the rural developmental process and characteristics in Germany since the 1950s, concerning an increase of the labour productivity and landscape change followed by a decrease of the agricultural and farm scale. After then, it analyzes the different rural development paths and the features both in East and West Germany. After the socialist transformation, traditional agriculture and villages in East Germany were transformed to socialist agriculture and collective farms featured by large-scale farms, industrial management and urbanization. Since this system did not meet EU standards, the system was abandoned after the German reunification, which led to massive emigration to urban areas, especially to West Germany. Followed by a short re-urbanization, West Germany experienced a de-urbanization process from the 1960s to the 1970s. A lot of enterprises and young people moved to the rural areas, in which formed many attractive settlements. However, the urbanized buildings, and wide and straight streets destroyed the original structure and natural scene of the villages, although their infrastructure and public facilities were greatly improved. Since the 1970s, West Germany has formulated the rural development plan, rural renewal plan, and carried out an action plan called "Our villages should be more beautiful", which aimed to improve the quality and variety of the agricultural products, to develop rural real estate, and rural service industry. The four development trends for German rural areas in the future are high-tech agriculture, renewable energy (bio-energy), rural service industry, eco- and natural parks. On the basis of experience of Germany and recent rural development of China, this paper discusses the urban-rural integrative development path of China as follows: formulating and improving the rural development policy, integrative planning framework and action plan;encouraging participation of the residents in rural planning;urban-rural integration including rural urbanization and modernization;urbanization of several villages near to the city, and modernization of infrastructure and public facilities, preserving the rural spatial structure and traditional scenes of others with cultural and historical value;improving quality and variety of agricultural products, developing rural real estate and rural service industry;carrying out an ecological immigrants policy in fragile regions, and establishing eco-parks and natural parks.

Key words: cultural landscape, rural development plan, rural transformation, new rural construction, The Federal Republic of Germany