地理学报 ›› 1999, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (2): 106-115.doi: 10.11821/xb199902002

• 论文 • 上一篇    下一篇

中国自下而上城市化的发展及其机制

崔功豪1, 马润潮2   

  1. 1. 南京大学城市与资源学系,南京210093;
    2. 爱克伦大学地理与规划系,44325美国
  • 收稿日期:1998-01-09 修回日期:1998-12-08 出版日期:1999-03-15 发布日期:1999-03-15
  • 基金资助:
    美国鲁斯(Luce)基金会

URBANIZATION FROM BELOW IN CHINA: ITS DEVELOPMENT AND MECHANISMS

Cui Gonghao1, Laurence J C Ma2   

  1. 1. Department of Urban & Resources Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093;
    2. Department of Geography and Planning, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA 44325
  • Received:1998-01-09 Revised:1998-12-08 Online:1999-03-15 Published:1999-03-15
  • Supported by:
    Supported by Luce Foundation of U.S.A

摘要: 改革开放以来的实践证明,中国确实存在着二元城市化模式,而农村城市化在中国整个城市化过程中已经和正在起着重要的作用。作者在肯定了小城镇为主体的农村城市化的作用下,从城市化启动力的角度指出,这种发生在农村地域,由地方政府和农民群体力量推动的城市化是一种自下而上的城市化过程,具有明显的中国特色。文章并由此分析了自下而上城市化的发展阶段,探讨了其在国家方针政策指导影响和政府、农民、外部(内资、外资)力量共同作用下的运行机制。最终对其在中国城市化发展中的未来地位和作用作了评估。

关键词: 小城镇, 乡镇企业, 中国, 自下而上城市化

Abstract: Contemporary China’s urbanization has evolved along two lines: the growth of cities following urban economic development and population concentration, and rural urbanization based on the growth of towns in rural areas. The latter,conceptualized as “urbanization form below” has been propelled by the rise of rural enterprises, resulting in rapid rural employment transformation and the growth of towns. Rural urbanization since the reforms has developed rapidly. In 1995, the share of the designated towns’ nonagricultural population accounted for 9 5% of the nation’s total population, an increase of 5 3 percentage points over that of 1978. This nonagricultural population was 12 5% of the total rural population which was 7 5 percentage points higher than 1978. It constituted 42 5% of the total nonagricultural population of all cities and towns for the nation, rapidly catching up with the share of urbanization contributed by cities. Urbanization from below has been driven by the activities of rural governments and peasants. Three stages of development can be recognized. After the initial period of growth during 1978~1983, it experienced rapid take off during 1984~1988. It entered a period of expansion since 1990. However, the level of rural urbanization has lagged far behind the level of rural nonagriculturalization as well as the nation’s urbanization level in general. As rural enterprises will remain the mainstay of the China’s rural economy for a long period of time, they will continue to cause rural labor transformation and rural urbanization. But with increasing economic liberalization in urban economy and industries moving out the cities, the fact meaning of “urbanization from below” will have to be broadened to include all domestic and overseas forces affecting town growth that are non state in nature.

Key words: urbanization from below, small towns, rural enterprises, China