20 世纪科尔沁的人口变化及其特征分析

doi:10.11821/xb200704008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

利用蒙、汉、日语多种文献资料就科尔沁近百年的人口变化进行了分析，结果发现：一个世纪以来科尔沁人口增加很快，平均人口密度从民国初期的2.40 人/km² 增加到2000 年的39.72 人/km²，约为世纪初的17 倍；新增人口主要为1949 年前的关内流民、1949 年中华人民共和国成立后的移民以及移民生育；人口增加最高峰出现在1949 年后的计划移民时期，伪满时期的流民则构成了研究区近百年另一个显著的移民高潮；移入人口在科尔沁的分布受距离农区的空间间隔、科尔沁自然环境条件及其变化、城镇化等因素影响，人口密度呈现从科尔沁外围到腹地、从农耕区到农牧交错区和牧区、从城镇到农村牧区逐渐降低的空间分布特征，移入人口成为20 世纪科尔沁的农耕主力军。

关键词: 百年, 人口增加, 移民, 科尔沁

Abstract:

This paper analyzes the population change of Horqin in recent 100 years based on the Mongolian, Chinese and Japanese documents. The findings show that the population of Horqin has increased rapidly in recent 100 years. The average population density increased from 2.4 peosons/km² during the period of the Republic of China to 39.72 peosons/km² in 2000, 17 times that at the beginning of the 20th century. The increased population is mainly migratory people before 1949, the immigrants and their offsprings after the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The study area has witnessed two population peaks in recent 100 years. One peak appeared in the planned migration period after 1949, and the other is the migratory people of the Puppet Manchuria State. The distribution of immigrants in Horqin was affected by the distance from agricultural area, natural environment condition of Horqin and its changes, urbanization and so on. Population density has turned out to be in gradual decline in terms of spatial distribution characteristics, from the periphery to the centre of Horqin, from agricultural area to agri-pastoral area and pastoral area, from city to village and pastoral area. The immigrants became the chief peasants of Horqin during the 20th century.

Key words: recent 100 years, population growth, immigrant, Horqin

乌兰图雅, 乌敦, 那音太. 20 世纪科尔沁的人口变化及其特征分析[J]. 地理学报, 2007, 62(4): 418-426.

WULAN Tuya, WU Dun, NA Yintai. The Population Change in Horqin in the 20th Century[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2007, 62(4): 418-426.

参考文献

[1] 王守春. 10 世纪末西辽河流域沙漠化的突进及其原因. 中国沙漠, 2000, 20(3): 238-242.
[Wang Shouchun. Fastly development and causes of desertification in west Liao River Basin of Inner Mongolia during the later 10 century. Journal of Desert Research, 2000, 20(3): 238-242.]

[2] 任国玉. 科尔沁沙地东南缘近3000 年来植被演化与人类活动. 地理科学, 1999, 19(1): 42-48.
[Ren Guoyu. Influence of human activities on the late Holocene vegetation changes at Maili, Northeast China. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1999, 19(1): 42-48.]

[3] 颜廷真, 韩光辉. 清代以来西辽河流域人地关系的演变. 中国历史地理论丛, 2004, (1): 16-252.
[Yan Tingzhen, Han Guanghui. Development of the relationship between human and environment in West Liaohe Basin since Qing Dynasty. Collections of Essays on Chinese Historical Geography, 2004(1): 16-252.]

[4] 邓辉等著. 从自然景观到文化景观: 燕山以北农牧交错地带人地关系演变的历史地理学透视. 北京: 商务印书馆, 2005.
[Deng Hui et al. From Natural Landscape to Cultural Landscape: The Historical Geography Perspective of Development of the Relationship between Human and Environment in the Agriculture Herding Interlocked District North of the Mt. Yanshan. Beijing: The Commercial Press, 2005.]

[5] 刘新民等. 科尔沁沙地风沙环境与植被. 北京: 科学出版社, 1996.
[Liu Xinmin et al. Sandstorm Environment and Vegetation of Horqin Sandy Land. Beijing: Science Press, 1996.]

[6] 吴薇. 近50 年来科尔沁地区沙漠化土地的动态监测结果与分析. 中国沙漠, 2003, 23(6): 646-651.
[Wu Wei. Dynamic monitor to evolvement of sandy desertified land in Horqin region for the last 5 decades, China. Journal of Desert Research, 2003, 23(6): 646-651.]

[7] 常学礼, 鲁春霞, 高玉葆. 科尔沁沙地农牧交错区景观持续性研究. 自然资源学报, 2003, 18(1): 67-74.
[Chang Xueli, Lu Chunxia, Gao Yubao. A study on landscape sustainability for agri-pastural ecotone in Horqin Sandy Land. Journal of Natural Resources, 2003, 18(1): 67-74.]

[8] 张永民, 赵士洞. 生态保护背景下奈曼旗土地利用与景观格局变化. 资源科学, 2003, 25(6): 43-51.
[Zhang Yongmin, Zhao Shidong. Land use and landscape change under ecological protection in Naiman banner. Resources Science, 2003, 25(6): 43-51.]

[9] 曹小曙, 李苹, 颜廷真等. 近百年来西辽河土地开垦及其对环境的影响. 地理研究, 2005, 24(6): 889-898.
[Cao Xiaoshu, Li Ping, Yan Tingzhen et al. The land reclamation and its influence on environment in West Liaohe Basin from 1902 to 1990. Geographical Research, 2005, 24(6): 889-898.]

[10] 乌兰图雅, 张雪芹. 清代科尔沁农耕北界的变迁. 地理科学, 2001, 21(3): 230-235.
[Wulan Tuya, Zhang Xueqin. Changes of the cultivation norhtern limit for Horqin region in the Qing Dynasty. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2001, 21 (3): 230-235.]

[11] 乌兰图雅. 20 世纪科尔沁的农业开发与土地利用变化. 自然资源学报, 2002, 17(2): 157-161.
[Wulan Tuya. The development of agriculture and changes of land use in Horqin in the 20th century. Journal of Natural Resources, 2002, 17(2): 157-161.]

[12] 乌兰图雅. 科尔沁沙地近50 年的垦殖与土地利用变化. 地理科学进展, 2000, 19(3): 273-278.
[Wulan Tuya. Land reclamation and land-use changes during last 50 years in Ke'erqin Deserts, Inner Mongolia. Progress in Geography, 2000, 19(3): 273-278.]

[13] 阿拉腾图雅, 乌兰图雅, 李鹤. 科尔沁沙地近50 年的人口发展研究. 见: 中国北方环保型农牧业与循环经济. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古大学出版社, 2005: 214-221.
[Alateng Tuya, Wulan Tuya, Li He. Study on population development of Horqin Deserts during last 50 years. In: Environmentally Protected Herding Industry and Circular Economy in Northern China. Huhhot: Inner Mongolia University Press, 2005. 214-221.]

[14] 宝音, 赵明, 包玉海. 内蒙古人口发展模型. 内蒙古师大学报(哲学社会科学版), 1994, 23(3): 101-111.
[Bao Yin, Zhao Ming, Bao Yuhai. Population development model of Inner Mongolia. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University (Philosophy & Social Science), 1994, 23(3): 101-111.]

[15] 王静爱, 徐霞, 刘培芳. 中国北方农牧交错带土地利用与人口负荷研究. 资源科学, 1999, 21(5): 19-24.
[Wang Jing'ai, Xu Xia, Liu Peifang. Landuse and land carrying capacity in ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry in northern China. Resources Science, 1999, 21(5): 19-24.]

[16] 白树英, 张树文, 张养贞. 农牧交错区50 年来耕地开发过程及其驱动因素分析: 以大庆市杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县为例. 资源科学, 2005, 27 (2): 71-76.
[Bai Shuying, Zhang Shuwen, Zhang Yangzhen. Stages and determinants of farmland development and driving forces in Duerbote County during the past 50 years. Resources Science, 2005, 27 (2): 71-76.]

[17] 宋乃功等. 中国人口(内蒙古分册). 北京: 中国财政经济出版社, 1987.
[Song Naigong et al. Population of China (The volume of Inner Mongolia). Beijing: China Financial & Economic Publishing House, 1987.]

[18] 王镇. 中国蒙古族人口. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古人民出版社, 1997.
[Wang Zhen. Mongolian Population in China. Huhhot: Inner Mongolia People's Press, 1997.]

[19] 周清澍. 内蒙古历史地理. 呼和浩特: 内蒙古大学出版社, 1994.
[Zhou Qingshu. Historical Geography of Inner Mongolia. Hohhot: Inner Mongolia University Press, 1994.]

[20] 张穆(那木云等译). 蒙古游牧记(蒙文版). 北京: 民族出版社, 1988.
[Zhang Mu. (Na Muyun trans.). Mongolia Nomadic Record. Beijing: The Ethnic Publishing House, 1988. (In Mongolia)]

[21] 杨青峰主编. 哲里木盟志. 呼和浩特: 方志出版社, 2000.
[Yang Yunfeng (ed.). Record of Jirem League. Huhhot: Chronicles Press, 2000.]

[22] 关东都督府民政部. 满洲及东部内蒙古面积人口与同密度概见图. 见: 满蒙经济统计图表(上) (日文). 东京:东京印刷株式会, 1918 (大正Taishiao 七年).
[Guandong Department Ministry of Civil Affairs. Stretch map of population and the same density on Manchu and Eastern Inner Mongolia. In: The Statistical Charts of Economics in Manchu Mongolia 1918 (Taishiao 7th Year). (In Japanese)]

[23] 胡焕庸, 张善余著. 中国人口地理. 上海: 华东师范大学出版社, 1986.
[Hu Huanyong, Zhang Shanyu. Population Geography of China. Shanghai: East China Normal University Press, 1986.]

[24] 王龙耿, 沈斌华. 蒙古族历史人口初探(17 世纪中叶~20 世纪中叶). 内蒙古大学学报(人文社会科学版), 1997, 29 (2): 30-41.
[Wang Longgeng, Shen Binhua. An initiative study on historical population of Mongolian (the middle of 17th century to the middle of 20th century). Journal of Inner Mongolia University (Humanities and Social Sciences), 1997, 29(2): 30-41.]

[25] 王士仁. 哲盟实剂. 1913 年, 1987 年由哲里木盟文化处重印.
[Wang Shiren. Record of Jirem League. Reprinted by the Cultural Bureau of Jirem League in 1913 and 1987.]

[26] 薛智平. 试论清代卓索图盟、昭乌达盟的放垦. 见: 内蒙古垦务研究(第一辑). 呼和浩特: 内蒙古人民出版社, 1990. 301-327.
[Xue Zhiping. Discussion on land reclamation in Zhuosuotu League and Ju Ud League. In: Study on Land Reclamation in Inner Mongolia (1st Part). Huhhot: Inner Mongolia People's Press, 1990. 301-327.]

[27] 王德胜. 北洋军阀对蒙政策几个问题的初析. 内蒙古近代史论丛(第三辑). 呼和浩特: 内蒙古人民出版社, 1987: 26-119.
[Wang Desheng. Analysis on several questions about the Beiyang Warlords' Policy for Mongolia. Collections of Essays on Inner Mongolia in Modern History (3rd Part). Huhhot: Inner Mongolia People's Press, 1987. 26-119.]

[28] 祁美琴. 伊克昭盟的蒙地开垦. 内蒙古近代史论丛(第四辑). 呼和浩特: 内蒙古大学出版社, 1991. 2-54.
[Qi Meiqin. Land Reclamation In Ih Ju League. Collections of Essays on Inner Mongolia in Modern History (4th Part). Huhhot: Inner Mongolia University Press, 1991. 2-54.]

[29] George Rabcock Cressey 著. 高垣绩次郎译. 支那满洲风土记(日文). 日本外事协会版, 昭和十年.
[George Rabcock Cressey. Takagaki Sekijro (trans.). Customs of Shinna Manchu. Foreign Association of Japan Press. Shiaowa 10th Year. (In Japanese)]

[30] 兴安区屯垦公署. 兴安区屯垦第一年工作概况. 兴安区屯垦公署印行, 中华民国十九年三月.
[Stationing and Reclamation Bureau of Xing'an. Work about stationing and reclamation in Xing'an in the first year. Stationing and Reclamation Bureau of Xing'an Publishing House. the Republic of China 19th Year, March]

[31] (伪满) 关东都督府民政部庶务科. 满蒙经济要览(日文). 大正六年七月.
[(Puppet Manchuria State) Guandong Department Ministry of Civil Affairs. Essentials of Economics in Manchu Mongolia. Taishiao 6th Year, June. (In Japanese)]

[32] 武居鄉一. 滿洲勞働界の特異性としての勞働移動. 滿洲經濟(四月號) (日文). 康德八年四月一日.
[Takei Guyiqi. Excellence of labor move in Manchu. Economy of Manchu (April Edition). Kotuku 8th Year, April. (In Japanese) ]

[33] 坂田修. 兴安蒙古( 日文). 康德十年四月.
[Sakata Osamu. Mongolia in Xing'an. Kotuku 10th Year, April. (In Japanese)]

[34] (伪满) 兴安部警务司. 康德六年末满周帝国现住户口统计(日文).
[(Puppet Manchuria State) Xing'an Department Police Bureau. Population statistics of Manchuria State in the end of Kotuku 6th Year. (In Japanese)]

[35] (伪满) 国务院兴安局调查科. 满洲帝国内蒙旗现住户口统计(康德7 年12 末现在) (日文).
[(Puppet Manchuria State) State Council Xing'an Bureau Investigation Section. Population Statistics of Inner Mongolia Manchuria State (End of Kotuku 7th Year, December. (In Japanese))

[36] (伪满) 总务厅统计处, 警务总局. 满洲帝国现住户口统计(康德八年十月一日现在) (日文). 康德十年二月.
[(Puppet Manchuria State) Population Statistics of Manchuria State (Kotuku 10th Year, October). Kotuku 10th Year, February. (In Japanese)]

[37] (伪满) 国务院总务厅. 满洲帝国现住户口统计(康德二年末) (日文). 康德三年十一月.
[(Puppet Manchuria State) State Council General Management Department. Population Statistics of Manchuria State (End of Kotuku 2th Year). Kotuku 3th Year, November. (In Japanese)]

[38] (伪满) 国务院统计处, 民政部土地局编撰. 满洲帝国面积及人口统计(日文). 康德二年六月.
[(Puppet Manchuria State) State Council Statistical Department, Land Bureau of Ministry of Civil Affairs. Area and Population Statistics of Manchuria State. Kotuku 3th Year, June. (In Japanese)]

[39] 于永. 民国以来内蒙古荒漠化的政策因素分析. 内蒙古师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2003, 32(3): 79-83.
[Yu Yong. Analysis of the policy factors causing desertification in Inner Mongolia since the founding of the national republic. Journal of Inner Mongolia Normal University (Philosophy & Social Science), 2003, 32(3): 79-83.]

[40] 南满洲铁道株式会社铁道总局. 热河诸铁道及背后地经济事情(日文). 昭和十四年三月.
[South of Manchuria State Railroad Bureau. All the railways in Rehe and its economic background. Shiaowa 14th Year, March. (In Japanese)]

[41] (伪满) 国务院兴安局. 兴安西省奈曼旗实态调查统计篇(日文).
[(Puppet Manchuria State) State Council Xing'an Bureau. Actual Research and Statistics in Naiman Banner Xing'an Province. (In Japanese)]

[42] (伪满) 农商务省. 东部内蒙古产业调查(第一班) (日文). 东京: 1916 年3 月.
[(Puppet Manchuria State) Agriculture and Business Province. Industry Investigation in Eastern Inner Mongolia (1st edn.). Tokyo: 1916, 3. (In Japanese)]

[43] http://www.xzqh.org/quhua/21ln