塔里木河下游地下水位对植被的影响

doi:10.11821/xb200304008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

对塔里木河下游断流河道2000~2002年9个地下水监测断面和18个植被样地的实地监测资料分析表明，地下水埋深对天然植被的组成、分布及长势有直接关系。地下水位的不断下降和土壤含水率大大丧失是引起塔里木河下游植被退化的主导因子。塔里木河下游的四次输水对其下游地下水位抬升起到了积极作用，河道附近地下水位呈逐级抬升过程，横向影响范围达1000 m左右，纵向上，表现为上段地下水抬升幅度较大 (达84%)，下段抬升幅度较小 (6%)。随着地下水位的抬升，天然植被的响应范围由第一次输水后的200~250 m，扩展到第四次输水的800 m。

关键词: 输水, 地下水位, 天然植被, 塔里木河

Abstract:

Results of the analyses of the monitored data of the 4 times of stream water conveyance to the river section where the stream flow was cut-off more than 30 years, of the nine groundwater-monitoring sections and 18 vegetation plots in the lower reaches of the Tarim River from 2000 to 2002, show that the composing and type of vegetation, the distribution and the way vegetation is growing closely related to the depth of groundwater; the continuously decreasing of the groundwater and the loss of soil water are the main factors for the degradation of vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River; the 4 times of stream water conveyance to the dry up of the lower reaches of the river plays an important role in raising the groundwater level, which is close to the watercourse. The groundwater was raised gradually. The transverse response scope of groundwater level was gradually enlarged to about 1,000 m after the fourth conveyance and the lift range of groundwater level is the highest in the upper section (84%), median in the middle section and the lowest in the lower section (6%) longitudinally. The natural vegetation in the lower reaches is saved and restored along with the rise of groundwater level, the response scope of vegetation is gradually enlarged, i.e., from 200-250 m in width after the first conveyance to 800 m after the fourth conveyance.

Key words: water transfer, groundwater level, natural vegetation, Tarim River

陈亚宁,李卫红,徐海量,刘加珍,张宏峰,陈亚鹏. 塔里木河下游地下水位对植被的影响[J]. 地理学报, 2003, 58(4): 542-549.

CHEN Yaning, LI Weihong, XU Hailiang, LIU Jiazhen, ZHANG Hongfeng, CHEN Yapeng. The Influence of Groundwater on Vegetation in the Lower Reaches of Tarim River, China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2003, 58(4): 542-549.

参考文献

[1] Li X. Water resources utilization of Tarim River and land desertification effect analysis. Journal of Desert Research, 1998, 18(suppl. 1): 46-54.
[李新. 塔里木河水资源利用与土地荒漠化效应分析. 中国沙漠, 1998, 18(增刊1): 46-54.]

[2] Deng W, He Y. Discussion of groundwater effect to surface ecology. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1993, 13(2): 161-168.
[邓伟, 何岩. 论地下水对地表生态的作用. 地理科学, 1993, 13(2): 161-168.]

[3] Hou Y W, Wang C M. Discussion the controlling function of hydrogeological environment in the developing process of land desertification. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 1992, 19(5): 25-28.
[侯印伟, 王常明. 论水文地质环境在土地沙漠化发展过程中的控制作用. 水文地质工程地质, 1992, 19(5): 25-28.]

[4] Chen H S. Environmental change identification by water resources exploitation in arid Northwest China. Journal of Desert Research, 1987, 7(2): 1-11.
[陈荷生. 西北干旱区水资源开发引起环境变化识别. 中国沙漠, 1987, 7(2): 1-11.]

[5] Ma J Z, Gao Q Z. Water resources system and eco-environmental problems in the inland river basin of arid Northwest China. Journal of Land Resources and Environment, 1997, 11(4): 15-21.
[马金珠, 高前兆. 西北干旱区内陆河流域水资源系统与生态环境问题. 干旱区资源与环境, 1997, 11(4): 15-21.]

[6] Zhu Z D. Desertification process and its developing trend. Journal of Desert Research, 1987, 7(3): 16-28.
[朱震达. 塔克拉玛干沙漠地区沙漠化过程及其发展趋势. 中国沙漠, 1987, 7(3): 16-28.]

[7] Liu Y C. Hydrogeological environment and ecology of oasis agriculture. Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, 1984, 11(6): 28-30.
[刘亚传. 试论水文地质环境与绿洲农业生态. 水文地质工程地质, 1984, 11(6): 28-30.]

[8] Ma J Z. Sustainable exploitation and utilization of water resources in the inland river basin of arid Northwest China. Chinese Geographical Science, 1997, 7(4): 347-351.

[9] Ma J Z, Qian J, Gao Q Z. The Groundwater evolution and its influence on the fragile ecology in the south edge of Tarim Basin. Journal of Desert Research, 2000, 20(2): 145-149.

[10] Zhang T Z. Water resource utilization and ecological environment in arid region, China. Natural Resources, 1981, (1): 62-67.
[张天曾. 中国干旱区水资源利用与生态环境. 自然资源, 1981, (1): 62-67.]

[11] Feng Q. The research on vegetation growth in oasis of desert and groundwater table. J of Desert Research, 1998, 18(suppl. 1): 107-109.
[冯起. 荒漠绿洲植被生长与生态地下水位的研究. 中国沙漠, 1998, 18(增刊1): 107-109.]

[12] Yuan C J. The determination of critical depth of groundwater. Journal of Water Conservancy, 1964, (3): 50-53.
[袁长极. 地下水临界深度的确定. 水利学报, 1964, (3): 50-53.]

[13] Yuan S L. Ecological exploitation volume of groundwater in oasis of desert of Minqin. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1987, (2): 18-22.
[袁生绿. 民勤沙漠绿洲地下水生态开采量的初步研究. 水土保持学报, 1987, (2): 18-22.]

[14] Li Xin, Zhou H F. Sustainable utilization of water resources of Tarim River under the influence of human activities. Geographical Research, 1998, 17(2): 171-177.
[李新, 周宏飞. 人类活动干预后的塔里木河水资源持续利用问题. 地理研究, 1998, 17(2): 171-177.]

[15] Zhou H F. Analyses and calculation for water consumption and its potentialities along the mainstresm of Tarim River. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 1998, 12(3): 48-52.
[周宏飞. 塔里木河干流区的水量消耗和潜力分析计算. 干旱区资源与环境, 1998, 12(3): 48-52.]

[16] Chen Y N, Cui W C, Li W H et al. Utilization of water resources and ecological protection in the Tarim River. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2003, 58(2): 215-222.
[陈亚宁, 崔旺诚, 李卫红等. 塔里木河的水资源利用与生态保护, 地理学报, 2003, 58(2): 215-177.]

[17] Ji F, Fan Z L, Deng Y X. Regional characteristics of water resources utilization for the mainstream of the Tarim River. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 1998, 12(2): 15-18.
[季方, 樊自立, 邓永新. 塔里木河干流水资源利用区域分异特点及其改造途径, 干旱区资源与环境, 1998, 12(2): 15-18.]

[18] Hamid Yimit, Tashpolat Tiyip, Xiong H G. Analysis on annual variation and seasonal change of runoff from water resources utilization in the interior rivers, 2000, 19(3): 271-276.
[海米提依米提,塔西甫拉提特依拜,熊黑钢. 内流河流域水资源利用对径流年际年内变化影响的分析. 地理研究, 2000, 19(3): 271-276.]

[19] Chen Y N, Li J B. Some environmental problems and harness emphases of the mainstream of the Tarim River. In: The Water Resource, Environment and Management of Tarim River Watershed. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 1998. 239-242.
[陈亚宁, 李建邦. 塔里木河流域的环境问题及治理重点. 见: 塔里木河流域水资源、环境与管理. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1998. 239-242.]

[20] Chen Y N. Resource and environment and regional sustainable development of Tarim Basin. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 1999, 13(1): 11-16.
[陈亚宁. 塔里木盆地资源环境与可持续发展. 干旱区资源与环境, 1999, 13(1): 11-16.]

[21] Tang Q C, Zhang J B. Water resources and eco-environment protection in the arid regions in Northwest China. Progress in Geography, 2001, 20(3): 227-233.
[汤奇成, 张捷斌. 西北干旱地区水资源与生态环境保护. 地理科学进展, 2001, 20(3): 227-233.]

[22] Han D L, Fan Z L. Resources and environment problems and countermeasure of Talimu River Valley. Territorial Development and Management, 1998, 8(3): 47-51.
[韩德麟, 樊自立. 塔里木河流域可持续发展面临的资源环境问题及对策. 国土开发与整治, 1998, 8(3): 47-51.]

[23] Xu J Y, Wang Y H. A discussion of resilement protection in Tarim River Basin green passage. Environmental Protection of Xinjiang, 1997, 19(4): 21-23.
[徐金燕, 王永红. 试论塔里木河流域绿色走廊的保护与恢复. 新疆环境保护, 1997, 19(4): 21-23.]

[24] Wang R, Gao Q Z, Lu J H et al. Ecologic environment and prospects of the green corridor in the lower reaches of Tarim River. Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment, 1997, 11(3): 42-46.
[王润, 高前兆, 陆锦华等. 塔里木河下游绿色走廊生态环境与前景. 干旱区资源与环境, 1997, 11(3): 42-46.]

[25] Huang P Y. Desert Ecology. Urumqi: Xinjiang University Press, 1993. 207-230.
[黄培佑. 干旱生态学. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆大学出版社, 1993. 207-230.]

[26] Song Y D. Research on Water Resources and Ecology of Tarim River, China. Urumqi: Xinjiang People's Press, 1999. 216-244.
[宋郁东. 中国塔里木河流域水资源与生态问题研究. 乌鲁木齐: 新疆人民出版社, 1999. 216-244.]

[27] Sun R Y, Li B. General Ecology. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 1993. 136.
[孙儒泳, 李博等. 普通生态学. 北京:高等教育出版社, 1993. 136.]

[28] Ma K P. Measurement of biotic community diversity: I. α diversity (Part 1). Biodiversity Science, 1994, 2(3): 162-168.
[马克平. 生物群落多样性的测度方法I?琢多样性的测度方法(上). 生物多样性, 1994, 2(3): 162-168.]

[29] Ma K P. Measurement of biotic community diversity: I. α diversity (Part 2). Biodiversity Science, 1994, 2(4): 231-239.
[马克平. 生物群落多样性的测度方法I?琢多样性的测度方法(下). 生物多样性, 1994, 2(4): 231-239.]