地理学报

地理学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 78 ›› Issue (4): 792-810.doi: 10.11821/dlxb202304002

• 城市与区域发展 • 上一篇    下一篇

南京主城区优质教育资源导向的学区绅士化研究

宋伟轩1(), 曹辉1(), 涂唐奇2, 宋正娜3, 陈培阳4, 刘春卉5   

  1. 1.中国科学院南京地理与湖泊研究所 流域地理学重点实验室，南京 210008
    2.中国科学院科技战略咨询研究院，北京 100190
    3.南京信息工程大学地理与遥感学院，南京 210044
    4.苏州大学建筑与城市规划系，苏州 215123
    5.南京农业大学人文与社会发展学院，南京 210095
  • 收稿日期:2022-05-25 修回日期:2023-02-26 出版日期:2023-04-25 发布日期:2023-04-13
  • 通讯作者: 曹辉(1988-), 男, 山东济南人, 博士, 助理研究员, 研究方向为城市空间结构。E-mail: hcao@niglas.ac.cn
  • 作者简介:宋伟轩(1981-), 男, 吉林敦化人, 博士, 副研究员, 研究方向为城市社会地理。E-mail: wxsong@niglas.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(42171234)

Jiaoyufication as an education-driven gentrification in urban China:A case study of Nanjing

SONG Weixuan1(), CAO Hui1(), TU Tangqi2, SONG Zhengna3, CHEN Peiyang4, LIU Chunhui5   

  1. 1. Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, CAS, Nanjing 210008, China
    2. Institutes of Science and Development, CAS, Beijing 100190, China
    3. School of Geography and Remote Sensing, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
    4. School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu, China
    5. College of Humanities & Social Development, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
  • Received:2022-05-25 Revised:2023-02-26 Published:2023-04-25 Online:2023-04-13
  • Supported by:
    National Natural Science Foundation of China(42171234)

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摘要：

作为一种优质教育资源导向的城市绅士化类型，学区绅士化是指重视教育的中产阶层群体通过高价购买“学区房”实现向名校学区集聚的社会空间过程。基于国内外学者关于学区绅士化的理论分析，以南京为案例城市，采用兴趣点（POI）、房地产市场、手机用户画像和调查问卷等多源数据，开展绅士化学区识别、绅士化群体与空间特征、绅士化强化机制与固化效应等研究。通过熵权TOPSIS模型对南京主城区公办小学学区的绅士化水平进行评价，将218个小学学区根据绅士化程度划分为高度绅士化、较高绅士化、中度绅士化和低度绅士化4种类型。发现高度绅士化学区与单位制度存在紧密关联，学区内聚居着大量拥有较高社会、经济和文化资本并且高度重视子女教育的中产阶层家庭。政策上严格的学区制度、市场化飙升的学区房价和文化域激增的教育焦虑等，不断强化名校教育资源优势及其学区绅士化程度，并将优质教育机会锁定在特定学区空间和较高阶层群体内部。学区绅士化实质上是“学区空间”作为关键驱动要素，推动经济资本和文化资本相互转换与巩固提升，并实现家庭“社会资本”向下代际转移的过程。这种由于优质教育资源配置失衡导致的社会空间重构现象，容易加剧城市内部的贫富分化和阶层固化，为追求教育公平与社会公平，应切实有效推进城市义务教育资源和生源的空间均衡发展。

关键词: 学区绅士化, 中产阶层化, 义务教育资源, 学区, 社会空间, 南京

Abstract:

Jiaoyufication, as an education-driven gentrification in urban China, mainly refers to the social space process that the well-off middle-class groups who attach importance to education cluster around the catchment zone of leading elementary schools through the purchase of an apartment in the district at an inflated price. Based on the existing theoretical analysis of Jiaoyufication by domestic and foreign scholars, this empirical study is carried out by utilizing multi-source data such as POI, real estate market, portraits of mobile phone users and questionnaires in 2020, taking Nanjing as a case. This paper evaluates the Jiaoyufication level of 218 public primary school districts in the main urban area of Nanjing by virtue of the entropy-weight TOPSIS model. Findings show that only a few top-level school districts are highly gentrified, and they are contiguous and mainly settle in Gulou and Xuanwu districts. In order to better reveal the characteristics of typical gentrified school districts, they are divided into four types by Jiaoyufication level, namely high level Jiaoyufied school districts, mid-high level Jiaoyufied school districts, medium level Jiaoyufied school districts and low level Jiaoyufied school districts. Results demonstrate that there is a close correlation between the unit system and the highly Jiaoyufied neighborhoods that register the presence of a substantial number of middle-class families with high social, economic and cultural capital and paying great attention to children's education. They attempt to buy their way into the catchment areas of prestigious schools regardless of lower quality of life, inhabit them for relatively brief periods, and then sell them on at a profit to the next cohort of parents without needing to invest to improve them. A combination of strict school district systems in policy, soaring market-oriented school district housing prices and surging educational anxiety in the cultural realm continuously strengthens the educational resource advantages of elite schools and intensifies Jiaoyufication, which nails down high-quality educational opportunities to specific neighborhoods and groups. Jiaoyufication is essentially a process in which "school district space", as the pivotal driving factor, promotes the mutual transformation and consolidation of economic capital and cultural capital, and passes the family's social capital on to the next generation. This kind of social space reconstruction caused by imbalance of high-quality educational resources can easily widen the gap between the rich and the poor and perpetuates the class stratification. To avoid the negative effects brought by Jiaoyufication and promote the equity of education and society, it is necessary to effectively advance the balanced development of resources in urban compulsory education and students.

Key words: Jiaoyufication, gentrification, compulsory educational resource, school district, social space, Nanjing