地图投影与地缘政治理论构建——以麦金德地缘政治思想为例

doi:10.11821/dlxb202204004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地缘政治理论的提出和发展深刻烙印了地图的影响。在地缘政治发展史中,不同地图投影既服务于各思想家的理论提出,也深入到各思想家在不同时期对自身理论的动态修正。地图投影到底是如何参与到地缘政治理论构建过程中的?本文在既有地缘政治地图研究的基础上,从空间性和文本性两大地图基本属性出发,通过阐释并沟通地图的空间分析与话语分析功能,探讨地图投影与地缘政治理论构建间的关系。一方面,地图投影变形抽象后的心象地图框架为构建地缘政治理论提供了空间依托;另一方面,地图投影通过地图变形在复杂情境中聚集了丰富的文本性含义。在地图投影各层次文本性的互文（互补性叙事）下,新的地图话语得以产生并渗透进心象地图,具象式推动了地缘政治理论核心概念的生成和逻辑关系的构建。综合考虑麦金德的地图观影响,本文对麦金德“心脏地带”地缘政治思想变迁各阶段（1904年、1919年、1943年）地图投影透视的分析验证了该关系框架的解释力。这启示该分析框架在其他地缘政治理论研究中的潜在适用性,更期待在百年变局和复兴全局等交织下的复杂情境中,基于地图投影创新互文下的中国地缘政治理论构建。

关键词: 地图投影, 地缘政治, 理论构建, 互文, 麦金德, 心脏地带

Abstract:

The formulation and development of geopolitical theory have profoundly imprinted the influence of maps. In the history of the development of geopolitics, different map projections not only serve different thinkers' theoretical formulation, but also penetrate into the dynamic revisions of their own theories in different periods. How exactly do map projections participate in the construction of geopolitical theories? Based on existing cartographic research of geopolitics, this article discusses the relationship between map projection and the construction of geopolitical theory by interpreting and communicating the spatial analysis with the discourse analysis in map functions, from these two basic attributes of maps, namely spatiality and textuality. On the one hand, the framework of mental map after a map projection deformation and abstraction provides the spatial support for constructing a geopolitical theory; on the other hand, the map projection gathers abundant layers of textuality through map distortion in complex contexts. Under the intertextualities (complementary narratives) among all layers of textuality in map projection, new map discourse can be generated and infiltrate into the mental map, which promotes the generation of core concepts and the construction of logical relations of geopolitical theory in a figurative way. Considering the influence of Mackinder's map view, in this paper, the explanatory power of the relationship framework is verified through making a perspective analysis from map projections on all stages (1904, 1919, 1943) of the change of Mackinder's Heartland geopolitical thought. This reveals the potential applicability of the analysis framework in other geopolitical theories researches. We are looking forward to the construction of China's geopolitical theory based on the intertextuality of the innovation of map projections in the complex contexts interweaved with the world experiencing a level of change unseen in a century and the strategic goal of achieving national rejuvenation and so on.

Key words: map projection, geopolitics, theory construction, intertext, Mackinder, Heartland

何光强, 刘云刚. 地图投影与地缘政治理论构建——以麦金德地缘政治思想为例[J]. 地理学报, 2022, 77(4): 818-834.

HE Guangqiang, LIU Yungang. Map projection and the construction of geopolitical theory: A cartographic perspective on Mackinder's geopolitical thought[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(4): 818-834.

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空间认知意象	几何特征	潜在寓意
结构认知	基于海陆分布的地表景观分布结构(如对称、不对称、环区、分瓣、链状结构等)、空间连续性和整体性表达等	主要地缘政治权力(海权、陆权、空权等)、主要地缘战略区域、主要政治实体间结构性矛盾,地缘格局与态势,特定的地缘观念等
中心方位认知	投影中心与其他地区在图中的相对位置关系、投影中心以外的其他地区间在图中的位置关系、地图整体方位倾向等	地理现实、观察视角、立场和重要性的强调,地区、国家、民族、文化、种族(中心)偏见,环绕下的脆弱性、警惕感、辐射扩散、向心集聚等
距离认知	图上各地距离远近（如最短大圆航程、非大圆航程）等	各地间心理距离、利害攸关度、地理威胁感、权责分异度、地缘影响的扩散程度等
面积认知	空间实体在图中的面积大小和变形程度(夸大、缩小)等	空间实体的资源、实力、管辖、影响、战略纵深、重视度、威胁感、压迫感、平等性等
轮廓/形状认知	空间实体在图中的轮廓长度、整体形状变异度(如拉伸、收缩、弯曲、断裂等)和完整性等	重视度、空间实体边界长度和周边地缘环境复杂度、空间实体形态的拟人化和拟物化等