气候变化影响下藏东南帕隆藏布流域高山区泥石流的地貌效应

doi:10.11821/dlxb202203009

地理学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 77 ›› Issue (3): 619-634.doi: 10.11821/dlxb202203009

气候变化影响下藏东南帕隆藏布流域高山区泥石流的地貌效应

余国安¹(), 鲁建莹¹^,², 李志威³, 侯伟鹏¹^,²

1.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所中国科学院陆地水循环与地表过程重点实验室,北京 100101
2.中国科学院大学,北京 100049
3.武汉大学水资源与水电工程科学国家重点实验室,武汉 430072

收稿日期:2021-06-02 修回日期:2021-12-30 出版日期:2022-03-25 发布日期:2022-05-25
作者简介:余国安(1978-), 男, 安徽怀宁人, 博士, 副研究员, 研究方向为泥沙运动、河流地貌及灾害。E-mail: yuga@igsnrr.ac.cn
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2018YFC1505201);国家自然科学基金项目(41971010);第二次青藏高原综合科学考察研究(2019QZKK0903)

Geomorphic effects of debris flows in high mountain areas of the Parlung Zangbo basin, southeast Tibet under the influence of climate change

YU Guoan¹(), LU Jianying¹^,², LI Zhiwei³, HOU Weipeng¹^,²

1. Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
2. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China

Received:2021-06-02 Revised:2021-12-30 Published:2022-03-25 Online:2022-05-25
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFC1505201);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971010);The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(2019QZKK0903)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

高海拔或高纬度山区（尤其高山冰川及冻土急剧消退区）常孕育适宜泥石流发育的地形和物源条件。气候变化（如升温、强降雨事件增多等）影响下,高山区潜在孕灾环境更易于成灾,泥石流成为主要的灾害类型和物质输移方式,也是高山区地貌变化的重要驱动力。由于野外监测困难,数据资料匮乏,鲜有针对高山区泥石流过程地貌效应的分析报道。以中国藏东南高山区泥石流多发的帕隆藏布流域为研究区,以古乡沟、天摩沟和扎木弄沟为典型小流域,结合遥感影像、DEM数据、无人机航拍、高精度RTK测量和野外踏勘调查,分析泥石流沟道地貌发育特征（冲淤变化、平面摆动）及其对主河河流地貌的影响,并探讨大规模泥石流事件影响下河谷地貌的长期演变趋势。高山区泥石流过程强烈塑造沟道自身地貌,上游物源区深切展宽和溯源蚀退,沟口堆积扇冲淤变化受控于泥石流事件规模和水流强度。泥石流过程显著影响主河道河流地貌,造成主河道横向冲淤和摆动,并影响堰塞体上游河段平面形态发育。长时间尺度上,河谷地貌在平面上发育形成宽窄相间的藕节状而在纵剖面上形成台阶状形态。

关键词: 泥石流, 藏东南, 高山区, 地貌效应, 长期演变

Abstract:

High altitude or high latitude mountain areas, especially alpine glaciers and rapidly shrinking permafrost regions, provide suitable topography and material source for the development of debris flow. Under the influence of climate change, such as rising temperature and increasing heavy rainfall events, the potential hazard inducing environment of alpine regions is more likely to trigger hazards. As an important natural hazard and mass flow type, debris flow has become an important driving force of geomorphologic evolution in alpine regions. However, few research reported debris flow processes and its geomorphologic effects in alpine regions due to the difficulty of field monitoring and lack of data. We first analyzed the morphologic effects of alpine debris flow based on a case study on the Parlung Zangbo basin (with three typical debris flow prone gullies, i.e., Zhamunong, Guxiang and Tianmo), located in southeast Tibet, where debris flow occurs frequently. Combined with remote sensing image, DEM data, UAV aerial photography, high-accuracy survey of RTK and field recording, the geomorphic development characteristics of debris flow gully (such as erosion-deposition variation and wandering) and its influence on river morphology of main channels were analyzed. The long-term evolution of river valley morphology under the influence of large-scale debris flow events was also discussed. The debris flow processes in alpine regions strongly shaped gully morphology. The upstream gully channel is eroded and expanded strongly, and the erosion-deposition variation of debris flow deposited fan is determined by the scale of debris flow events and flow intensity. Debris flows significantly affect the river morphology of a main channel, which lead to lateral scouring/silting and wandering of the main channel, and affect the planform channel pattern development of upstream of the landslide dam. In the long term, the river valley morphology would evolve into a wide and narrow alternating planform and a stair-case like longitudinal profile.

Key words: debris flow, southeast Tibet, high mountains, geomorphic effect, long-term evolution

余国安, 鲁建莹, 李志威, 侯伟鹏. 气候变化影响下藏东南帕隆藏布流域高山区泥石流的地貌效应[J]. 地理学报, 2022, 77(3): 619-634.

YU Guoan, LU Jianying, LI Zhiwei, HOU Weipeng. Geomorphic effects of debris flows in high mountain areas of the Parlung Zangbo basin, southeast Tibet under the influence of climate change[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2022, 77(3): 619-634.

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	流域面积(km²)	主沟长度(km)	高程 (m)	平均纵坡(%)	泥石流暴发时间	泥石流规模(10⁶m³)	成因	参考文献
古乡沟	25.2	8.7	6298~2530	25.6	1953.09.29	11	1950年地震引发滑坡堵塞沟谷上游形成堰塞体;1953年降雨和升温造成堰塞体溃决	[33-35]
					1975	/	冰崩	[33-35]
					2005.07.30—08.06	0.3~0.4	升温及强降雨引发冰崩滑坡	[36]
					2020.07	/	降雨	本文
天摩沟	17.8	7.1	5560~ 2460	27.2	2007.09.04	~1.0	升温和降雨引发冰崩/岩崩/滑坡	[37-38]
					2010.07.25	0.1~0.5	强降雨和升温引发崩滑堵塞沟道,后溃决	[37-38]
					2010.09.03	0.1~0.5	降雨升温	[37-38]
					2018.07.11	0.18	升温及降雨引发岩崩	[39]
扎木弄沟	29.4	9.7	5616~ 2186	27.7	1900	510	前期降雨和升温	[40-41]
					2000.04.09	280~300	升温和降雨引起滑坡	[42-43]
					2015.08	0.06	降雨	[44]
					2020.07	0.01~0.1	降雨	本文

气候变化影响下藏东南帕隆藏布流域高山区泥石流的地貌效应

Geomorphic effects of debris flows in high mountain areas of the Parlung Zangbo basin, southeast Tibet under the influence of climate change

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