基于“水—能—碳”关联的城市水系统碳排放研究

doi:10.11821/dlxb202112017

地理学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 76 ›› Issue (12): 3119-3134.doi: 10.11821/dlxb202112017

基于“水—能—碳”关联的城市水系统碳排放研究

赵荣钦¹(), 余娇¹^,², 肖连刚¹, 孙锦¹, 罗慧丽¹, 杨文娟¹, 揣小伟³, 焦士兴⁴

1.华北水利水电大学测绘与地理信息学院,郑州 450045
2.汉源县水利局,雅安 625300
3.南京大学地理与海洋科学学院,南京 210023
4.安阳师范学院资源环境与旅游学院,安阳 455002

收稿日期:2020-12-09 修回日期:2021-08-13 出版日期:2021-12-25 发布日期:2022-02-25
作者简介:赵荣钦(1978-), 男, 河南孟津人, 教授, 博导, 主要从事资源环境与碳排放研究。E-mail: zhaorq234@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41971241);河南省高校科技创新人才项目(人文社科类)(2021-CX-011);2020年河南省留学人员科研择优资助项目

Carbon emissions of urban water system based on water-energy-carbon nexus

ZHAO Rongqin¹(), YU Jiao¹^,², XIAO Liangang¹, SUN Jin¹, LUO Huili¹, YANG Wenjuan¹, CHUAI Xiaowei³, JIAO Shixing⁴

1. College of Surveying and Geo-informatics, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
2. Water Conservancy Bureau of Hanyuan County, Yaan, 625300, Sichuan, China
3. School of Geography & Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
4. Department of Resources & Environment and Tourism, Anyang Normal University, Anyang 455002, Henan, China

Received:2020-12-09 Revised:2021-08-13 Published:2021-12-25 Online:2022-02-25
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(41971241);Talents Supporting Project of Science & Technology Innovation in Henan Universities(2021-CX-011);Research Projects for Overseas Students in Henan Province

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

揭示城市水系统与碳排放的内在关系机理,对于推动城市水能节约和水系统低碳运行具有重要的理论和实践意义。本文分析了城市水系统“水—能—碳”关联机理,并构建了城市水系统碳排放的核算体系,采用2008—2017年的统计数据和调查问卷等资料,对郑州市水系统碳排放进行了核算和实证分析,探讨了其“水—能—碳”关联特征,并分析了不同情景下水系统的碳减排潜力。结果显示：① 郑州市水系统碳排放涉及取水、给水、用水、排水及污水处理等不同环节。其中,用水系统是郑州市水系统碳排放的主要来源,这表明由城市扩展和人口增长导致的用水需求增加是碳排放增长的主要因素;② 郑州市水系统不同环节的碳排放构成及其强度具有较大差异。其中,用水和取水系统能耗和碳排放强度增长态势明显,而给水与排水及污水处理系统则相对稳定。取水和用水系统的能耗增加,特别是由城市远距离供水和污水回用引起的碳排放增长应引起关注;③ 郑州市水系统不同环节“水—能—碳”关联特征的差异主要受城市水消耗量的变化、水处理方式和工艺、居民用水行为习惯和节水意识、自然条件及气候变化等因素的影响;④ 未来应重点从城市工业和生活节水、水处理工艺改进、水系统能效提升等方面入手,降低水系统能源消耗和碳排放。

关键词: 水系统, 碳排放, 郑州市, “水—能—碳”关联

Abstract:

Discovering the inherent mechanisms between water cycle process and carbon emissions in urban water system is of important theoretical and practical significance for promoting water-energy conservation and low-carbon optimization. From the perspective of "water-energy-carbon" nexus, a theoretical framework and a series of calculation methods of carbon emissions within urban water system were established in this study. Based on statistical data from 2008 to 2017 and data obtained through questionnaires, the carbon emissions of water system in Zhengzhou city were calculated according to the energy consumptions of each subsystem. The characteristics of water-energy-carbon nexus in water system were demonstrated, based on which further analysis was made under different scenarios of carbon emission reduction potential. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Water system of Zhengzhou city involves various subsystems, including water intake, water supply, water use, and wastewater treatment. The carbon emissions of urban water system were not only influenced by the amount of water supply and use, but also affected by the mode and distance of water delivery, energy type, structure and efficiency of operation facilities, and terminal use in each subsystem. Water use subsystem was the main source of carbon emissions, indicating that the main reason for the growth of carbon emissions was the increasing water demands driven by urban expansion and population growth. (2) There exist huge differences in carbon emission composition and intensity, as well as the temporal changing trends of carbon emissions among different water subsystems in Zhengzhou. Specifically, the intensity of energy consumption and carbon emissions of water intake and water use increased obviously, while it was relatively stable in water supply and wastewater treatment. Attentions should be paid to the increase of energy consumption of water intake and water use system, especially the increase of carbon emissions caused by long distance water supply and the reuse of raw sewage. (3) The different characteristics of "water-energy-carbon" nexus of different subsystems of water system in Zhengzhou were mainly affected by changes of water use, water treatment methods and processes, residential water use habits, water conservation awareness, natural conditions, and climate change. (4) In the future, water system efficiency should be improved to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions. Effective measures include urban industrial and domestic water saving, water treatment process improvement, water saving promotion, water system optimization, low-carbon management, and energy efficiency improvement.

Key words: water system, carbon emission, Zhengzhou city, water-energy-carbon nexus

赵荣钦, 余娇, 肖连刚, 孙锦, 罗慧丽, 杨文娟, 揣小伟, 焦士兴. 基于“水—能—碳”关联的城市水系统碳排放研究[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(12): 3119-3134.

ZHAO Rongqin, YU Jiao, XIAO Liangang, SUN Jin, LUO Huili, YANG Wenjuan, CHUAI Xiaowei, JIAO Shixing. Carbon emissions of urban water system based on water-energy-carbon nexus[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(12): 3119-3134.

图/表 10

图1

表1

图2

图3

图4

图5

表2

表3

2008—2017年郑州市水系统“水—能—碳”关联分析

子系统	类别	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017	合计/均值
取水系统	取水量(亿m³)	16.29	17.42	20.23	16.25	17.03	15.99	16.32	16.73	18.00	18.65	172.92
	能耗(亿kWh)	1.93	2.10	2.35	1.98	2.23	2.15	2.33	2.44	2.72	3.20	23.41
	能耗强度(kWh/m³)	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.12	0.13	0.13	0.14	0.15	0.15	0.17	0.14
	碳排放(万t)	15.45	16.79	18.83	15.84	17.83	17.24	18.66	19.53	21.76	25.62	187.55
	碳排放强度(kg/m³)	0.09	0.10	0.09	0.10	0.10	0.11	0.11	0.12	0.12	0.14	0.11
给水系统	给水量(亿m³)	3.80	4.16	4.39	4.22	4.21	4.20	4.09	4.16	4.41	4.69	42.35
	能耗(亿kWh)	3.28	3.59	3.79	3.64	3.64	3.63	3.53	3.59	3.81	4.05	36.55
	能耗强度(kWh/m³)	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86	0.86
	碳排放(万t)	26.25	28.78	30.37	29.18	29.14	29.06	28.26	28.78	30.50	32.43	292.74
	碳排放强度(kg/m³)	0.69	0.69	0.69	0.69	0.69	0.69	0.69	0.69	0.69	0.69	0.69
用水系统	用水量(亿m³)	12.65	13.92	14.04	13.51	14.03	12.68	13.16	13.53	14.24	14.16	135.92
	能耗(亿kWh)	85.16	87.85	109.88	103.46	108.42	99.50	105.75	109.83	112.86	121.17	1043.88
	能耗强度(kWh/m³)	6.73	6.31	7.83	7.66	7.73	7.85	8.04	8.12	7.93	8.56	7.68
	碳排放(万t)	535.97	552.56	685.83	647.29	679.67	624.91	661.80	687.76	707.61	760.79	6544.20
	碳排放强度(kg/m³)	4.24	3.97	4.88	4.79	4.84	4.93	5.03	5.08	4.97	5.37	4.81
排水及污水处理系统	污水处理量(亿m³)	2.62	3.02	3.12	3.15	3.08	4.15	3.51	4.62	4.85	6.36	38.47
	能耗(亿kWh)	0.74	0.85	0.88	0.88	0.86	1.17	0.99	1.30	1.36	1.79	10.81
	能耗强度(kWh/m³)	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28	0.28
	碳排放(万t)	5.90	6.79	7.02	7.08	6.93	9.34	7.91	10.39	10.92	14.32	86.59
	碳排放强度(kg/m³)	0.23	0.22	0.23	0.22	0.23	0.23	0.23	0.22	0.23	0.23	0.23
城市水系统 (合计)	总水量(亿m³)	35.36	38.52	41.78	37.13	38.35	37.02	37.08	39.04	41.50	43.86	389.66
	能耗(亿kWh)	91.10	94.39	116.90	109.96	115.15	106.45	112.59	117.16	120.74	130.21	1114.65
	能耗强度(kWh/m³)	2.58	2.45	2.80	2.96	3.00	2.88	3.04	3.00	2.91	2.97	2.86
	碳排放(万t)	583.58	604.92	742.04	699.39	733.57	680.55	716.63	746.45	770.79	833.16	7111.09
	碳排放强度(kg/m³)	1.65	1.57	1.78	1.88	1.91	1.84	1.93	1.91	1.86	1.90	1.82

表3

图6

图7

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	[王丽敏, 孙环, 杨宏, 等. 郑州市水资源承载力评价研究. 中国农学通报, 2015, 31(20): 101-108.]

取水模式	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015	2016	2017
蓄水工程	0.23	0.33	0.54	0.35	0.35	0.38	0.72	0.82	0.66	0.67
提水工程	0.20	0.15	0.12	0.16	0.26	0.32	0.79	0.17	0.53	0.76
引黄供水	3.45	3.94	5.42	3.50	3.93	3.57	3.36	2.71	2.20	2.24
南水北调								1.84	3.14	4.27
地下水供水	9.78	10.57	11.01	10.09	10.71	10.17	9.33	9.50	10.00	7.94
污水回用	1.79	1.79	1.74	1.74	2.57	2.80	3.59	3.61	4.12	8.82
雨水回用							0.87	0.87	1.11	0.93
总计	15.45	16.79	18.83	15.84	17.83	17.24	18.66	19.53	21.76	25.62

年份	水系统碳排放(万t)	社会能源消费碳排放(万t)	贡献率(%)
2008	583.58	5580.62	10.46
2009	604.92	5370.28	11.26
2010	742.04	5244.75	14.15
2011	699.39	5804.06	12.05
2012	733.57	6399.01	11.46
2013	680.55	6910.49	9.85
2014	716.63	6790.08	10.55
2015	746.45	6532.35	11.43
2016	770.79	6157.65	12.52
2017	833.16	6159.13	13.53

基于“水—能—碳”关联的城市水系统碳排放研究

Carbon emissions of urban water system based on water-energy-carbon nexus

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