地理学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 76 ›› Issue (9): 2203-2223.doi: 10.11821/dlxb202109012
收稿日期:
2020-04-28
修回日期:
2020-10-26
出版日期:
2021-09-25
发布日期:
2021-11-25
作者简介:
徐志伟(1988-), 男, 江苏人, 副教授, 主要从事地貌过程与环境变化研究。E-mail: zhiweixu@nju.edu.cn
基金资助:
Received:
2020-04-28
Revised:
2020-10-26
Published:
2021-09-25
Online:
2021-11-25
Supported by:
摘要:
作为地球环境系统的重要组成部分,沙漠和沙地对气候变化响应敏感。沙漠沙地的环境变化关系到区域的可持续发展,并且通过一系列反馈作用,会影响区域与全球的气候环境。位于中国北方中部的毛乌素沙地是全球中纬度地区的典型沙地,其环境变化与全球其他沙漠沙地具有相似性和同步性。中国学者对毛乌素沙地风沙环境变化的研究开展较早,在国内外有重要的影响。本文系统梳理了该方面的相关研究,围绕“风沙环境变化的过程与机制”这一核心问题,总结学术界在毛乌素沙地晚新生代形成发展、晚第四纪扩张与多旋回变化、全新世中期固定以及晚全新世沙丘再活化等方面取得的重要进展,尤其是获取了毛乌素沙地不同阶段风沙环境变化的关键证据,并据此提出“构造—轨道尺度上沙地形成与变化的全球温度变化驱动”“千年—百年尺度沙丘系统的非线性响应”等新的理论认识。未来应继续加强沉积证据的积累、新测试手段的拓展应用、基于过程分析的精细重建、数值模拟与预测等研究,着力探究风沙环境变化的动力学机制、人与干旱区环境复杂系统的耦合关系以及各圈层的互馈作用,这对于自然地理学学科传承、交叉学科的融合发展以及地球系统科学的理论构建都具有深远意义。
徐志伟, 鹿化煜. 毛乌素沙地风沙环境变化研究的理论和新认识[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(9): 2203-2223.
XU Zhiwei, LU Huayu. Aeolian environmental change studies in the Mu Us Sandy Land, north-central China: Theory and recent progress[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(9): 2203-2223.
图1
毛乌素沙地的地理位置、自然地理景观和典型地层剖面 注:a. 地理位置;b. 区域卫星遥感影像图(白色虚线框表示沙地与黄土高原过渡带的大致位置,底图为GeoCover影像);c. 高分辨率遥感影像显示的流动沙丘与固定沙丘共存(底图来自Google Earth);d. 沙丘双稳态地貌景观;e. 沙地与黄土高原过渡带的地表覆沙景观;f.沙地内部大型沙丘开挖剖面中出露厚层风成沙和埋藏古土壤;g. 沙地东南部一处典型的河流—湖沼相沉积地层;h. 沙地与黄土高原过渡带黄土堆积中的厚层古风成沙(该层风成沙年代较老)。照片d~h分别拍摄于2019年7月、2010年4月、2011年5月、2012年5月和2010年5月。
图6
毛乌素沙地全新世沙丘双稳态演化图谱及理论模型 注:本图改自文献[34]; 图a不同的行列或短杠表示不同点位沙丘的状态及转换特征,在同一时间窗口内,流动沙丘和固定沙丘可以同时存在,在过去12 ka内不同点位沙丘状态的转换存在显著差异;图b蓝色实线代表在不同外部环境条件下的沙丘稳定状态(或称稳定平衡线),蓝色虚线为不稳定状态,在一定的外部环境条件(如②、③、④)存在双稳态,处于其他状态的沙丘会朝向稳定状态演化,F1和F2为分岔点(Tipping Points),沙丘从一种稳定状态转变到另一种稳定状态时(如红色虚线所示),称为稳态转换,“山谷中的小球”示意在不同的外部环境条件下沙丘所处的吸引域,其大小可以表征沙丘被扰动后的恢复力,其中在②、③、④条件下存在2个吸引域,代表2种稳定状态,随着外部环境条件的改变或者受到强的干扰(如红色实线所示),沙丘会发生稳态转换,沙丘在临界点上的稳态转换往往表现为突变。
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