中国重要生态空间生态用地变化与保护成效评估

doi:10.11821/dlxb202107010

地理学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 76 ›› Issue (7): 1708-1721.doi: 10.11821/dlxb202107010

中国重要生态空间生态用地变化与保护成效评估

高吉喜¹(), 刘晓曼¹(), 王超¹, 王勇², 付卓¹, 侯鹏¹, 吕娜¹

1.生态环境部卫星环境应用中心,北京100094
2.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所资源与环境信息系统国家重点实验室,北京100101

收稿日期:2020-11-03 修回日期:2021-04-20 出版日期:2021-07-25 发布日期:2021-09-25
通讯作者: 刘晓曼(1979-), 女, 湖北宜昌人, 博士, 研究员, 主要从事生态保护与修复研究。E-mail: showma79@163.com
作者简介:高吉喜(1964-), 男, 内蒙古呼和浩特人, 博士, 研究员, 主要从事区域生态保护与修复研究。E-mail: gjx@nies.org
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0506606);国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0506506);国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0500206)

Evaluating changes in ecological land and effect of protecting important ecological spaces in China

GAO Jixi¹(), LIU Xiaoman¹(), WANG Chao¹, WANG Yong², FU Zhuo¹, HOU Peng¹, LYU Na¹

1. Ministry of Ecology and Environment Center for Satellite Application on Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100094, China
2. State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China

Received:2020-11-03 Revised:2021-04-20 Published:2021-07-25 Online:2021-09-25
Supported by:
National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC0506606);National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFC0506506);National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFC0500206)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

定量分析重要生态空间建立前后的生态保护成效,对于保障国家生态安全具有重要意义。本文以生态用地为切入点,从时间和空间双重角度,评估了中国重要生态空间构建的生态保护效果,以期能为国土空间分类分区管控提供科学依据。结果表明：① 2018年重要生态空间以生态用地为主导,具有良好的生态本底,体现了重要生态空间的发展定位和重要地位; ② 1980—2018年,重要生态空间内生态用地呈收缩趋势,但面积减少率低于全国平均水平,定量反映了重要生态空间的构建对生态的积极保护成效,总体来说生态用地变化基本处于稳定状态,扩大区域主要分布在退耕还林还草生态保护工程实施区,缩小区域集中在东北平原的粮食主产区和新疆绿洲农业地区,今后要重点加强管控;③ 3类重要生态空间内部生态保护成效有差异,国家级自然保护区生态用地面积比例最高,生态用地面积减少率最小、减少趋势最不明显、变化最为稳定,生态保护效果最好;④ 重要生态空间内生态用地面积比例高于周边外部区域,面积减少率低于外部区域,内、外保护成效具有明显梯度差异,说明重要生态空间的构建对生态保护的意义重大。

关键词: 生态空间, 生态用地, 时空变化, 保护成效, 分类分区管控

Abstract:

It is important to quantitatively analyze the effects of protecting important ecological spaces in China to ensure national ecological security. By considering changes in the ecological land, this study examines the effects of protecting three types of important natural ecological spaces in China. The results show that: (1) In 2018, the ratio of ecological land to important natural ecological spaces accounted for 92.64%. This land had a good ecological background that reflects the developmental orientation of important ecological spaces. (2) From 1980 to 2018, the area of ecological land in important ecological spaces shrank but the rate of reduction was lower than the national average, which shows the positive effect of regulating construction in natural ecological spaces. The restorative effects of ecological projects to convert farmland into forests and grasslands have been prominent. The expanded ecological land is mainly distributed in areas where such projects have been implemented, and the reduced area is concentrated in grain-producing regions of the Northeast China Plain and agricultural oases of Xinjiang. In the future, the government should focus on strengthening the management and control of these areas. (3) The area ratio of ecological land was the highest in national nature reserves. The rate of reduction in its area was the lowest and the trend of reduction was the smallest in national nature reserves, which reflects differences in the status of ecological protection among different spaces. (4) The ratio of ecological land to important ecological spaces was higher than that in the surrounding external space, and the rate of reduction in it was lower. Thus, the effects of internal and external protection had clear differences in terms of gradient.

Key words: ecological spaces, ecological land, spatial and temporal changes, protection effect, categorized and zoned governance

高吉喜, 刘晓曼, 王超, 王勇, 付卓, 侯鹏, 吕娜. 中国重要生态空间生态用地变化与保护成效评估[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(7): 1708-1721.

GAO Jixi, LIU Xiaoman, WANG Chao, WANG Yong, FU Zhuo, HOU Peng, LYU Na. Evaluating changes in ecological land and effect of protecting important ecological spaces in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(7): 1708-1721.

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用地类型	对应的土地利用类型
生态用地	有林地、灌木林、疏林地、其它林地
	高覆盖度草地、中覆盖度草地、低覆盖度草地
	河渠、湖泊、水库坑塘、永久性冰川雪地、滩涂、滩地
	沙地、戈壁、盐碱地、沼泽地、裸土地、裸岩石质地
非生态用地	农业用地：水田、旱地
非生态用地	城镇用地：城镇、农村居民点、其它建设用地

重要生态空间	非生态用地面积及比例	生态用地面积及比例	总计
国家级自然保护区	2.26	95.19	97.45
国家级自然保护区	(2.32)	(97.68)	97.45
生物多样性优先区	17.53	258.37	275.9
生物多样性优先区	(6.35)	(93.65)	275.9
重点生态功能区	35.48	341.81	377.29
重点生态功能区	(9.40)	(90.60)	377.29
三类重要生态空间	55.27	695.37	750.64
合计	(7.36)	(92.64)	750.64

重要生态空间	1980年		2018年
			生态用地	非生态用地
			生态用地	农业用地	城镇用地
国家级自然保护区	生态用地		94.75	0.98	0.05
	非生态用地	农业用地	0.38	1.15	0.03
	非生态用地	城镇用地	0.06	0.02	0.04
生物多样性优先区	生态用地		254.04	5.73	0.45
	非生态用地	农业用地	4.23	10.58	0.32
	非生态用地	城镇用地	0.10	0.12	0.33
重点生态功能区	生态用地		335.03	11.45	0.62
	非生态用地	农业用地	6.59	21.75	0.63
	非生态用地	城镇用地	0.20	0.34	0.70
3类重要生态空间合计	生态用地		683.82	18.16	1.12
	非生态用地	农业用地	11.20	33.47	0.99
	非生态用地	城镇用地	0.36	0.48	1.06

变化情况	国家级自然保护区		生物多样性优先区		重点生态功能区
变化情况	面积(万km²)	占比(%)	面积(万km²)	占比(%)	面积(万km²)	占比(%)
保持	94.75	98.9	254.04	97.6	335.03	96.5
缩小	1.03	1.1	6.18	2.4	12.07	3.5
扩大	0.44	0.5	4.33	1.7	6.79	2.0

中国重要生态空间生态用地变化与保护成效评估

Evaluating changes in ecological land and effect of protecting important ecological spaces in China

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