北京城市空间形态对热岛分布影响研究

doi:10.11821/dlxb202107007

地理学报 ›› 2021, Vol. 76 ›› Issue (7): 1662-1679.doi: 10.11821/dlxb202107007

北京城市空间形态对热岛分布影响研究

刘勇洪¹(), 徐永明², 张方敏³, 舒文军⁴

1.中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室,北京 100081
2.南京信息工程大学遥感与测绘工程学院,南京 210044
3.南京信息工程大学应用气象学院气象灾害预报预警与评估协同创新中心/江苏省农业气象重点实验室,南京 210044
4.北京市气候中心,北京 100089

收稿日期:2020-03-03 修回日期:2020-12-22 出版日期:2021-07-25 发布日期:2021-09-25
作者简介:刘勇洪(1974-), 男, 硕士, 研究员级高级工程师, 主要从事城市气象与遥感应用。E-mail: lyh7414@163.com
基金资助:
北京市自然基金项目(8192020)

Influence of Beijing spatial morphology on the distribution of urban heat island

LIU Yonghong¹(), XU Yongming², ZHANG Fangmin³, SHU Wenjun⁴

1. State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
2. College of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
3. Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology, College of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
4. Beijing Municipal Climate Center, Beijing 100089, China

Received:2020-03-03 Revised:2020-12-22 Published:2021-07-25 Online:2021-09-25
Supported by:
Beijing Natural Science Foundation(8192020)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在城市尺度上探究城市空间形态布局对城市热岛（UHI）影响研究,对于城市规划中通风环境改善、生态宜居城市建设具有重要意义。以北京为例,利用2009—2018年高密度自动气象站逐小时气温资料和2018年NPP/VIIRS夜光卫星资料,分析了UHI时空分布特征;利用2017年1∶2000基础地理信息和Landsat8卫星资料,开展了北京主城区建筑高度（BH）、建筑密度（BD）、建筑高度标准差（BSD）、容积率（FAR）、迎风截面积指数（FAI）、粗糙度长度（RL）、天空开阔度（SVF）、城市分数维（FD）等8个空间形态参数和植被覆盖度（VC）、不透水盖度（IC）、反照率（AB）等3个陆表参数的提取,并在城市尺度上开展了这些参数与UHI之间空间相关性及对UHI变化影响研究。结果显示：2009—2018年北京主城区年均、四季以及夜晚02时UHI均存在一个较为固定的形态,年均、春、夏、秋、冬、白天14时和夜晚02时UHI分别为1.81 ℃、1.50 ℃、1.43 ℃、2.16 ℃、2.17 ℃、0.48 ℃和2.77 ℃;8个空间形态参数在一年中大部分时段与UHI存在明显空间相关性,这种相关性在冬季强于其他季节,在夜晚02时强于白天14时,排名前三的分别为SVF、FAR和BD。空间形态参数已超越陆表参数成为UHI变化的重要驱动因子,11种参数对UHI变化的单独贡献为13.7%~63.7%,其中夏季、冬季和全年时段贡献最大的空间形态参数分别是BD（43.7%）、SVF（63.7%）和SVF（45.4%）,贡献最大的陆表参数分别是VC（42.6%）、AB（57.1%）和VC（45.3%）;夏季、冬季和全年时段多个参数对UHI变化的综合贡献分别为51.4%、69.1%和55.3%,主导要素分别为BD、SVF和BD。

关键词: UHI, 容积率, 建筑密度, 天空开阔度, 植被覆盖度, 反照率

Abstract:

Exploring the influence of urban spatial morphology layout on the urban heat island (UHI) at the urban scale is of great significance for the improvement of ventilation environment and the ecological and livable urban planning. Taking Beijing, China as an example, this study analyzed the UHI spatial characteristics using the hourly temperature data of high-density automatic weather stations in 2009-2018 and the 2018 NPP/VIRRS night-light satellite data. Using 1:2000 basic geographic information data and Landsat8 satellite remote sensing data in 2017, based on remote sensing and GIS technology and morphological models, we extracted eight morphological parameters in the main urban area of Beijing, namely, building height (BH), building density (BD), building standard deviation (BSD), floor area ratio (FAR), frontal area index (FAI), roughness length (RL), sky view factor (SVF), fractal dimension (FD) and three land surface parameters consisting of vegetation coverage (VC), impervious cover (IC), albedo (AB). The relationship between these morphological parameters and UHI was further examined at the urban scale using the spatial statistical method. Results show that the downtown area of central Beijing has presented a relatively fixed distribution pattern of UHI at annual scale, four seasons, and 02:00 at nighttime in the past 10 years. The UHI of the annual, spring, summer, autumn, winter, 14:00, and 02:00 are 1.81℃, 1.50℃, 1.43℃, 2.16℃, 2.17℃, 0.48℃, and 2.77℃, respectively. The eight spatial morphological parameters have obvious spatial correlations with UHIs for most of the year, and the correlations are stronger in winter than in other seasons, and stronger at 02:00 am than at 14:00 pm. The top three parameters are SVF, FAR, and BD. There are spatiotemporal changes in the impact of different spatial morphological parameters and land surface parameters on UHI. Spatial morphological parameters have become important drivers of UHI change and the individual contributions of the eleven parameters to UHI changes are 13.7% to 62.2%. The spatial morphological parameters that contribute the most in summer, winter, and the whole year are BD (43.7%), SVF (62.2%), and SVF (43.0%), respectively; and the corresponding largest land surface parameters are VC (42.6%), AB (57.1%), and VC (45.4%), respectively. The comprehensive contribution of multiple parameters to UHI changes in summer, winter, and the whole year are 51.4%, 69.1%, and 55.3%, respectively; and the dominant influencing factors are BD, SVF, and BD.

Key words: urban heat island, floor area ratio, building density, sky view factor, vegetation coverage, albedo

刘勇洪, 徐永明, 张方敏, 舒文军. 北京城市空间形态对热岛分布影响研究[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(7): 1662-1679.

LIU Yonghong, XU Yongming, ZHANG Fangmin, SHU Wenjun. Influence of Beijing spatial morphology on the distribution of urban heat island[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2021, 76(7): 1662-1679.

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	站名	经度(°)	纬度(°)	海拔(m)
乡村站	凤凰岭	116.099	40.111	73
	永乐店	116.776	39.677	13
	庞各庄	116.325	39.603	25
	安定	116.511	39.616	24
	大孙各庄	116.915	40.087	35
	龙湾屯	116.851	40.231	52
城市站	天安门	116.391	39.9	52
	工人体育场	116.443	39.931	45
	奥体中心	116.397	39.982	48
	十八里店	116.475	39.853	37
	丽泽桥	116.306	39.862	48
	古观象台	116.428	39.905	48
	先农坛	116.389	39.872	49
	四惠桥	116.481	39.908	40
	南长街	116.384	39.907	49

参数	平均值	最小值	最大值	标准差	变异系数(%)
面积(km²)	8.98	1.18	50.10	9.68	108
周长(km)	16.37	4.57	46.09	9.90	60
形状指数(m^-1)	2.47	0.85	4.88	0.88	36

	BD	FAR	BSD	RL	SVF	FAI	FD
BH	0.393^**	0.933^**	0.946^**	0.986^**	-0.858^**	0.914^**	0.875^**
BD	-	0.627^**	0.257^**	0.432^**	-0.762^**	0.641^**	0.503^**
FAR	-	-	0.848^**	0.945^**	-0.945^**	0.952^**	0.876^**
BSD	-		-	0.951^**	-0.731^**	0.818^**	0.822^**
RL	-			-	-0.869^**	0.930^**	0.882^**
SVF	-	-	-	-	-	-0.974^**	-0.844^**
FAI	-	-	-	-	-	-	0.877^**

时段	城市站平均气温	郊区站平均气温	UHI
年均	14.21	12.40	1.81
年均14时	18.21	17.73	0.48
年均02时	11.71	8.94	2.77
春季	15.62	14.12	1.50
春季14时	20.19	19.69	0.51
春季02时	12.48	10.04	2.44
夏季	27.12	25.69	1.43
夏季14时	31.09	30.22	0.86
夏季02时	24.35	22.18	2.17
秋季	14.16	12.00	2.16
秋季14时	18.10	17.87	0.23
秋季02时	11.83	8.66	3.18
冬季	-0.41	-2.57	2.17
冬季14时	3.25	2.82	0.43
冬季02时	-2.21	-5.41	3.20

时段	BH	BD	FAR	BSD	RL	SVF	FAI	FD
年均	0.525^**	0.650^**	0.645^**	0.461^**	0.551^**	-0.674^**	0.635^**	0.584^**
年均14时	0.168	0.438^**	0.270^**	0.13	0.209^*	-0.325^**	0.278^**	0.267^**
年均02时	0.539^**	0.607^**	0.648^**	0.488^**	0.557^**	-0.666^**	0.631^**	0.583^**
春季	0.478^**	0.673^**	0.611^**	0.406^**	0.502^**	-0.658^**	0.603^**	0.560^**
春季14时	0.046	0.363^**	0.159	0.023	0.084	-0.202^*	0.152	0.118
春季02时	0.556^**	0.622^**	0.665^**	0.484^**	0.569^**	-0.697^**	0.658^**	0.622^**
夏季	0.438^**	0.661^**	0.578^**	0.370^**	0.468^**	-0.621^**	0.562^**	0.515^**
夏季14时	0.339^**	0.541^**	0.453^**	0.275^**	0.382^**	-0.500^**	0.456^**	0.428^**
夏季02时	0.393^**	0.615^**	0.526^**	0.330^**	0.417^**	-0.564^**	0.512^**	0.466^**
秋季	0.570^**	0.623^**	0.677^**	0.500^**	0.594^**	-0.704^**	0.670^**	0.634^**
秋季14时	0.09	0.341^**	0.18	0.058	0.139	-0.231^*	0.195	0.179
秋季02时	0.578^**	0.579^**	0.678^**	0.515^**	0.596^**	-0.692^**	0.662^**	0.634^**
冬季	0.654^**	0.691^**	0.757^**	0.566^**	0.681^**	-0.798^**	0.761^**	0.719^**
冬季14时	0.143	0.419^**	0.273^**	0.104	0.208^*	-0.308^**	0.275^**	0.247^**
冬季02时	0.634^**	0.648^**	0.740^**	0.563^**	0.661^**	-0.766^**	0.734^**	0.684^**

北京城市空间形态对热岛分布影响研究

Influence of Beijing spatial morphology on the distribution of urban heat island

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参数		夏季	冬季	全年
空间形态参数	BH	UHI=0.030BH+0.692 R²=0.191 P<0.01	UHI=0.068BH+1.259 R²=0.428 P<0.01	UHI=0.046BH+0.960 R²=0.276 P<0.01
	BD	UHI=3.656BD+0.330 R²=0.437 P<0.01	UHI=5.695BD+0.953 R²=0.477 P<0.01	UHI=4.562BD+0.614 R²=0.423 P<0.01
	FAR	UHI=0.485FAR+0.594 R²=0.335 P<0.01	UHI=0.947FAR+1.174 R²=0.574 P<0.01	UHI=0.687FAR+0.863 R²=0.417 P<0.01
	BSD	UHI=0.027BSD+0.779 R²=0.137 P<0.01	UHI=0.062BSD+1.438 R²=0.321 P<0.01	UHI=0.043BSD+1.076 R²=0.213 P<0.01
	RL	UHI=0.272RL+0.663 R²=0.219 P<0.01	UHI=0.594RL+1.218 R²=0.464 P<0.01	UHI=0.393RL+0.935 R²=0.303 P<0.01
	FAI	UHI=4.405FAI+0.536 R²=0.316 P<0.01	UHI=9.043FAI+1.025 R²=0.579 P<0.01	UHI=5.743FAI+0.772 R²=0.403 P<0.01
	SVF	UHI=-2.440SVF+2.854 R²=0.385 P<0.01	UHI=-4.677SVF+5.523 R²=0.637 P<0.01	UHI=-3.363SVF+3.996 R²=0.454 P<0.01
	FD	UHI=1.874FD-3.719 R²=0.266 P<0.01	UHI=3.896FD-7.853 R²=0.517 P<0.01	UHI=2.696FD-5.353 R²=0.341 P<0.01
陆表参数	VC	UHI=-3.365VC+1.754 R²=0.426 P<0.01	UHI=-5.691VC+3.262 R²=0.548 P<0.01	UHI=-4.406VC+2.433 R²=0.453 P<0.01
	IC	UHI=2.828IC-0.975 R²=0.327 P<0.01	UHI=4.769IC-1.344 R²=0.418 P<0.01	UHI=3.575IC-1.048 R²=0.324 P<0.01
	AB	UHI=-20.342AB+3.50 R²=0.413 P<0.01	UHI=-36.347AB+6.499 R²=0.571 P<0.01	UHI=-28.546AB+4.893 R²=0.443 P<0.01
全部参数		UHI=1.987+2.325BD -11.624AB R²=0.514 P<0.01 Beta_BD=0.420 Beta_AB=-0.367 VIF_BD=1.753 VIF_AB=1.753	UHI=5.361-2.238SVF-15.478AB +1.558BD R²=0.691 P<0.01 Beta_SVF=-3.97 Beta_AB=-3.22 Beta_BD=0.189 VIF_SVF=4.061 VIF_AB=2.755 VIF_BD=2.388	UHI=-2.299+2.828BD -12.739AB+0.016BSD R²=0.553 P<0.01 Beta_BD=0.403 Beta_AB=-3.10 Beta_BSD=0.176 VIF_BD=1.808 VIF_AB=2.573 VIF_BSD=1.589

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