历史上冀中平原“塘泺”湖泊群的分布与水系结构

doi:10.11821/dlxb202011005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“塘泺”是北宋时期分布在冀中平原中部的巨大湖泊群,由大小数十个湖泊组成,东西绵延260 km,今天的白洋淀、文安洼、东淀、团泊洼、北大港,均属于“塘泺”的残余。本文在实地考察的基础上,综合集成历史文献记载、大比例尺地形图、ETM遥感数据、DEM数据、土壤调查数据、古地图数据,系统复原了北宋“塘泺”的空间分布范围与内部水系结构。研究表明,北宋“塘泺”的自然地理基础是分布在冀中凹陷带上以白洋淀、文安洼、团泊洼为代表的三大洼地,以及分布在这些洼地内的天然湖泊和河流。北宋朝廷出于军事防御目的,利用这些洼地和湖泊,开挖渠道,修筑堤坝,开辟水口,导引水源,调控水位,把位于今大清河以南的各条河流几乎全部导入了各区湖泊,把原有湖泊的水面尽量扩大,并将其串联成为相互连通的湖泊水面,从而形成了历史上冀中平原上最大的湖泊系统。

关键词: 冀中平原, 北宋塘泺, 空间格局, 河湖水系, 演变过程

Abstract:

The Tang Po Lakes, consisting of a great number of small lakes and swamps, which had widely spread upon the Central Hebei Plain during the Northern Song Dynasty, was an awesome geographical landscape in North China in history. It has a significant meaning for understanding the regional environmental change in the North China Plain. The researchers employed an interdisciplinary procedure to unveil the spatial pattern and changing process of the Tang Po system in history. Based on GIS, this paper integrated the traditional historical geographic method, which mainly focused on the scrutiny of all sorts of historical records, with analysis of modern soil survey, archaeological survey, remote sensing images, and the references in the published research. In this way the spatial distribution of Tang Po Lakes on the Central Hebei Plain during the Northern Song Dynasty has been carefully examined and scientifically reconstructed for the first time. The paper showed that the Northern Song government constructed the Tang Po system at the end of the 10th century by fully taking advantage of local natural lakes and swamps originally located in the depression zone of the Central Hebei Plain which adjoined to its northern border, in order to prevent the invasion from the Liao Dynasty in north. In the mid-11th century, the Tang Po system reached its maximum extent, which spanned more than 260 kilometers from the eastern coast to the western mountain foot. The Tang Po system, which was composed of many small lakes, swamps, pits, diches, and even rice paddies, could be divided into nine sub-regions, and watered by the Tanghe River, the Shahe River, the Shenshui River, the Yishui River, the Hutuo River, and the Yuhe River. The whole Tang Po system was deliberately connected and maintained by the complex artificial facilities, such as dams, embankments, reservoirs, sluice gates, and channels. In the early 12th century the Northern Song Dynasty was in decline, the Tang Po system collapsed and was broken into three separate parts which had existed till the late Qing Dynasty. The Tang Po system of the Northern Song Dynasty has ever been the biggest man-made lake system in Chinese history, which had a magnificent impact on the regional water system and local environment of the Central Hebei Plain.

Key words: Central Hebei Plain, Tang Po system, spatial distribution, lake-river system, changing process

邓辉, 卜凡. 历史上冀中平原“塘泺”湖泊群的分布与水系结构[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(11): 2332-2345.

DENG Hui, BU Fan. Spatial distribution of the Tang Po Lakes upon the Central Hebei Plain during the Northern Song Dynasty[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(11): 2332-2345.

图/表 4

图1

表1

《武经总要》《续资治通鉴长编》《宋史·河渠志》“塘泺”记载对照表"

分区	《武经总要》	《续资治通鉴长编》		《宋史·河渠志》
分区	范围	范围	各区湖泊名称	范围	各区湖泊名称
1	东沧州界,去海西岸黑龙港口,西至乾宁军,沿御河津	东起沧州界,拒海岸黑龙港,西至乾宁军,沿永济河	拒海岸黑龙港,沿永济河合破船淀、满淀、灰淀为一水	其水东起沧州界,拒海岸黑龙港,西至乾宁军	拒海岸黑龙港,沿永济河合破船淀、灰淀、方淀为一水
2	东起乾宁军,西信安军御河西	东起乾宁军、西信安军永济渠	西合鹅巢淀、陈人淀、燕丹淀、大光淀为一水	东起乾宁军、西信安军永济渠为一水	西合鹅巢淀、陈人淀、燕丹淀、大光淀、孟宗淀为一水
3	东起信安军御河,西至霸州莫金口	东起信安军永济渠,西至霸州莫金口	合水纹淀、得胜淀、下光淀、小兰淀、李子淀、大兰淀为一水	东起信安军永济渠,西至霸州莫金口	合水汶淀、得胜淀、下光淀、小兰淀、李子淀、大兰淀为一水
4	东北起霸州莫金,西南保定军父母砦	东北起霸州莫金口,西南保定军父母砦	合粮料淀为一水	东北起霸州莫金口,西南保定军父母砦	合粮料淀、回淀为一水
5	东南起保定军,西北雄州	东南起保安军,西北雄州	合百世淀、黑羊淀、小莲花淀为一水	东南起保安军,西北雄州	合百世淀、黑羊淀、小莲花淀为一水
6	东起雄州,西至顺德军	东起雄州,西至顺安军	合大莲花淀、洛阳淀、牛横淀、康池淀、畴淀、白洋淀为一水	东起雄州,西至顺安军	合大莲花淀、洛阳淀、牛横淀、康池淀、畴淀、白羊淀为一水
7	东起顺安军,西边胡淀至保州	东起顺安军,西边吴淀至保州	西边吴淀,至保州,合齐安淀、宜子淀、劳淀为一水	东起顺安军,西边吴淀至保州	西边吴淀至保州,合齐女淀、劳淀为一水
8	起安肃、广信军之南,保州西北,以沈沔河聚为塘泊	起安肃、广信军之南,保州西北	畜沈苑河为塘	起安肃、广信军之南,保州西北	畜沈苑河为塘
9	自保州西鸡距泉、尚泉二水合成	自保州西合鸡距泉	合鸡距泉,尝为稻、方田	自保州西合鸡距泉、尚泉	合鸡距泉、尚泉为稻田、方田

表1

表2

图2

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分区	《武经总要》			《续资治通鉴长编》			《宋史·河渠志》
分区	东西(里)	南北(里)	深度(尺)	衡广(里)	纵(里)	深度(尺)	衡广(里)	纵(里)	深度(尺)
1	120	90~130	5	120	90~130	5	120	90~130	5
1	71064	6986~53298	1.645	71064	6986~53298	1.645	71064	6986~53298	1.645
2	120	30~50	6~10	120	30~50	6~10	120	30~50	6~10
2	71064	9610~17766	1.97~3.29	71064	9610~17766	1.97~3.29	71064	9610~17766	1.97~3.29
3	70	6~15	6~7	70	50~60	6~7	70	6~15	6~7
3	41454	3553~8883	1.97~2.30	41454	9610~35532	1.97~2.30	41454	3553~8883	1.97~2.30
4	27	8	6	27	8	6	27	8	6
	15989.4	4737.6	1.974	15989.4	4737.6	1.974	15989.4	4737.6	1.974
5	60	15~25	8~10	60	15~25	8~9	60	10~25	8~9
	35532	8883~14805	2.63~3.29	35532	8883~14805	2.63~2.96	35532	8883~14805	2.63~2.96
6	70	30~40	6~10	70	30~45	6~10	70	30~45	6~10
	41454	3688~17766	1.97~3.29	41454	17766~ 26649	1.97~3.29	26649~41454	17766	1.97~3.29
7	30	150	2~10	30	150	10~13	30	150	10~13
	17766	88830	0.66~3.29	17766	88830	3.29~4.27	17766	88830	3.29~4.28
8	10	20	3~5	20	10	5	20	10	3~5
	5922	11844	0.99~1.65	11844	5922	1.645	11844	5922	0.987~1.645
9	10	10	3~5	10		3~5	10		3~5
	5922	5922	0.99~1.65	5922		0.99~1.65	5922		0.99~1.65