历史上冀中平原“塘泺”湖泊群的分布与水系结构

doi:10.11821/dlxb202011005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

“塘泺”是北宋时期分布在冀中平原中部的巨大湖泊群,由大小数十个湖泊组成,东西绵延260 km,今天的白洋淀、文安洼、东淀、团泊洼、北大港,均属于“塘泺”的残余。本文在实地考察的基础上,综合集成历史文献记载、大比例尺地形图、ETM遥感数据、DEM数据、土壤调查数据、古地图数据,系统复原了北宋“塘泺”的空间分布范围与内部水系结构。研究表明,北宋“塘泺”的自然地理基础是分布在冀中凹陷带上以白洋淀、文安洼、团泊洼为代表的三大洼地,以及分布在这些洼地内的天然湖泊和河流。北宋朝廷出于军事防御目的,利用这些洼地和湖泊,开挖渠道,修筑堤坝,开辟水口,导引水源,调控水位,把位于今大清河以南的各条河流几乎全部导入了各区湖泊,把原有湖泊的水面尽量扩大,并将其串联成为相互连通的湖泊水面,从而形成了历史上冀中平原上最大的湖泊系统。

关键词: 冀中平原, 北宋塘泺, 空间格局, 河湖水系, 演变过程

Abstract:

The Tang Po Lakes, consisting of a great number of small lakes and swamps, which had widely spread upon the Central Hebei Plain during the Northern Song Dynasty, was an awesome geographical landscape in North China in history. It has a significant meaning for understanding the regional environmental change in the North China Plain. The researchers employed an interdisciplinary procedure to unveil the spatial pattern and changing process of the Tang Po system in history. Based on GIS, this paper integrated the traditional historical geographic method, which mainly focused on the scrutiny of all sorts of historical records, with analysis of modern soil survey, archaeological survey, remote sensing images, and the references in the published research. In this way the spatial distribution of Tang Po Lakes on the Central Hebei Plain during the Northern Song Dynasty has been carefully examined and scientifically reconstructed for the first time. The paper showed that the Northern Song government constructed the Tang Po system at the end of the 10th century by fully taking advantage of local natural lakes and swamps originally located in the depression zone of the Central Hebei Plain which adjoined to its northern border, in order to prevent the invasion from the Liao Dynasty in north. In the mid-11th century, the Tang Po system reached its maximum extent, which spanned more than 260 kilometers from the eastern coast to the western mountain foot. The Tang Po system, which was composed of many small lakes, swamps, pits, diches, and even rice paddies, could be divided into nine sub-regions, and watered by the Tanghe River, the Shahe River, the Shenshui River, the Yishui River, the Hutuo River, and the Yuhe River. The whole Tang Po system was deliberately connected and maintained by the complex artificial facilities, such as dams, embankments, reservoirs, sluice gates, and channels. In the early 12th century the Northern Song Dynasty was in decline, the Tang Po system collapsed and was broken into three separate parts which had existed till the late Qing Dynasty. The Tang Po system of the Northern Song Dynasty has ever been the biggest man-made lake system in Chinese history, which had a magnificent impact on the regional water system and local environment of the Central Hebei Plain.

Key words: Central Hebei Plain, Tang Po system, spatial distribution, lake-river system, changing process

邓辉, 卜凡. 历史上冀中平原“塘泺”湖泊群的分布与水系结构[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(11): 2332-2345.

DENG Hui, BU Fan. Spatial distribution of the Tang Po Lakes upon the Central Hebei Plain during the Northern Song Dynasty[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(11): 2332-2345.

图/表 4

图1

表1

《武经总要》《续资治通鉴长编》《宋史·河渠志》“塘泺”记载对照表

分区	《武经总要》	《续资治通鉴长编》		《宋史·河渠志》
分区	范围	范围	各区湖泊名称	范围	各区湖泊名称
1	东沧州界,去海西岸黑龙港口,西至乾宁军,沿御河津	东起沧州界,拒海岸黑龙港,西至乾宁军,沿永济河	拒海岸黑龙港,沿永济河合破船淀、满淀、灰淀为一水	其水东起沧州界,拒海岸黑龙港,西至乾宁军	拒海岸黑龙港,沿永济河合破船淀、灰淀、方淀为一水
2	东起乾宁军,西信安军御河西	东起乾宁军、西信安军永济渠	西合鹅巢淀、陈人淀、燕丹淀、大光淀为一水	东起乾宁军、西信安军永济渠为一水	西合鹅巢淀、陈人淀、燕丹淀、大光淀、孟宗淀为一水
3	东起信安军御河,西至霸州莫金口	东起信安军永济渠,西至霸州莫金口	合水纹淀、得胜淀、下光淀、小兰淀、李子淀、大兰淀为一水	东起信安军永济渠,西至霸州莫金口	合水汶淀、得胜淀、下光淀、小兰淀、李子淀、大兰淀为一水
4	东北起霸州莫金,西南保定军父母砦	东北起霸州莫金口,西南保定军父母砦	合粮料淀为一水	东北起霸州莫金口,西南保定军父母砦	合粮料淀、回淀为一水
5	东南起保定军,西北雄州	东南起保安军,西北雄州	合百世淀、黑羊淀、小莲花淀为一水	东南起保安军,西北雄州	合百世淀、黑羊淀、小莲花淀为一水
6	东起雄州,西至顺德军	东起雄州,西至顺安军	合大莲花淀、洛阳淀、牛横淀、康池淀、畴淀、白洋淀为一水	东起雄州,西至顺安军	合大莲花淀、洛阳淀、牛横淀、康池淀、畴淀、白羊淀为一水
7	东起顺安军,西边胡淀至保州	东起顺安军,西边吴淀至保州	西边吴淀,至保州,合齐安淀、宜子淀、劳淀为一水	东起顺安军,西边吴淀至保州	西边吴淀至保州,合齐女淀、劳淀为一水
8	起安肃、广信军之南,保州西北,以沈沔河聚为塘泊	起安肃、广信军之南,保州西北	畜沈苑河为塘	起安肃、广信军之南,保州西北	畜沈苑河为塘
9	自保州西鸡距泉、尚泉二水合成	自保州西合鸡距泉	合鸡距泉,尝为稻、方田	自保州西合鸡距泉、尚泉	合鸡距泉、尚泉为稻田、方田

表1

表2

图2

参考文献 29

[1]	Xing Jiaming, Li Baotian. The evolution of natural environments in Beijing-Tianjin Area and its relationship with human activities//Beijing Association for Environmental Change Studies. Environmental Change Studies (volume 1). Beijing: China Ocean Press, 1984: 6-18.
	[ 邢嘉明, 李宝田. 京津地区自然环境演变及其与人类活动的关系//北京环境变迁研究会. 环境变迁研究(第一辑). 北京: 海洋出版社, 1984: 6-18.]
[2]	Zou Baoshan, He Fanneng. Changes in natural water bodies in Beijing-Tianjin region since the Holocene Epoch//Beijing Association for Environmental Change Studies. Environmental Change Studies (2-3 bound volume). Beijing: Beijing Yanshan Press, 1989: 32-41.
	[ 邹宝山, 何凡能. 全新世以来京津地区自然水体的变迁//北京环境变迁研究会. 环境变迁研究(二、三合辑). 北京: 北京燕山出版社, 1989: 32-41.]
[3]	Wang Huichang. Expansion and contraction of the Baiyangdian Lake Since 10000 years ago. Geographical Research, 1983,2(3):8-18.
	[ 王会昌. 一万年来白洋淀的扩张与收缩. 地理研究, 1983,2(3):8-18.]
[4]	He Naihua, Zhu Xuanqing. Palaeo-environment changes since 30000 a B.P. and effects of human activities in the Baiyangdian area. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 1992,12(2):79-88.
	[ 何乃华, 朱宣清. 白洋淀地区近3万年来的古环境与历史上人类活动的影响. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 1992,12(2):79-88.]
[5]	Zhu Xuanqing, Shi Derong, He Naihua, et al. Relations between human activities and the vicissitudes of Baiyang Lake in the northern part of North China Plain. Journal of the Hebei Academy of Sciences, 1986(2):24-34.
	[ 朱宣清, 施德荣, 何乃华, 等. 白洋淀的兴衰与人类活动的关系. 河北省科学院学报, 1986(2):24-34.]
[6]	Wu Chen, Xu Qinghai. Formation or development stage: A disscusion on the cause of the formation of Baiyangdian Lake, China. Journal of Lake Sciences, 1998,10(3):91-96.
	[ 吴忱, 许清海. “演变阶段”与“成因”不能混为一谈: 也谈白洋淀的成因. 湖泊科学, 1998,10(3):91-96.]
[7]	Sun Donghu. The development and the historical geographical environment of the settlement neighboring Baiyangdian Lake. Journal of Hebei Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 1989(3):106-110.
	[ 孙冬虎. 白洋淀周围聚落发展及其定名的历史地理环境. 河北师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 1989(3):106-110.]
[8]	Gao Enze. The research on the Great Wall of water in Hebei during the Northern Song Dynasty. Hebei Academic Journal, 1983(4):150-153.
	[ 高恩泽. 北宋时期河北“水长城”考略. 河北学刊, 1983(4):150-153.]
[9]	Cheng Minsheng. The defense and economical function of the Tang Po in Hebei during the Northern Song Dynasty. Hebei Academic Journal, 1985(5):76-80.
	[ 程民生. 北宋河北塘泺的国防和经济作用. 河北学刊, 1985(5):76-80.]
[10]	Li Kewu. About the matter of Hebei Tang Po in Northern Song Dynasty. Academic Journal of Zhongzhou, 1987(4):120-123.
	[ 李克武. 关于北宋河北塘泺问题. 中州学刊, 1987(4):120-123.]
[11]	He Naihua, Zhu Xuanqing. The study on the reasons of Baiyangdian Lake's formation. Geography and Territorial Research, 1994,10(1):50-54.
	[ 何乃华, 朱宣清. 白洋淀形成原因的探讨. 地理学与国土研究, 1994,10(1):50-54.]
[12]	Yang Jun. Hebei Tang Po during Northern Song Period//Institute of Historical Geography of Peking University. The Paper Collection in Memory of the Ninetieth Birthday of Hou Renzi. Beijing: Xueyuan Press, 2003: 225-255.
	[ 杨军. 北宋时期的河北塘泊//北京大学历史地理研究中心. 侯仁之师九十寿辰纪念文集. 北京: 学苑出版社, 2003: 225-255.]
[13]	Gu Xiaoming. Distribution and change of the lakes in the middle of North China Plain during historical period[D]. Beijing: Peking University, 2008.
	[ 顾晓明. 历史时期华北平原中部湖泊洼淀的分布与变迁[D]. 北京: 北京大学, 2008.]
[14]	Fa Nianzhen. Reconstruction and evolution of rivers and lakes in Jizhong Plain from the sixth century[D]. Beijing: Peking University, 2015.
	[ 法念真. 公元六世纪以来冀中平原湖泊群演变过程重建[D]. 北京: 北京大学, 2015.]
[15]	Wang Hongbo. Evolution and treatment of riverways and lakes in the lower reaches of Yung Ting Ho since the Northern Wei Dynasty[D]. Beijing: Peking University, 2016.
	[ 王洪波. 北魏以来永定河下游河道淀泊演变与治理[D]. 北京: 北京大学, 2016.]
[16]	(Northern Song Dynasty) Yue Shi, et al. Tai Ping Huan Yu Ji. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2007.
	[(北宋) 乐史, 等. 太平寰宇记. 北京: 中华书局, 2007.]
[17]	(Northern Song Dynasty) Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, et al. Wu Jing Zong Yao. Wenyuange Complete Library in Four Branches of Literature of Qing Dynasty Version.
	[(北宋) 曾公亮, 丁度, 等. 武经总要. 清文渊阁四库全书本.]
[18]	(Yuan Dynasty) Tuo Tuo, et al. The history of Song Dynasty. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1985.
	[(元) 脱脱, 等. 宋史. 北京: 中华书局, 1985.]
[19]	(Southern Song Dynasty) Li Tao, et al. Xu Zi Zhi Tong Jian Chang Bian. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2004: 2607-2608.
	[(南宋) 李焘, 等. 续资治通鉴长编. 北京: 中华书局, 2004: 2607-2608.]
[20]	(Qing Dynasty) Xu Song, et al. Song Hui Yao Ji Gao. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1957.
	[(清) 徐松, 等. 宋会要辑稿. 北京: 中华书局, 1957.]
[21]	State Administration of Cultural Heritage. Cultural Relics Atlas of China:Hebei Volume. Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, 2002.
	[ 国家文物局. 中国文物地图集:河北分册. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社, 2002.]
[22]	State Administration of Cultural Heritage. Cultural Relics Atlas of China:Tianjin Volume. Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House, 2002.
	[ 国家文物局. 中国文物地图集:天津分册. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社, 2002.]
[23]	The Soil Team of Chinese Academy of Sciences. The Atlas of Soil in North China Plain (1:200000). Beijing: Science Press, 1964.
	[ 中国科学院土壤队. 华北平原土壤图集(1:200000). 北京: 科学出版社, 1964.]
[24]	Christopoulos C P. Great plain-building in North China. Bulletin of the Geological Society of China, 1947,27:299-320.
[25]	Hou Renzhi. The evolvement of the coastline of western Bohai Bay. Memoirs of Geography, 1957(1):75-81.
	[ 侯仁之. 历史时期渤海湾西部海岸线的变迁. 地理学资料, 1957(1):75-81.]
[26]	Li Shiyu. The initial investigation and research on the cultural relics and underground cultural heritage of western Bohai Bay in ancient times. Archaeology, 1962(12):652-657.
	[ 李世瑜. 古代渤海湾西部海岸遗迹及地下文物的初步调查研究. 考古, 1962(12):652-657.]
[27]	Wang Ying. The shell coast ridges and the old coastlines of the west coast of the Bohai Bay. Journal of Nanjing University (Natural Science), 1964,8(3):424-440.
	[ 王颖. 渤海湾西部古贝壳堤与古海岸线问题. 南京大学学报(自然科学版), 1964,8(3):424-440.]
[28]	(Northern Song) Shen Kuo. Dream Brook Sketchbook. Vol.13, Wisdom (the Copy of the Yuan Dynasty).
	[ 沈括. (北宋)梦溪笔谈. 卷13, 权智(元刊本).]
[29]	(Northern Wei Dynasty) Li Daoyuan, (Qing Dynasty) Wang Xianqian (editor). He Jiao Shui Jing Zhu (Comprehensive Review of The Notes on the River System). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2009.
	[(北魏) 郦道元. (清) 王先谦, 校. 合校水经注. 北京: 中华书局, 2009.]

分区	《武经总要》			《续资治通鉴长编》			《宋史·河渠志》
分区	东西(里)	南北(里)	深度(尺)	衡广(里)	纵(里)	深度(尺)	衡广(里)	纵(里)	深度(尺)
1	120	90~130	5	120	90~130	5	120	90~130	5
1	71064	6986~53298	1.645	71064	6986~53298	1.645	71064	6986~53298	1.645
2	120	30~50	6~10	120	30~50	6~10	120	30~50	6~10
2	71064	9610~17766	1.97~3.29	71064	9610~17766	1.97~3.29	71064	9610~17766	1.97~3.29
3	70	6~15	6~7	70	50~60	6~7	70	6~15	6~7
3	41454	3553~8883	1.97~2.30	41454	9610~35532	1.97~2.30	41454	3553~8883	1.97~2.30
4	27	8	6	27	8	6	27	8	6
	15989.4	4737.6	1.974	15989.4	4737.6	1.974	15989.4	4737.6	1.974
5	60	15~25	8~10	60	15~25	8~9	60	10~25	8~9
	35532	8883~14805	2.63~3.29	35532	8883~14805	2.63~2.96	35532	8883~14805	2.63~2.96
6	70	30~40	6~10	70	30~45	6~10	70	30~45	6~10
	41454	3688~17766	1.97~3.29	41454	17766~ 26649	1.97~3.29	26649~41454	17766	1.97~3.29
7	30	150	2~10	30	150	10~13	30	150	10~13
	17766	88830	0.66~3.29	17766	88830	3.29~4.27	17766	88830	3.29~4.28
8	10	20	3~5	20	10	5	20	10	3~5
	5922	11844	0.99~1.65	11844	5922	1.645	11844	5922	0.987~1.645
9	10	10	3~5	10		3~5	10		3~5
	5922	5922	0.99~1.65	5922		0.99~1.65	5922		0.99~1.65