现代农业地理工程与农业高质量发展——以黄土丘陵沟壑区为例

doi:10.11821/dlxb202010001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

农业地理学是农业科学与地理科学的交叉学科,农业地理工程是地理学与工程学交叉研究在现代农业与乡村领域的进一步深化和系统应用。随着现代农业科学技术和人地系统科学的创新发展,区域农业基础建设的科技需求日益旺盛,农业地理工程试验成为农业工程技术研发和农田系统管理的重要任务。本文阐述了农业地理工程的科学内涵、试验原理与技术方法,并以黄土丘陵沟壑区为例开展了地理工程试验研究和农业高质量发展对策探讨。结果表明：① 农业地理工程试验主要包括针对特定区域地理环境和农业发展问题的水土配置、土层复配、大田试验、生态防护、地理空间分析与监测,旨在探明区域高标准农田建设、健康农业生态系统营造的水土气生资源要素耦合规律,建立可持续土地利用系统与多功能农业经营模式。② 农业生态系统试验主要包括沟道边坡防护方式、健康农田系统结构、作物与土壤匹配关系、耕地投入产出经济分析,通过开展土地改良、作物优选交互试验和田间试种,揭示新造地“作土关系”耦合机理与优化调控途径。③ 作土关系优化调控是工程试验设计的主要内容,包括气候—作物优选、土体结构改良、地形—作物优选、土壤质量改良、土壤—作物优选、效益—作物优选6个阶段。④ 农业地理工程技术应用的核心任务是深化贯通综合研究、揭示微观耦合机理、建立工程试验范式,其应用路径主要体现在时间维、空间维与逻辑维三个维度。新时期农业地理工程试验与示范应用,有利于丰富农业地理学前沿理论与方法论,对于推进地理工程化研究和服务农业农村高质量发展决策具有重要意义。

关键词: 农业地理学, 现代地理工程, 土地整治工程, 农田系统管理, 高质量发展, 黄土丘陵沟壑区

Abstract:

Agricultural geography is the interdisciplinary subject of agricultural science and geographical science, and agricultural geographical engineering is the further deepening and systematic application of the interdisciplinary research of geography and engineering in the field of modern agriculture and rural revitalization, and it is an important material basis to ensure the agricultural high-quality development. With the innovative development of modern agricultural science and technology and human-earth system science, the scientific and technological needs of regional agricultural infrastructure are increasingly strong, and agricultural geographical engineering experiments have become an important task of agricultural engineering technology research and farmland system management. This article expounds the scientific connotation, experimental principles and technical methods of agricultural geographical engineering, and takes the loess hilly and gully region as an example to carry out the experimental research on geographical engineering and discussed the countermeasures for high-quality agricultural development. Results show that: (1) Agricultural geographical engineering experiments mainly include soil and water allocation, soil layer composition, field experiment, ecological protection, geospatial analysis and monitoring for specific regional geographical environment and agricultural development issues, aiming to explore coupling law of resource elements for regional high-standard farmland construction and healthy agricultural ecosystem construction, and establish a sustainable land use system and multifunctional agricultural management model. (2) Agro-ecosystem experiments mainly includes trench slope protection methods, healthy farmland system structure, crop-soil matching relationship, economic analysis of farmland input and output, which aimed to reveals the coupling mechanism and optimal control approach of "crop-soil relationship" by carrying out interactive experiments and field trials for land improvement and crop optimization. (3) Optimization and regulation of crop-soil relationship is the main content of engineering experiment design, which includes six stages: climate-crop optimization, soil-body structure improvement, terrain-crop optimization, soil quality improvement, soil-crop optimization and benefit-crop optimization. (4) The core tasks of the application of agricultural geoengineering technology are to deepen the comprehensive research, reveal the micro-coupling mechanism and establish the engineering test paradigm, and its application path is mainly reflected in three dimensions of time, space, and logic. The geographical engineering experiment of modern agriculture and its application in the new era are conducive to enriching the frontier theories and methodology of agricultural geography, and are of great significance to the advancement of geographical engineering research and the decision-making of agricultural and rural high-quality development.

Key words: agricultural geography, modern geographical engineering, land consolidation engineering, farmland system management, high-quality development, loess hilly and gully region of China

刘彦随, 冯巍仑, 李裕瑞. 现代农业地理工程与农业高质量发展——以黄土丘陵沟壑区为例[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(10): 2029-2046.

LIU Yansui, FENG Weilun, LI Yurui. Modern agricultural geographical engineering and agricultural high-quality development: Case study of loess hilly and gully region[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(10): 2029-2046.

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地域类型及特性	工程机理	技术要点	建设目标
沙地(沙化地)土地整治结构互补性	沙地缺什么：粘性	组分实验	沙土匹配
	沙地需什么：粘土	结构试验	粘土特性
	方案是什么：土层	效能检验	复配构型
沟道(水毁地)土地整治系统稳定性	沟道怕什么：洪灾	模拟实验	三流形态
	沟道要什么：安全	平衡试验	三优方案
	方案是什么：土体	效能检验	水土配置
村庄(空废地)土地整治空间组织性	村庄有什么：空宅	行为实验	农户选择
	村庄要什么：安居	结构试验	土地挂钩
	方案是什么：社区	效能检验	三产融合
山区(荒山地)土地整治人地协调性	农户缺什么：收入	家庭实验	增收潜力
	农户要什么：资产	政策试验	土地资产
	方案是什么：三变	效能检验	股份合作

逻辑维	边坡防护试验	客土改良试验	油菜种植试验	种植模式调整试验
明确问题	工程边坡安全性与稳定性不高	新增耕地质量不高、土体沉降与湿陷	传统作物种植单一、经济效益低	单季种植模式的效益不高、资源浪费
选择目标	植被护坡技术与坡度适宜控制技术	客土改良技术,土壤快速熟化	作物优选技术,提升土地利用效率	一季改两季的作物优配与种植技术
系统综合	植被—土壤系统	水土耦合系统	作土匹配系统	农田利用系统
系统分析	控制坡度、植被护坡,保持水土资源	土体营造、土壤改良,提升土壤质量	引进高收益、多功能的作物品种	探索两季作物种植的沟道农业新模式
做出决策	不同坡度及植被措施的坡面综合效益	不同覆土类型和厚度的土壤改良效果	不同播期和播种密度的油菜种植	不同种植模式的作物产量与经济效益
付诸实施	延安羊圈沟流域,人工建设不同坡度边坡模拟工程削坡	延安羊圈沟流域,选取红粘土和马兰黄土取土场,机械施工	延安顾屯流域,购买华油杂62饲料油菜,种植测产	延安顾屯流域,购买试验作物良种,早春物候观测,种植测产