人类活动对河湖水系连通的影响评估

doi:10.11821/dlxb202007011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

河湖水系承载着人类赖以生存的水资源,也支撑着经济社会的可持续发展。在自然因素和人类活动双重影响下,河湖水系不断发生着改变,也影响着人类生存和发展。特别是在人类活动日益剧烈的背景下,研究人类活动对河湖水系连通的影响是一个非常重要的科研问题,也是河湖水系连通工程实践的一个关键问题。本文从自然和人工两个方面分析了河湖水系连通的影响因素,阐述了人类活动对河湖水系连通的影响过程,并从河湖水系连通关系、河湖水系功能（自然角度）、河湖水系连通功能（社会角度）三个方面归纳了人类活动的正负面影响;在此基础上,提出了有针对性的影响量化评估方法,便于宏观角度量化和分析人类活动对河湖水系连通的影响。本研究以人类活动剧烈的淮河流域为实例应用,分析了人类活动对淮河水系的影响评价结果。

关键词: 河湖水系连通, 人类活动, 河湖水系, 影响, 量化评估

Abstract:

The natural river system, which is inherently interconnected, is an essential resource for human and economic society. Beyond water, and the flows of substance (e.g. sediment, contaminant), energy (e.g. streamflow velocity), and information (e.g. livelihood and activity) are exchanged in an interconnected river system. However, under the joint influences of natural evolution and human activities, the natural river system has been and is being changed. Particularly, water-related human activities in recent years are frequent and highly intensified, such as the water allocation projects and man-made reservoirs. Therefore, research on the evaluation of human activities affecting the interconnected river system network (IRSN) is needed to technically support the relevant practices. This study analyzed the affecting factors of IRSN from two perspectives: natural perspective and social perspective. The processes of human activities affecting the IRSN were theoretically explained. On this basis, both the positive and negative influences of human activities on IRSN were summarized in three aspects: interconnected-river-system-network function relationship, rivers-lake-system natural function, and interconnected-river-system-network function. To this end, the study proposed a quantitative evaluation method to assess human activities affecting the IRSN in the above three aspects. As the Huaihe River basin was severely influenced by human activities, we applied the evaluation method in this basin. Results show that human activities contributed to the interconnected-river-system-network function, meaning that possible influences on water scarcity and flood protection were generated in improving the complexity of man-made river system. Meanwhile, slight negative influences on the rivers-lake-system natural function were reported, as downstream aquatic life and surrounding environment were affected by the flow changes of water, substance and information. Together with characteristics of the Huaihe River basin, the overall quantitative evaluation results suggested that stepping up the efforts to protect the environment could further positively influence the IRSN in the Huaihe River basin. This study sheds new light on our understanding and quantitative evaluation of the influence of human activities on the IRSN.

Key words: interconnected river system network (IRSN), human activities, river system, influence, quantitative evaluation

左其亭, 崔国韬. 人类活动对河湖水系连通的影响评估[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1483-1493.

ZUO Qiting, CUI Guotao. Quantitative evaluation of human activities affecting an interconnected river system network[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2020, 75(7): 1483-1493.

图/表 8

图1

表1

图2

表2

人类活动对河湖水系连通影响量化指标体系

准则层	分类层		指标层	含义
河湖水系连通关系影响系数	形态分布影响系数		人工连通水域面积百分比	人工连通的水域面积占总水域面积的百分比
	形态分布影响系数		水系分形维数变化率	(D₁-D₀)/D₁; D₁为现状水系分形维数; D₀为没有或较少进行人工连通的水系分形维数
	连通状态影响系数		水系连接度变化率	(γ₁-γ₀)/γ₁; γ₁为现状水系连接度; γ₀为没有或较少进行人工连通的水系连接度
河湖水系功能影响系数	水资源储载影响系数		人工连通水资源储载百分比	人工连通水资源储载空间占水系总储载空间的百分比
	物质能量传递影响系数		平均连续河段长度变化率	(L₀-L₁)/L₁; L₁为现状平均连续河段长度, L₁=∑L/n; L₀为没有或较少进行人工连通情况下平均连续河段长度
	河流地貌塑造影响系数		河道侵蚀模数变化率	(M₀-M₁)/M₁; M₁为现状河道侵蚀模数; M₀为没有或较少进行人工连通的河道侵蚀模数
	水体自净影响系数		人工连通水体纳污能力百分比	人工连通水体纳污能力占整个水系纳污能力的百分比
	生态维系影响系数		生物多样性指数变化率	(H₁-H₀)/H₁; H₁为现状生物多样性指数; H₀为人类未大规模开发利用时期的生境多样性指数
河湖水系连通功能影响系数	水资源配置影响系数	城市供水	城市人工连通供水百分比	人工连通城市供水量占总连通城市供水量的百分比
		农业灌溉	农业灌溉人工连通供水百分比	人工连通农业灌溉供水量占总连通农业灌溉供水量的百分比
		水力发电	水力发电量变化率	(E₁-E₀)/E₁; E₁为现状水电站多年平均发电量; E₀为没有或较少进行人工连通情况下水电站多年平均发电量
		应急抗旱	人工连通应急抗旱百分比	人工连通应急调水量占总连通应急调水量的百分比
		水运交通	河道通航能力变化率	(W₁-W₀)/W₁; W₁为现状水运交通多年平均运力;W₀为没有或较少进行人工连通情况下水运交通多年平均运力
	生态环境保护影响系数	环境改善	人工连通环境纳污用水百分比	人工连通的环境纳污用水量占总环境纳污用水量的百分比
		生态修复	人工连通生态修复用水百分比	人工连通的生态修复用水量占总生态修复用水量的百分比
		景观维护	人工连通景观维护供水百分比	人工连通的景观维护供水量占总景观维护供水量的百分比
	防洪除涝影响系数	防洪减灾	人工连通防洪可调控百分比	人工连通的防洪蓄泄空间可调控水量占总防洪蓄泄空间可调控水量的百分比
	防洪除涝影响系数	除涝治碱	人工连通排涝可调控百分比	人工连通的排涝蓄泄空间可调控水量占总排涝蓄泄空间可调控水量的百分比

表2

表3

图3

表4

表5

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正负影响	三个层面
正负影响	河湖水系连通关系		河湖水系功能（自然角度）		河湖水系连通功能（社会角度）
正面影响	· 增强水系系统内部及外部联系 · 增加流域的水系连接度 · 提高水系分形维数 · 人工连通水域面积	· 增强区域水循环能力 · 增加水资源储载空间 · 汇集和储存水分,保护动植物生存环境 · 增加了水资源可利用量 · 提高了河湖的纳污能力		· 水利建设与发展,支撑经济社会可持续发展 · 提高水资源配置能力 · 改善水生态与环境 · 增强防洪、除涝能力
负面影响	· 改变了自然演变形成的符合自然规律的水系连通关系 · 过滤或阻隔物质流、能量流、信息流的传递	· 减弱物质能量传输,改变了自然水文情势 · 改变河湖水系周边的水质水量分布,对生态系统形成威胁 · 改变水文循环,水文破碎化,破坏连续性		· 经济合理性问题、投资量大、回收期长、正常运行风险 · 生态和环境的破坏有时是不可逆的 · 移民及社会稳定问题

影响评估等级	取值范围
产生很大正面作用	0.8 ≤ HAIC ≤ 1
产生较大正面作用	0.65 ≤ HAIC < 0.8
产生略微正面作用	0.55 ≤ HAIC < 0.65
未产生明显作用	0.45 ≤ HAIC < 0.55
造成略微负面影响	0.35 ≤ HAIC < 0.45
造成较大负面影响	0.2 ≤ HAIC < 0.35
造成很大负面影响	0 ≤ HAIC < 0.2

目标层	准则层	分类层		指标值(%)	子影响系数	准则层指数	目标层系数
人类活动对河湖水系连通的影响系数（HAIC）	河湖水系连通关系影响系数(IRSNRIC)	形态分布影响系数		13.6	0.68	0.732	0.660
		形态分布影响系数		0.43	0.63
		连通状态影响系数		0.03	0.51
	河湖水系功能影响系数(RLSNFIC)	水资源储载影响系数		58.2	0.88	0.405
		物质能量传递影响系数		8.95	0.23
		河流地貌塑造影响系数		17.17	0.70
		水体自净影响系数		8.57	0.63
		生态维系影响系数		40.00	0.10
	河湖水系连通功能影响系数 (IRSNFIC)	水资源配置影响系数	城市供水	18.16	0.77	0.816
			农业灌溉	20.68	0.81
			水力发电	8.89	0.63
			应急抗旱	100	1.00
			水运交通	250	1.00
		生态环境保护影响系数	环境改善	15	0.73
			生态修复	15	0.73
			景观维护	45	0.74
		防洪除涝影响系数	防洪减灾	65	0.95
		防洪除涝影响系数	除涝治碱	60	0.90

目标层	准则层	准则层评价等级	目标层评价等级
人类活动对河湖水系连通的影响系数	河湖水系连通关系影响系数	产生较大正面作用	产生较大正面作用
	河湖水系功能影响系数	造成略微负面影响
	河湖水系连通功能影响系数	产生很大正面作用