中国乡村地域系统与乡村振兴战略

doi:10.11821/dlxb201912007

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

乡村地域系统是由人文、经济、资源与环境相互联系、相互作用下构成的、具有一定结构、功能和区际联系的乡村空间体系,是一个由城乡融合体、乡村综合体、村镇有机体、居业协同体等组成的地域多体系统。以乡村地域系统为对象,服务支撑国家乡村振兴战略,为新时期地理学创新研究提供了新机遇和新挑战。乡村振兴地理学研究,亟需以问题为导向、战略为指向,以人地关系地域系统理论和人地系统科学为指导,致力于地表人地系统交互作用下乡村地域系统结构、转型过程、演变机理、分异格局、地域功能,以及乡村振兴途径与模式综合研究,科学把握乡村地域系统类型及其分异规律。本文以全国39164个乡镇为基本单元,采用定量和定性相结合的研究方法,诊断识别了制约中国乡村地域系统可持续发展的主导因子,划分了中国乡村地域系统类型,揭示了乡村地域系统分异格局,探明了不同类型区乡村振兴科学途径。结果表明：① 地理环境、村镇化水平、资源禀赋、人口流动程度和老龄化水平等是乡村地域系统分异的主导因子,反映了乡村发展自然本底特征以及外援动力、内生动力的大小。② 通过主导要素聚类和空间叠加分析,将中国乡村地域系统划分为12个一级区、43个二级区。一级区采用“地理区位+主导要素驱动力/约束力”的方法命名,二级区采用“地域范围+主导要素驱动力/约束力+乡村经济发展水平”命名。③ 不同类型区乡村振兴地域模式和路径不同,乡村振兴战略与规划的落地要因地制宜、分类施策。

Abstract:

Rural regional system is a spatial system with certain structure, function and inter-regional relationship, which is composed of humanity, economy, resources and environment that are connected and interacted with each other. It is a regional multi-body system, including urban-rural integrity, rural synthesis, village-town organism, and housing-industry synergy. Targeting the rural regional system and supporting the rural revitalization strategy provides new opportunities and challenges for innovation of Chinese geography in the new era. Guided by the theory of regional system of human-land system and the science of human-land system, the research on rural revitalization geography should serve national strategy by finding solutions to problems hindering rural sustainable development, and make contribution to the comprehensive study of rural regional system structure, transformation process, evolution mechanism, differentiation pattern, regional function, and rural revitalization path and model under the interaction of surface's human-land system. There is an urgent requirement to better understand and reveal differences in the types of rural regional system and their differentiation law. Taking 39164 townships in China as research object, this paper used quantitative and qualitative methods to detect and identify the dominant factors that restrict the sustainable development of rural regional systems in China. Then we divided the types of Chinese rural regional systems, revealed the pattern of rural regional differentiation and further proposed scientific approaches to rural revitalization in different areas. Results demonstrate that topographic conditions, climate conditions, ruralization level, land resources endowment, population mobility and aging level are the dominant factors restricting the sustainable development of rural regional system, of which reflects the level of resource endowment, endogenous power and external aid of rural development. Through cluster analysis and spatial overlay of dominant factors, China's rural regional system can be divided into 12 first-class zones and 43 second-class zones. The first-class zones are named by means of 'geographical location + driving force of dominant factors', and the second-class zones are named by means of 'regional scope + driving force of dominant factors + economic development level'. The driving force of rural sustainable development in different regional types are varied. The regional pattern and path of rural revitalization in different types of areas are varied, and promoting the rural revitalization strategy should be based on local conditions to realize the coordination and sustainable development of rural economy, society, culture and ecosystem.

刘彦随, 周扬, 李玉恒. 中国乡村地域系统与乡村振兴战略[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(12): 2511-2528.

LIU Yansui, ZHOU Yang, LI Yuheng. Rural regional system and rural revitalization strategy in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(12): 2511-2528.

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表5

中国乡村地域系统分区及其乡村振兴策略

一级区	二级区	乡村振兴主要策略
Ⅰ东北自然本底约束区	Ⅰ1小兴安岭山区地形约束型较低水平区	生态为先、三产融合、分区治理、绿色发展,着力发展特色林产业、现代高效农业与文旅观光业。
	Ⅰ2三江平原农业内生主导型中等水平区
	Ⅰ3长白山地形约束型较低水平区
Ⅱ东北内生动力约束区	Ⅱ1中部平原外援驱动型较高水平区	发挥资源综合优势,创新内生增长机制,引领区域农业现代化、工业园区化、乡村城镇化融合发展。
	Ⅱ2北部平原农业内生主导型中等水平区
	Ⅱ3大兴安岭山前农业内生约束型较低水平区
	Ⅱ4长白山山前农业内生约束型较低水平区
Ⅲ西北自然本底约束区	Ⅲ1灌溉农业内生主导型较低水平区	合理利用水资源,优化水土配置和乡村产业结构,优先发展生态型现代农业与乡村特色文旅创新产业,围绕水、能源与生态问题,创建陕甘宁蒙经济协作区。
	Ⅲ2内蒙古东部农牧业内生约束型较低水平区
	Ⅲ3内蒙古西部干旱气候约束型低水平区
	Ⅲ4伊犁河谷干旱气候约束型低水平区
	Ⅲ5北疆地区干旱气候约束型低水平区
	Ⅲ6南疆地区干旱气候约束型低水平区
Ⅳ华北内外综合带动区	Ⅳ1山东半岛农业内生主导型中等水平区	村镇建设与城乡融合发展,加快农业信息化、产业化、乡村智慧化和乡村空间重构,创建村镇有机体、田园综合体。
	Ⅳ2京津外援驱动型较高水平区
	Ⅳ3燕山太行山地形约束型较低水平区
	Ⅳ4豫西农业内生主导型中等水平区
	Ⅳ5黄淮海平原内外综合驱动型较高水平区
Ⅴ黄土高原自然本底约束区	Ⅴ1渭河平原内外综合驱动型中等水平区	保护水与生态环境、优化人地关系,科学推进生态产业化、产业生态化、乡村社区化,创建黄河流域生态经济特区。
	Ⅴ2甘宁山区地形约束型较低水平区
	Ⅴ3晋西河谷农业内生主导型中等水平区
	Ⅴ4中部高原地形约束型较低水平区
Ⅵ青藏高原自然本底约束区	Ⅵ1川西高原地形约束型较低水平区	强化生态保护与环境修复,保护“中华水塔”和高原人文景观,健全生态补偿长效机制和生态富民治理体系。
	Ⅵ2藏南河谷地形约束型低水平区
	Ⅵ3藏北高寒气候约束型低水平区
	Ⅵ4青海资源环境约束型低水平区
Ⅶ四川盆地内生动力约束区	Ⅶ1大巴山内生约束型较低水平区	强化三生结合、城乡融合发展,创建乡村双创和扶贫富民强村新机制新模式。
Ⅶ四川盆地内生动力约束区	Ⅶ2成渝外援驱动型较高水平区	强化三生结合、城乡融合发展,创建乡村双创和扶贫富民强村新机制新模式。
Ⅷ长江中下游内外综合带动区	Ⅷ1长三角城镇化外援驱动型高水平区	城乡一体化、产业园区化、乡村智慧化与治理能力现代化,创建高质量综合体发展新模式。
	Ⅷ2皖南农业内生主导型中等水平区
	Ⅷ3湘鄂赣城镇化外援驱动型较高水平区
	Ⅷ4平原内外综合驱动型较高水平区
Ⅸ东南沿海外援动力主导区	Ⅸ1浙闽城镇化外援驱动型型较低水平区	城乡融合与智慧社区建设,创新中心城镇化、外向特色园区化,创建生态文明制度、现代产业制度。
	Ⅸ2粤东沿海劳务输出型中等水平区
	Ⅸ3珠三角城镇化外援驱动型较高水平区
Ⅹ江南内外综合约束区	Ⅹ1武夷山农业内生约束型较低水平区	强化生态农业与绿色发展,促进工农结合和优势产业品牌化、有机化、市场化。
	Ⅹ2湘赣平原外援动力不足型中等水平区
	Ⅹ3南岭农业内生约束型较低水平区
Ⅺ云贵高原自然本底约束区	Ⅺ1东部山地丘陵地形约束型较低水平区	保护生态环境和自然、人文景观资源,创建特色产业经营体系,繁荣民族文化和文旅康养新经济。
	Ⅺ2滇贵资源环境约束型较低水平区
	Ⅺ3滇西边境地形约束型较低水平区
Ⅻ华南内外综合带动区	Ⅻ1海南内外综合驱动型较高水平区	发展共享经济、创意产业园区,创建国际化农业特区和生态文明示范区。
Ⅻ华南内外综合带动区	Ⅻ2两广内外综合驱动型较高水平区	发展共享经济、创意产业园区,创建国际化农业特区和生态文明示范区。

表5

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编码	指标层	指标释义	单位
X₁	平均海拔	区域平均高程	m
X₂	15°以上坡度占比	坡度大于15°面积/区域总面积	%
X₃	地表破碎度	不同栅格高程的标准差	-
X₄	0℃以上积温	0 ℃以上积温的多年平均值	℃
X₅	年均降雨量	地区多年平均降雨量	mm
X₆	农田生产潜力	土地粮食生产潜力	kg/hm²
X₇	人均耕地面积	耕地总面积/农村户籍人口	亩/人
X₈	人口密度	人口总量/区域面积	人/km²
X₉	老龄化率	农村65岁及以上人口/农村常住总人口	%
X₁₀	人口外流率	(农村户籍总人口-农村常住总人口)/农村户籍总人口	%
X₁₁	夜间灯光指数	夜间平均灯光强度	-
X₁₂	人均GDP	地区生产总值/总人口数	元/人
X₁₃	村镇化水平	建设用地面积/区域总面积	%

编号	Z₁	Z₂	Z₃	Z₄	Z₅	Z₆
X₁	0.716	0.129	0.485	0.018	0.087	-0.197
X₂	0.896	0.189	-0.058	0.016	0.110	0.051
X₃	0.879	0.205	0.097	-0.002	0.109	-0.081
X₄	0.270	0.039	0.921	-0.026	0.026	-0.070
X₅	-0.149	-0.044	0.941	-0.037	0.007	-0.091
X₆	0.778	-0.240	-0.057	-0.028	-0.261	0.028
X₇	-0.014	-0.101	-0.089	0.875	-0.026	0.017
X₈	0.007	0.903	0.022	0.005	-0.086	0.018
X₉	-0.067	0.040	-0.155	0.013	0.147	0.968
X₁₀	0.030	0.312	0.041	0.019	0.891	0.169
X₁₁	0.053	0.879	0.010	0.014	0.295	0.001
X₁₂	0.013	0.123	0.037	0.873	0.046	-0.004
X₁₃	0.216	0.855	-0.018	0.013	0.296	0.034

编号	Z₁	Z₂	Z₃	Z₄	Z₅	Z₆
X₁	0.217	-0.022	0.170	0.022	0.072	-0.100
X₂	0.333	-0.010	-0.093	0.001	0.053	0.066
X₃	0.308	-0.003	-0.035	-0.006	0.073	-0.050
X₄	0.031	0.004	0.481	0.012	-0.066	0.143
X₅	-0.125	-0.003	0.517	0.008	-0.049	0.103
X₆	0.321	-0.077	-0.055	-0.013	-0.253	0.143
X₇	0.006	-0.050	-0.014	0.573	-0.014	0.004
X₈	-0.064	0.515	0.043	-0.001	-0.493	0.103
X₉	0.036	0.012	0.129	0.001	-0.148	1.036
X₁₀	-0.009	-0.193	-0.038	-0.014	0.986	-0.093
X₁₁	-0.047	0.341	-0.016	-0.006	0.028	-0.054
X₁₂	-0.010	0.039	0.046	0.572	-0.018	-0.003
X₁₃	0.021	0.318	-0.036	-0.008	0.030	-0.015

名称	乡镇数量 (个)	面积 (10⁴km²)	人口密度 (人/km²)	农田生产潜力 (kg/ha)	建设用地占比 (%)
东北自然本底约束区	2853	46.48	192.21	3056.71	22.12
东北内生动力约束区	1052	65.80	35.40	2035.65	12.39
东南沿海外援动力主导区	2293	19.37	639.43	1162.41	18.56
华北内外综合带动区	7089	53.15	577.99	5308.59	25.22
华南内外综合带动区	1200	17.04	326.95	1816.18	11.90
黄土高原自然本底约束区	3333	44.82	185.35	2473.58	11.27
江南内外综合约束区	3455	41.35	251.44	2299.08	6.91
西北自然本底约束区	1540	225.12	15.38	1592.53	8.12
青藏高原自然本底约束区	1922	236.43	5.83	223.96	1.61
四川盆地内生动力约束区	5038	37.24	306.31	3148.72	6.83
云贵高原自然本底约束区	4596	74.73	143.40	1118.27	2.52
长江中下游内外综合带动区	4793	46.16	483.19	4325.37	20.11
全国	39164	907.79	141.12	2914.73	13.57