陕北地区退耕还林还草工程土壤保护效应的时空特征

doi:10.11821/dlxb201909010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

以中国退耕还林生态工程重点区域陕北地区作为研究区,基于耕地遥感监测数据集,分析了陕北地区2000-2013年耕地的时空变化特征;基于梯田空间分布,对RUSLE模型进行改进,模拟生成陕北地区土壤侵蚀模数栅格数据并进行精度验证;最后结合耕地变化数据集对陕北地区退耕还林（草）地及未退耕地的土壤侵蚀变化特征进行对比分析,以明确工程对全区土壤侵蚀变化的影响。结果表明,2000-2010年,陕北退耕农田内部侵蚀模数减少了22.70 t/hm ²,是退耕农田区2000年土壤侵蚀模数的47.08%。同期,陕北地区未退耕农田侵蚀模数减少了10.99 t/hm ²,占未退耕农田区域2000年土壤侵蚀模数的28.60%。从陕北全区的角度看,各种土地利用类型2000-2010年土壤侵蚀模数平均减少了14.51 t/hm ²,占2000年全区土壤侵蚀模数的41.87%。由此可见,退耕还林还草工程可以有效减少土壤侵蚀模数,达到土壤保护的作用。其中,由耕地转为林草所导致的侵蚀减少最为显著,对土壤保护的贡献作用最大。但是,2010年以后（2010-2013年）为退耕还林还草巩固时期,因此该阶段陕北地区土壤侵蚀模数和土壤侵蚀量变化较前10年显著降低。

关键词: 陕北, 退耕还林还草, 遥感, RUSLE, 土壤侵蚀, 土壤保护

Abstract:

The study took northern Shaanxi, a key region of Grain for Green Project, as the research area. We firstly analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of cropland during 2000-2013 using the remotely sensed time series cropland. The RUSLE model was improved by taking terraced fields as a parameter, and then the soil erosion modulus (SEM) was simulated using the calibrated model. Finally, the impacts of the Grain for Green Project on the soil erosion were assessed by comparing SEM changes in shifted and unshifted cropland. The results indicated that, the SEM across the areas of "Grain for Green" decreased by 22.70 t/hm ² from 2000 to 2010, accounting for 47.08% of that from the returned cropland in 2000. In the same period, the SEM from the unreturned cropland decreased by 10.99 t/hm ², accounting for 28.60% of that from the unreturned land in 2000. For the whole study area, the SEM of different land use types averagely decreased by 14.51 t/hm ², which is 41.87% of the SEM in northern Shaanxi in 2000. We concluded that "Grain for Green" could effectively reduce the SEM in northern Shaanxi and made the most contribution to soil protection. The Grain for Green Project entered a consolidation period after 2000 (during 2010-2013 in this study), and changes of the SEM during this period were thus relatively low.

Key words: northern Shaanxi, Grain for Green Project, remote sensing, RUSLE, soil erosion, soil protection

刘文超, 刘纪远, 匡文慧. 陕北地区退耕还林还草工程土壤保护效应的时空特征[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(9): 1835-1852.

LIU Wenchao, LIU Jiyuan, KUANG Wenhui. Spatiotemporal patterns of soil protection effect of the Grain for Green Project in northern Shaanxi[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(9): 1835-1852.

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一级类型	二级类型	强度等级
1 水力侵蚀	11 面蚀	111微度 112轻度 113中度
	11 面蚀	114强度 115极强度 116剧烈
	12 沟蚀	121微度 122轻度 123中度
	12 沟蚀	124强度 125极强度 126剧烈
2 风力侵蚀	20 不作亚类划分	201微度 202轻度 203中度
2 风力侵蚀	20 不作亚类划分	204强度 205极强度 206剧烈
3 冻融侵蚀	30 不作亚类划分	301微度 302轻度 303中度
3 冻融侵蚀	30 不作亚类划分	304强度
4 重力侵蚀	40 不作亚类划分	不作强度分级
5 人为侵蚀	50 不作亚类划分	不作强度分级

分级	平均侵蚀模数(t/hm²·a)
1 微度侵蚀	< 10
2轻度侵蚀	10~25
3 中度侵蚀	25~50
4 强度侵蚀	50~80
5 极强度侵蚀	80~150
6 剧烈侵蚀	≥ 150

侵蚀分级	理论值 (t/hm2)	验证点 (个)	模拟值在理论值范围内的点(个)	判对率 (%)	2005年模型模拟均值(t/hm2)
微度侵蚀	< 10	50	38	76.00	7.89
轻度侵蚀	10~25	46	33	71.74	17.90
中度侵蚀	25~50	56	39	69.64	37.29
强度侵蚀	50~80	46	28	60.87	61.61
极强度侵蚀	80~150	50	37	74.00	89.43
剧烈侵蚀	≥ 150	73	38	52.05	123.42

站点名称	集水面积 (hm²)	输沙量 (万t)	输沙模数 (t/hm²)
温家川	86.45	1100	12.72
白家川	296.62	9600	32.36
甘谷驿	58.91	2200	37.35
黄甫川	31.99	1400	43.76
状头	251.54	7000	27.83
龙门	4975.52	23640	4.75

	2000年		2010年		2013年
	土壤侵蚀量(万t)	比例^*(%)	土壤侵蚀量(万t)	比例^*(%)	土壤侵蚀量(万t)	比例^*(%)
延安地区	11856.38	43.13	6484.56	40.59	5503.15	35.46
榆林地区	15631.69	56.87	9493.14	59.41	10016.61	64.54