基于GIS与地理探测器的岩溶槽谷石漠化空间分布及驱动因素分析

doi:10.11821/dlxb201905014

地理学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 74 ›› Issue (5): 1025-1039.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201905014

• 土地利用与生态系统服务 • 上一篇下一篇

基于GIS与地理探测器的岩溶槽谷石漠化空间分布及驱动因素分析

王正雄,蒋勇军(),张远嘱,段世辉,刘九缠,曾泽,曾思博

西南大学地理科学学院岩溶环境重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400715

收稿日期:2018-08-13 修回日期:2019-02-18 出版日期:2019-05-25 发布日期:2019-05-24
通讯作者: 蒋勇军 E-mail:jiangjyj@swu.edu.cn
作者简介:王正雄(1994-), 男, 湖北荆州人, 硕士生, 研究方向为资源环境与GIS。E-mail: wangzhengxiong16@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划(2016YFC0502306);国家自然科学基金项目(41472321);重庆市自然科学基金项目(CSTC2017jcyj-ysxX0004)

Spatial distribution and driving factors of karst rocky desertification based on GIS and geodetectors

WANG Zhengxiong,JIANG Yongjun(),ZHANG Yuanzhu,DUAN Shihui,LIU Jiuchan,ZENG Ze,ZENG Sibo

Chongqing Key Laboratory of Karst Environment, School of Geographical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China

Received:2018-08-13 Revised:2019-02-18 Online:2019-05-25 Published:2019-05-24
Contact: JIANG Yongjun E-mail:jiangjyj@swu.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Key Research and Developmental Program of China(2016YFC0502306);National Natural Science Foundation of China(41472321);Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Commission Felloweship Fund(CSTC2017jcyj-ysxX0004)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

岩溶区土地石漠化已成为中国西部继沙漠化和水土流失后的第三大生态问题,近年来岩溶槽谷区石漠化表现出增加趋势。通过获取槽谷区石漠化、岩性、坡度、海拔、降雨量、土地利用、人口密度和第一产业生产总值等数据,利用GIS空间分析功能和地理探测器模型,探讨了岩溶槽谷区石漠化空间分布特征及驱动因子。主要结论为：① 岩溶槽谷区总石漠化面积为21323.7 km ²,占研究区土地面积的8.3%,其中轻度、中度和重度石漠化面积分别是11894.8 km ²、8615.8 km ²和813.1 km ²,分别占石漠化面积的55.8%、40.4%和3.8%;② 从石漠化的空间分布来看,槽谷区石漠化主要发生在连续性灰岩中,轻度、中度和重度石漠化面积分别为占槽谷区相应石漠化类型面积的22.1%、22.4%和1.9%;槽谷区石漠化主要发生在15°~25°的坡度范围,轻度、中度和重度石漠化面积分别为占槽谷区相应石漠化类型面积的27.1%、18.2%和2.3%;从海拔来看,主要分布于400~800 m范围内,轻度、中度和重度石漠化面积分别为占槽谷区相应石漠化类型面积的24.9%、18.4%和0.2%;从土地利用类型来看,主要发生于山地旱地中;从人口密度来看,集中分布于100~200人/km ²中;从第一产业生产总值来看,集中分布于25亿~50亿元中;③ 地理探测器的因子探测器揭示了岩性（q = 0.58）、土地利用（q = 0.48）和坡度（q = 0.42）3个因子是槽谷区石漠化形成的主要驱动因子,交互式探测器进一步揭示了岩性与土地利用类型（q = 0.85）、坡度与土地利用类型的组合（q = 0.75）共同驱动槽谷区石漠化的形成。

关键词: 岩溶槽谷, 石漠化, 空间分析, 驱动因子, 地理探测器

Abstract:

：The rocky desertification in the karst area is becoming the third largest ecological problem in western China following desertification, as well as soil and water loss. In recent years, rocky desertification in the karst trough valley is increasing seriously, and puts more and more pressure on the environment. Therefore, by GIS spatial analysis functions and geodetector models, this paper aims to explore the spatial distribution of rocky desertification in different gradients and its driving factors based on rock desertification, lithology, slope, elevation, rainfall, land use, population density and the total output value of primary industry in the valley. The results are as follows: (1) The total rocky desertification area in the karst trough area is 21, 323.7 km ², accounting for 8.3% of the land area in the study area; of which the light, moderate and severe rocky desertification areas are 11, 894.8 km ², 8615.8 km ² and 813.1 km ², respectively, accounting for 55.8%, 40.4% and 3.8% of the desertified area. (2) From the spatial distribution, rocky desertification mainly occurs in the continuous limestone, and the light, moderate and severe rocky desertification areas respectively account for 22.1%, 22.4% and 1.9% of the corresponding rocky desertification types in the trough area; Rocky desertification in the trough area mainly occurs in the gradient range of 15° to 25°, and the light, moderate, and severe rocky desertification areas account for 27.1%, 18.2% and 2.3% of the corresponding rocky desertification in the trough area, respectively; From the elevation, it is mainly distributed in the range of 400-800 m, and the areas of rocky desertification with light, moderate, and severe erosion grades account for 24.9%, 18.4% and 0.2% of the corresponding rocky desertification area in the trough area, respectively; From the land use type, it mainly occurs in upland mountains; From the population density, it concentrates in areas with 100-200 persons/km ²; From the total output value of primary industry, it concentrates in areas with 2.5-50 billion. (3) The factor detectors of geographical detectors revealed that the lithology, land use, and slope are the main driving factors for the formation of rocky desertification in the trough region. Interactive detectors further revealed that the lithology and land use types (q = 0.85) together with slopes and land use types (q = 0.75) drive the formation of rocky desertification in the trough area.

Key words: karst trough valley, rocky desertification, spatial analysis, driving factors, geographic detector

王正雄,蒋勇军,张远嘱,段世辉,刘九缠,曾泽,曾思博. 基于GIS与地理探测器的岩溶槽谷石漠化空间分布及驱动因素分析[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(5): 1025-1039.

WANG Zhengxiong,JIANG Yongjun,ZHANG Yuanzhu,DUAN Shihui,LIU Jiuchan,ZENG Ze,ZENG Sibo. Spatial distribution and driving factors of karst rocky desertification based on GIS and geodetectors[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2019, 74(5): 1025-1039.

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岩性类型 (面积/km²)	轻度石漠化 (km²)	中度石漠化 (km²)	重度石漠 (km²)	石漠化总面积(km²)	发生率 (%)
连续性灰岩(39995.2)	4722.9(39.7%)	4771(55.4%)	412.9(50.8%)	9906.8	24.8
连续性白云岩(19153.2)	1383.3(11.6%)	986.5(11.4%)	228.5(28.1%)	2598.3	16.1
灰岩与白云岩互层(23568.7)	1860.8(15.6%)	1250.5(14.5%)	82.1(10.1%)	3193.4	12.0
碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩(49402.8)	3927.8(33.1%)	1607.8(18.7%)	89.6(11.0%)	5625.2	11.4
总计(132119.9)	11894.8(100%)	8615.8(100%)	813.1(100%)	21323.7	16.1

坡度(°) (面积/km²)	轻度石漠化 (km²)	中度石漠化 (km²)	重度石漠 (km²)	石漠化总面积 (km²)	发生率 (%)
0~8(21096.1)	1048.5(8.8%)	765.1(8.9%)	47.8(5.9%)	1861.4	8.8
8~15(36956.2)	3520.4(29.6%)	2584.2(30.0%)	230.9(28.4%)	6335.5	17.1
15~25(44495.3)	5780(48.6%)	3899.9(45.2%)	495(60.9%)	10174.9	22.9
> 25(29572.3)	1545.9(13.0%)	1366.6(15.9%)	39.4(4.8%)	2951.9	10.0
总计(132119.9)	11894.8(100%)	8615.8(100%)	813.1(100%)	21323.7	16.1

海拔(m) (面积/km²)	轻度石漠化 (km²)	中度石漠化 (km²)	重度石漠 (km²)	石漠化总面积 (km²)	发生率 (%)
0~400(51526.7)	2048.6(17.2%)	865.1(10.0%)	47.8(5.9%)	2961.5	5.7
400~800(27745.2)	5299.6(44.6%)	3922.9(45.5%)	563.8(63.3%)	9786.3	35.3
800~1200(35672.4)	3520.5(29.6%)	2642.2(30.7%)	165.6(20.4%)	7586.0	21.3
> 1200(17175.6)	1026.1(8.6%)	1185.6(13.8%)	35.9(4.4%)	2247.6	13.1
总计(132119.9)	11894.8(100%)	8615.8(100%)	813.1(100%)	21323.7	16.1

降雨量(mm)(面积/km²)	轻度石漠化 (km²)	中度石漠化 (km²)	重度石漠化 (km²)	石漠化总面积 (km²)	发生率 (%)
800~1000(31708.4)	1605.8(13.5%)	1852.4(21.5%)	158.6(19.5%)	3616.8	11.4
1000~1200(47564.1)	2533.6(21.3%)	3325.6(38.6%)	289.5(35.6%)	6148.7	12.9
1200~1400(32011.4)	5780.9(48.6%)	2007.5(23.3%)	221.9(27.3%)	8010.3	25.0
> 1400(20835.9)	1974.5(16.6%)	1430.2(16.6%)	143.1(17.6%)	3547.8	17.0
总计(132119.9)	11894.8(100%)	8615.8(100%)	813.1(100%)	21323.7	16.1

土地利用方式 (面积/km²)	轻度石漠化 (km²)	中度石漠化 (km²)	重度石漠化 (km²)	石漠化总面积 km²	发生率 (%)
耕地(28515.8)	5900.4(49.6%)	4795.6(55.7%)	164.2(20.1%)	10165.6	38.1
林地(61669.1)	1881(15.8%)	683.3(7.9%)	469.6(57.8%)	2728.5	1.9
草地(29009.1)	2080.2(17.5%)	996.7(11.6%)	85.3(10.5%)	3162.2	4.9
未利用地(12925.9)	2033.2(17.1%)	2140.2(24.8%)	94.1(11.6%)	5267.4	33.0
总计(132119.9)	11894.8(100%)	8615.8(100%)	813.1(100%)	22141.7	16.8

基于GIS与地理探测器的岩溶槽谷石漠化空间分布及驱动因素分析

Spatial distribution and driving factors of karst rocky desertification based on GIS and geodetectors

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人口密度(人/km²) (面积/km²)	轻度石漠化 (km²)	中度石漠化 (km²)	重度石漠化 (km²)	石漠化总面积	发生率 (%)
0~100(36993.6)	2789.3(23.5%)	2869.2(33.3%)	141.5(17.4%)	5800.1	15.7
100~200(38314.8)	5654.8(47.5%)	3868.4(44.9%)	341.3(42.0%)	9864.5	25.7
200~300(39636.0)	1905.4(16.0%)	1758.1(20.4%)	102.8(12.6%)	3766.3	9.5
> 300(17175.6)	1545.3(13.0%)	120.0(1.4%)	227.5(28.0%)	1892.8	11.0
总计(132119.9)	11894.8(100%)	8615.8(100%)	813.1(100%)	21323.7	16.1

第一产业总值(亿元) (面积/km²)	轻度石漠化 (km²)	中度石漠化 (km²)	重度石漠化 (km²)	石漠化总面积	发生率 (%)
0~10(47260.2)	2080.2(17.5%)	996.7(11.6%)	84.3(10.3%)	3161.2	6.7
10~25(45223.8)	2921.6(24.6%)	1683.3(19.5%)	269.6(33.2%)	4874.5	10.8
25~50(20294.3)	3033.2(25.5%)	2288.6(26.6%)	95(11.7%)	5416.8	24.7
> 50(19341.6)	3859.8(32.4%)	3647.2(42.3%)	364.2(44.8%)	7871.2	28.0
总计(132119.9)	11894.8(100%)	8615.8(100%)	813.1(100%)	20323.7	16.10

	岩性	坡度	海拔高度	年均降量	人口密度	土地利用	第一产业总值
坡度	0.21	0
海拔高度	0.47	0.27	0
年均降雨	0.15	0.14	0.32	0
人口密度	0.35	0.34	0.27	0.15	0
土地利用	0.85	0.75	0.26	0.34	0.32	0
第一产业总值	0.14	0.19	0.15	0.18	0.34	0.28	0

岩性	土地利用 (km²)	轻度石漠化 (km²)	中度石漠化 (km²)	重度石漠化 (km²)	总计 (km²)	石漠化发生率(%)
连续性灰岩	耕地(12024.1)	1216.3(16.4%)	1629.2(13.5%)	196.9(1.6%)	3042.4	31.6
	林地(10288.7)	23.1(0.2%)	5.9(0.1%)	0.1(0%)	29	0.3
	草地(12232.1)	1977.8(9.9%)	960.5(7.9%)	39.0(0.3%)	2977.2	18.1
	未利用地(5450.4)	1121.3(20.6%)	258.9(4.8%)	16.6(0.3%)	1396.8	25.6
小计	39995.2	4338.4(36.5%)	2854.4(33.1%)	252.6(31.1%)	7445.4	15.7
连续性白云岩	耕地(4133.9)	1548.3(37.5%)	960.5(23.2%)	98.5(2.4%)	2607.3	17.0
	林地(8940.1)	75.5(0.6%)	5.8(0.1%)	1.7(0.2%)	83	0.3
	草地(4205.3)	441.8(10.5%)	213.0(5.1%)	29.0(3.6%)	683.7	4.4
	未利用地(1873.9)	870.1(7.3%)	750.4(8.7%)	59.4(7.3%)	1679.9	24.2
小计	19153.2	2935.8(15.3%)	1929.7(10.1%)	188.5(1.0%)	5054	10.7
灰岩与白云岩互层	耕地(5086.9)	1396.7(11.7%)	1015.9(11.8)	120.3(14.8%)	2533	18.1
	林地(11001.1)	0.8(0%)	5.1(0.1%)	1.9(0.2%)	7.8	0.0
	草地(5174.9)	524.2(4.4%)	203.8(2.4%)	13.4(1.6%)	741.4	5.8
	未利用地(2305.9)	757.7(6.4%)	338.5(3.4%)	84.7(10.4%)	1181	20.7
小计	23568.7	2679.4(22.5%)	1563.3(18.1%)	220.4(27.1%)	4463.1	9.3
碳酸盐岩夹碎屑岩	耕地(10662.8)	1054.9(9.9%)	923.3(8.7%)	82.9(0.8%)	2061.2	19.3
	林地(23059.5)	18.1(0.2%)	12.1(0.1%)	0.0(0%)	30.2	0.1
	草地(10847.2)	397.9(3.3%)	419.5(4.9%)	28.4(3.5%)	845.8	6.1
	未利用地(4833.3)	470.3(9.7%)	913.5(18.9%)	40.2(0.8%)	1424	22.9
小计	49402.8	1941.2(3.9%)	2268.4(4.6%)	151.6(0.3%)	4361.2	8.8

坡度	土地利用 (km²)	轻度石漠化 (km²)	中度石漠化 (km²)	重度石漠化 (km²)	总计 (km²)	石漠化发生率(%)
0~8°	耕地(4591.7)	334.1(7.3%)	82.5(1.8%)	17.0(2.1%)	758.3	9.4
	林地(9602.7)	151.6(1.6%)	156.5(1.8%)	4.9(0.6%)	547.7	0.3
	草地(4666.3)	167.9(2.2%)	101.1(1.2%)	7.2(0.9%)	583.1	5.9
	未利用地(2235.3)	265.4(2.2%)	175.1(2.0%)	39.8(1.3%)	789.4	17.6
小计	21096.1	919.1(7.7%)	515.2(6.0%)	100.7(12.4%)	2678.5	7.0
8°~15o	耕地(7752.5)	580.5(7.5%)	327.1(4.2%)	38.4(0.5%)	1653.5	12.2
	林地(18670.2)	212.6(1.1%)	181.3(1%)	16.6(0.1%)	717.1	1.9
	草地(7914.9)	539.6(4.7%)	342.3(4.0%)	72.0(8.9%)	1663.5	10.5
	未利用地(2618.5)	411.3(3.5%)	219.4(2.5%)	26.2(3.2%)	1148.3	21.8
小计	36956.2	1744.0(14.7%)	1070.2(12.4%)	153.3(18.9)	5182.4	7.0
15°~25o	耕地(10786.7)	981.2(9.1%)	667.3(6.2%)	31.0(0.3%)	2938.9	15.6
	林地(17952.9)	411.5(3.5%)	556.8(6.5%)	19.1(2.3%)	1726.4	4.1
	草地(10976.8)	496.5(4.2%)	294.7(3.4%)	15.4(1.9%)	1411.5	7.2
	未利用地(4778.9)	564.5(4.7%)	581.0(6.7%)	59.7(7.3%)	2104.1	24.7
小计	44495.3	2453.8(20.6%)	2099.8(24.4%)	125.1(15.4%)	8180.9	9.2
坡度	土地利用 (km²)	轻度石漠化 (km²)	中度石漠化 (km²)	重度石漠化 (km²)	总计 (km²)	石漠化发生率(%)
> 25°	耕地(1525.0)	679.7(6.1%)	430.0(5.2%)	30.5(0.2%)	1994.3	15.5
	林地(17185.3)	307.0(1.8%)	209.4(1.2%)	10.2(0.1%)	921.4	3.1
	草地(6154.0)	424.6(3.6%)	299.8(3.5%)	20.9(2.6%)	1303.2	10.0
	未利用地(3707.3)	249.9(2.1%)	306.3(3.6%)	54.2(6.7%)	1062.9	17.9
小计	28571.6	1661.2(14.0%)	1245.5(9.5%)	115.8(14.2%)	5281.9	8.9

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