地理学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 72 ›› Issue (10): 1886-1903.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201710012
张郴1,2(), 黄震方1,2(
), 张捷3, 葛军莲1,2
收稿日期:
2016-10-16
修回日期:
2017-02-17
出版日期:
2017-11-10
发布日期:
2017-11-06
作者简介:
作者简介:张郴(1982-), 女, 江苏南京人, 博士, 讲师, 研究领域为旅游地理与旅游规划。E-mail:
基金资助:
Chen ZHANG1,2(), Zhenfang HUANG1,2(
), Jie ZHANG3, Junlian GE1,2
Received:
2016-10-16
Revised:
2017-02-17
Online:
2017-11-10
Published:
2017-11-06
Supported by:
摘要:
旅游地具有物质和精神双重属性。鉴于旅游地精神属性在量化表达和测量方面的困难,以往旅游地研究较少涉及。旅游地个性概念的提出为旅游地精神属性研究打开了思路。由于开展时间不长,当前旅游地个性研究大多基于营销学中的品牌个性研究思路展开,缺乏对地方适用性的考量,且尚未深入到对个性表征形式及表征机制的探讨。基于此,从地理学视角出发,选取城市旅游地作为研究对象,着眼地方特性,系统构建城市旅游地个性量表,在此基础上,开展针对案例地城市南京的个性测量和分析,并以城市文化景观作为表征媒介,深入探究城市旅游地个性的景观表征形式及表征机制。研究发现:城市旅游地个性主要包含态度、气质、性格、能力四大特征;城市文化景观是城市旅游地个性的重要表征媒介,包含现代空间景观、传统空间景观、生态景观、生活景观、社会景观五大维度;以上景观维度及其所辖景观元素在表征城市旅游地个性方面发挥不同作用。研究过程及结论为包括旅游地在内的地方精神属性研究提供了一种概念框架和方法体系,是对精神层面人地关系认识上的丰富。机器学习这一智能化探索型数据分析手段的运用为处理地理学中普遍存在的高维非线性噪声数据提供了有力的方法支撑。
张郴, 黄震方, 张捷, 葛军莲. 基于机器学习的南京市旅游地个性及其文化景观表征[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(10): 1886-1903.
Chen ZHANG, Zhenfang HUANG, Jie ZHANG, Junlian GE. Urban tourism destination personality and its cultural landscape representation via machine learning: A case study of Nanjing[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(10): 1886-1903.
表1
城市旅游地个性量表题项"
编号 | 个性指标 | 编号 | 个性指标 | 编号 | 个性指标 | 编号 | 个性指标 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 冷漠—热情 | P9 | 乏味—浪漫 | P17 | 阴柔—阳刚 | P25 | 贫穷—富有 |
P2 | 油滑—敦厚 | P10 | 普通—独特 | P18 | 忧伤—快乐 | P26 | 脆弱—坚韧 |
P3 | 虚伪—真诚 | P11 | 丑陋—美丽 | P19 | 沉闷—活泼 | P27 | 懒惰—勤奋 |
P4 | 排外—包容 | P12 | 古典—现代 | P20 | 保守—开放 | P28 | 依赖性—独立性 |
P5 | 华丽—朴实 | P13 | 年老—年轻 | P21 | 邋遢—整洁 | P29 | 没实力—有实力 |
P6 | 张扬—内敛 | P14 | 本土化—西化 | P22 | 聒噪—安静 | P30 | 不可信赖—值得信赖 |
P7 | 无知—博学 | P15 | 没品位—有品位 | P23 | 浮躁—沉稳 | P31 | 不思进取—积极进取 |
P8 | 低俗—高雅 | P16 | 没魅力—有魅力 | P24 | 闲适—忙碌 | P32 | 无创新精神—有创新精神 |
表2
城市旅游地个性特征选择结果"
编号 | 特征项 | Y | 编号 | 特征项 | Y | 编号 | 特征项 | Y | 编号 | 特征项 | Y |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P1 | 热情 | √ | P9 | 浪漫 | √ | P17 | 阳刚 | P25 | 富有 | ||
P2 | 敦厚 | √ | P10 | 独特 | √ | P18 | 快乐 | √ | P26 | 坚韧 | √ |
P3 | 真诚 | √ | P11 | 美丽 | √ | P19 | 活泼 | √ | P27 | 勤奋 | |
P4 | 包容 | √ | P12 | 现代 | √ | P20 | 开放 | √ | P28 | 独立性 | |
P5 | 朴实 | √ | P13 | 年轻 | √ | P21 | 整洁 | P29 | 有实力 | √ | |
P6 | 内敛 | √ | P14 | 西化 | P22 | 安静 | P30 | 值得信赖 | √ | ||
P7 | 博学 | √ | P15 | 有品味 | √ | P23 | 沉稳 | √ | P31 | 积极进取 | √ |
P8 | 高雅 | √ | P16 | 有魅力 | √ | P24 | 忙碌 | P32 | 有创新精神 | √ | |
适应度值:Y = 0.0818 |
表3
城市旅游地个性评价因子分析表"
编号 | 因子名 | 题项名 | 因子载荷 | 特征值 | 累计可解释方差率(%) | 克隆巴赫 α系数 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||||
A | 态度 | 包容(A1) | 0.801 | 0.165 | 0.043 | 0.103 | 9.380 | 26.220 | 0.827 |
真诚(A2) | 0.800 | 0.198 | 0.047 | 0.213 | |||||
朴实(A3) | 0.747 | 0.177 | 0.017 | 0.048 | |||||
热情(A4) | 0.716 | 0.272 | 0.079 | 0.127 | |||||
内敛(A5) | 0.698 | 0.223 | 0.146 | 0.099 | |||||
敦厚(A6) | 0.668 | 0.044 | 0.012 | 0.023 | |||||
G | 气质 | 美丽(G1) | 0.148 | 0.722 | 0.157 | 0.175 | 6.699 | 44.882 | 0.826 |
博学(G2) | 0.338 | 0.651 | 0.047 | 0.130 | |||||
高雅(G3) | 0.233 | 0.615 | 0.004 | 0.376 | |||||
浪漫(G4) | 0.059 | 0.581 | 0.035 | 0.431 | |||||
独特(G5) | 0.242 | 0.538 | 0.007 | 0.100 | |||||
有魅力(G6) | 0.371 | 0.516 | 0.037 | 0.385 | |||||
有品位(G7) | 0.231 | 0.479 | 0.167 | 0.108 | |||||
D | 性格 | 活泼(D1) | 0.056 | 0.002 | 0.856 | 0.080 | 2.842 | 54.005 | 0.805 |
快乐(D2) | 0.103 | 0.126 | 0.788 | 0.047 | |||||
开放(D3) | 0.172 | 0.009 | 0.655 | 0.095 | |||||
年轻(D4) | 0.080 | 0.486 | 0.610 | 0.072 | |||||
现代(D5) | 0.216 | 0.395 | 0.603 | 0.062 | |||||
C | 能力 | 沉稳(C1) | 0.109 | 0.201 | 0.078 | 0.831 | 2.021 | 61.923 | 0.738 |
坚韧(C2) | 0.190 | 0.153 | 0.009 | 0.785 | |||||
值得信赖(C3) | 0.081 | 0.218 | 0.164 | 0.721 | |||||
有实力(C4) | 0.143 | 0.167 | 0.005 | 0.663 | |||||
积极进取(C5) | 0.156 | 0.223 | 0.078 | 0.602 | |||||
有创新精神(C6) | 0.021 | 0.103 | 0.147 | 0.589 |
表4
城市文化景观的特征选择结果"
序号 | 特征项 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y4 | 序号 | 特征项 | Y1 | Y2 | Y3 | Y4 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 | 城市主干道 | √ | √ | L16 | 交通站点 | √ | √ | √ | |||
L2 | 游憩步行街 | √ | L17 | 城市建筑风貌 | √ | √ | |||||
L3 | 河道沿岸 | L18 | 街头雕塑、小品等 | √ | √ | ||||||
L4 | 传统街巷 | √ | √ | √ | √ | L19 | 特色饮食 | √ | √ | ||
L5 | 历史遗存区及景区 | √ | √ | √ | L20 | 特色商品和手工艺品 | √ | ||||
L6 | 中心商务区和游憩商务区 | √ | √ | √ | L21 | 特色节庆活动 | √ | √ | |||
L7 | 百年老校 | √ | √ | L22 | 城市媒体节目、报刊杂志等 | ||||||
L8 | 公共文化场所 | √ | √ | √ | L23 | 当地居民 | √ | √ | √ | ||
L9 | 公共体育场馆 | L24 | 城市卫生 | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||
L10 | 城市广场 | L25 | 城市交通 | ||||||||
L11 | 城市公园及绿地 | √ | L26 | 城市治安 | |||||||
L12 | 山水风光 | √ | √ | √ | L27 | 城市物价 | |||||
L13 | 林荫道 | √ | √ | L28 | 城市基础设施 | √ | |||||
L14 | 市花市树 | L29 | 城市接待服务 | √ | √ | √ | |||||
L15 | 标志性建筑 | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
适应度值:Y = 0.0632 |
表5
城市旅游地个性景观评价因子分析表"
编号 | 因子名 | 题项名 | 因子载荷 | 特征值 | 累计可解释方差率(%) | 克隆巴赫α系数 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||||
M | 现代 空间 景观 | 城市主干道(M1) | 0.760 | 0.137 | 0.193 | 0.224 | 0.071 | 7.866 | 16.733 | 0.780 |
游憩步行街(M2) | 0.449 | 0.268 | 0.258 | -0.131 | 0.177 | |||||
中心商务区和 游憩商务区(M3) | 0.643 | 0.041 | 0.228 | 0.258 | 0.131 | |||||
公共文化场所(M4) | 0.670 | 0.031 | 0.157 | -0.014 | 0.282 | |||||
城市建筑风貌(M5) | 0.627 | 0.157 | 0.113 | 0.323 | 0.065 | |||||
交通站点(M6) | 0.537 | 0.236 | 0.294 | -0.150 | 0.297 | |||||
街头雕塑、小品等(M7) | 0.420 | 0.158 | -0.181 | 0.043 | 0.099 | |||||
T | 传统 空间 景观 | 历史遗存区及景区(T1) | 0.127 | 0.571 | -0.155 | 0.257 | 0.237 | 5.427 | 32.785 | 0.807 |
传统街巷(T2) | 0.157 | 0.627 | 0.113 | 0.203 | 0.126 | |||||
百年老校(T3) | 0.120 | 0.675 | 0.371 | -0.040 | 0.017 | |||||
标志性建筑(T4) | 0.067 | 0.471 | 0.229 | 0.140 | -0.189 | |||||
E | 生态 景观 | 山水风光(E1) | 0.127 | -0.155 | 0.696 | 0.257 | 0.371 | 3.138 | 43.241 | 0.837 |
林荫道(E2) | 0.061 | 0.287 | 0.664 | -0.288 | 0.166 | |||||
城市公园及绿地(E3) | 0.141 | 0.062 | 0.589 | 0.249 | 0.147 | |||||
L | 生活 景观 | 当地居民(L1) | 0.374 | 0.156 | -0.036 | 0.629 | 0.166 | 2.025 | 52.336 | 0.826 |
特色商品和手工艺品(L2) | 0.074 | 0.130 | 0.090 | 0.689 | 0.150 | |||||
特色饮食(L3) | 0.193 | 0.115 | 0.127 | 0.457 | 0.199 | |||||
特色节庆活动(L4) | 0.024 | 0.101 | 0.130 | 0.476 | 0.184 | |||||
S | 社会 景观 | 城市卫生(S1) | -0.042 | 0.094 | -0.053 | -0.039 | 0.736 | 1.261 | 60.456 | 0.811 |
城市基础设施(S2) | 0.166 | -0.129 | 0.030 | 0.407 | 0.714 | |||||
城市接待服务(S3) | 0.205 | -0.081 | 0.040 | 0.265 | 0.640 |
表6
城市文化景观对城市旅游地个性表征的信息增益值"
景观 维度 | 景观 元素 | 态度信息增益值 | 气质信息增益值 | 性格信息增益值 | 能力信息增益值 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
元素 | 维度 | 元素 | 维度 | 元素 | 维度 | 元素 | 维度 | |||||
M | M1 | 0.336 | 0.623 | 0.212 | 0.893 | 0.000 | 0.765 | 1.391 | 0.876 | |||
M2 | 0.000 | 0.927 | 0.221 | 0.156 | ||||||||
M3 | 0.246 | 0.302 | 1.520 | 0.973 | ||||||||
M4 | 0.339 | 0.673 | 0.000 | 0.543 | ||||||||
M5 | 0.394 | 0.164 | 0.000 | 1.512 | ||||||||
M6 | 1.352 | 0.760 | 0.271 | 0.550 | ||||||||
M7 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.837 | 0.362 | ||||||||
T | T1 | 0.386 | 0.329 | 1.584 | 0.972 | 0.582 | 0.528 | 0.189 | 0.149 | |||
T2 | 0.344 | 0.890 | 0.415 | 0.382 | ||||||||
T3 | 0.000 | 0.949 | 0.519 | 0.245 | ||||||||
T4 | 0.382 | 0.364 | 0.652 | 0.321 | ||||||||
E | E1 | 0.386 | 0.235 | 1.105 | 0.651 | 0.212 | 0.211 | 0.372 | 0.663 | |||
E2 | 0.173 | 0.785 | 0.000 | 0.731 | ||||||||
E3 | 0.211 | 0.276 | 0.190 | 0.683 | ||||||||
L | L1 | 0.962 | 0.742 | 1.212 | 0.733 | 0.000 | 0.098 | 0.373 | 0.352 | |||
L2 | 0.266 | 0.627 | 0.000 | 0.279 | ||||||||
L3 | 0.413 | 0.188 | 0.133 | 0.315 | ||||||||
L4 | 0.313 | 1.434 | 0.119 | 0.268 | ||||||||
S | S1 | 0.613 | 0.569 | 0.393 | 0.392 | 0.332 | 0.092 | 0.887 | 0.841 | |||
S2 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.682 | ||||||||
S3 | 0.831 | 0.348 | 0.000 | 1.172 |
[1] | Lefebvre H, Nicholson-Smith D. trans. The Production of Space. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 1991. |
[2] | Relph E.Place and Placelessness. London: Pion, 1976. |
[3] | Tuan Y F.Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1977. |
[4] |
Ismail R.Ramadan and Bussorah street: The spirit of place. GeoJournal, 2006, 66: 243-256.
doi: 10.1007/s10708-006-9027-y |
[5] | Bao Lisi.Study of historic district protection and rehabilitation based on the perspective of spirit of place theory: Case study of Chengdu Broad and Narrow Alley. Ecological Economy, 2014, 30(4): 181-184. |
[鲍黎丝. 基于场所精神视角下历史街区的保护和复兴研究: 以成都宽窄巷子为例. 生态经济, 2014, 30(4): 181-184.] | |
[6] |
Xi Yueting, Zhao Rong.Coupling strategy of cultural heritage management and recreation system based on the spirit of place. Journal of Northwest University (Natural Science Edition), 2013, 43(2): 314-318.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-274X.2013.02.027 |
[席岳婷, 赵荣. 场所精神下文化遗产保护与游憩体系耦合研究. 西北大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 43(2): 314-318.]
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-274X.2013.02.027 |
|
[7] | Norberg-Schulz C.Genius Loci, towards a Phenomenology of Architecture. New York: Rizzoli, 1980. |
[8] |
Ekinci Y, Hosany S.Destination personality: An application of brand personality to tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 2006, 45(2): 127-139.
doi: 10.1177/0047287506291603 |
[9] |
Aaker J L.Dimensions of brand personality. Journal of Marketing Research, 1997, 34(3): 347-356.
doi: 10.2307/3151897 |
[10] |
Murphy L, Moscardo G, Benckendorff P.Using brand personality to differentiate regional tourism destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 2007, 46(1): 5-14.
doi: 10.1177/0047287507302371 |
[11] |
Kim S, Lehto X Y.Projected and perceived destination brand personalities: The case of South Korea. Journal of Travel Research, 2013, 52(1): 117-130.
doi: 10.1177/0047287512457259 |
[12] |
Mao Duanqian, Liu Yufei, Liu Chunyan, et al.The brand personality of Jinggangshan Mountain as a tourist destination. Economic Geography, 2015, 35(7): 204-208.
doi: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2015.07.030 |
[毛端谦, 刘宇飞, 刘春燕, 等. 井冈山旅游品牌个性特征研究.经济地理, 2015, 35(7): 204-208.]
doi: 10.15957/j.cnki.jjdl.2015.07.030 |
|
[13] |
D'Astous A, Boujbel L. Positioning countries on personality dimensions: Scale development and implications for country marketing. Journal of Business Research, 2007, 60(3): 231-239.
doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2006.11.005 |
[14] |
Kumar V, Nayak J K.Destination personality: Scale development and validation. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 2014: 1-23.
doi: 10.1177/1096348014561027 |
[15] |
Chen C F, Phou S.A closer look at destination: Image, personality, relationship and loyalty. Tourism Management, 2013, 36(3): 269-278.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.11.015 |
[16] |
Hultman M, Skarmeas D, Oghazi P, et al.Achieving tourist loyalty through destination personality, satisfaction, and identification. Journal of Business Research, 2015, 68(11): 2227-2231.
doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.06.002 |
[17] | Zhang Chunhui, Bai Kai.Brand personality of rural tourism destination and tourists' loyalty: Mediating effect of place attachment. Tourism Tribune, 2011, 26(2): 49-57. |
[张春晖, 白凯. 乡村旅游地品牌个性与游客忠诚: 以场所依赖为中介变量. 旅游学刊, 2011, 26(2): 49-57.] | |
[18] |
Papadimitriou D, Apostolopoulou A, Kaplanidou K.Destination personality, affective image, and behavioral intentions in domestic urban tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 2013, 54(3): 302-315.
doi: 10.1177/0047287513516389 |
[19] |
Servidio R.Images, affective evaluation and personality traits in tourist behaviour: An exploratory study with Italian postcards. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2015, 16(1): 237-246.
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.08.003 |
[20] |
Usakli A, Baloglu S.Brand personality of tourist destinations: An application of self-congruity theory. Tourism Management, 2011, 32(1): 114-127.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2010.06.006 |
[21] |
Xie K L. Lee J S.Toward the perspective of cognitive destination image and destination personality: The case of Beijing. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2013, 30(6): 538-556.
doi: 10.1080/10548408.2013.810993 |
[22] |
Baloglu S, Henthorne T L, Sahin S.Destination image and brand personality of Jamaica: A model of tourist behavior. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2014, 31(8): 1057-1070.
doi: 10.1080/10548408.2014.892468 |
[23] | Li Weiwei, Bai Kai, Zhang Chunhui.Research on brand personality and behavior intention of tourists in national geo-park in Shanxi province. Human Geography, 2014, 29(3): 143-149. |
[李薇薇, 白凯, 张春晖. 国家地质公园品牌个性对游客行为意图的影响: 以陕西翠华山国家地质公园为例. 人文地理, 2014, 29(3): 143-149.] | |
[24] |
Apostolopoulou A, Papadimitriou D.The role of destination personality in predicting tourist behaviour: Implications for branding mid-sized destinations. Current Issues in Tourism, 2015, 18(12): 1132-1151.
doi: 10.1080/13683500.2013.878319 |
[25] |
Matzler K, Strobl A, Stokburger-Sauer N, et al.Brand personality and culture: The role of cultural differences on the impact of brand personality perceptions on tourists' visit intentions. Tourism Management, 2016, 52: 507-520.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2015.07.017 |
[26] |
Pan L, Zhang M, Gursoy D, et al.Development and validation of a destination personality scale for mainland Chinese travelers. Tourism Management, 2017, 59: 338-348.
doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2016.08.005 |
[27] | Mitchell T. Machine Learning.New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997. |
[28] | Mowen J C. Consumer Behaviour.2nd ed. New York: Macmillan, 1990. |
[29] |
Moon Y.Personalization and personality: Some effects of customizing message style based on consumer personality. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 2002, 12(4): 313-326.
doi: 10.1016/S1057-7408(16)30083-3 |
[30] |
Fournier S M.Consumers and their brand: Developing relationship theory in marketing. Journal of consumer Research, 1998, 24(4): 343-373.
doi: 10.1086/jcr.1998.24.issue-4 |
[31] |
Blythe J.Advertising creatives and brand personality: A grounded theory perspective. Journal of Brand Management, 2007, 14: 284-294.
doi: 10.1057/palgrave.bm.2550071 |
[32] |
Mccrae R R, Costa P T.Comparison of EPI and psychoticism scales with measures of the five-factor model of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 1985, 6: 587-597.
doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(85)90008-X |
[33] |
Smith S L.The tourism product. Annals of Tourism Research, 1994, 21(3): 582-595.
doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(94)90121-X |
[34] |
Tasci A D A, Kozak M. Destination brands vs destination images: Do we know what we mean? Journal of Vacation Marketing, 2006, 12(4): 299-317.
doi: 10.1177/1356766706067603 |
[35] |
Geuens M, Weijters B, Wulf K D.A new measure of brand personality. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 2009, 26(2): 97-107.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijresmar.2008.12.002 |
[36] |
Kumar V, Nayak J K.The measurement & conceptualization of destination personality. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2014, 12: 88-93.
doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2014.09.002 |
[37] | Zhou Shangyi, Wu Liping, Yuan Weichao.The relation of landscape representation power and local culture succession. Human Geography, 2010, 25(5): 1-5. |
[周尚意, 吴莉萍, 苑伟超. 景观表征权力与地方文化演替的关系: 以北京前门—大栅栏商业区景观改造为例. 人文地理, 2010, 25(5): 1-5.] | |
[38] | Hao Yonghua.Representation: From 'Zaixian' (Representation) to 'Biaozheng' (Representation): On the theory of cultural 'Biaozheng' (Representation) of Stuart Hall. Journal of Jiangxi Normal University (Social Sciences), 2008, 41(6): 73-80. |
[郝永华. Representation: 从再现到表征: 论斯图尔特·霍尔的文化表征理论. 江西师范大学学报, 2008, 41(6): 73-80.] | |
[39] | Dai Guangquan, Chen Xin.The visual representation analysis of Shangxiajiu Street in Guangzhou city. Human Geography, 2010, 24(5): 148-153. |
[戴光全, 陈欣. 广州上下九的视觉表征分析: 以互联网营销图片为例. 人文地理, 2010, 24(5): 148-153.] | |
[40] | Liu Danping.Visual representation and social construction of place: Cultural turn in Western tourism advertising researches. Tourism Science, 2007, 21(4): 63-71. |
[刘丹萍. “地方”的视觉表征与社会建构: 西方旅游广告研究的“文化转向”思潮. 旅游科学, 2007, 21(4): 63-71.] | |
[41] | Sauer C O.The morphology of landscape. University of California Publications in Geography, 1925, 2: 19-54. |
[42] |
Tang Maolin.The inventory and progress of cultural landscape study. Progress in Geography, 2000, 19(1): 70-79.
doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2000.01.011 |
[汤茂林. 文化景观的内涵及其研究进展. 地理科学进展, 2000, 19(1): 70-79.]
doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2000.01.011 |
|
[43] |
Jin Cheng, Xu Jing, Huang Zhenfang, et al.Analyzing the characteristics of tourist flows between the scenic spots in inner city based on tourism strategies: A case study in Nanjing. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2014, 69(12): 18858-1870.
doi: 10.11821/dlxb201412011 |
[靳诚, 徐菁, 黄震方, 等. 南京城市内部景点间游客流动特征分析. 地理学报, 2014, 69(12):1858-1870.]
doi: 10.11821/dlxb201412011 |
|
[44] |
Huang Shengbing, Lu Taihong.Dimensions of brand personality in China. Nankai Business Review, 2003, 6(1): 4-9.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-3448.2003.01.002 |
[黄胜兵, 卢泰宏. 品牌个性维度的本土化研究. 南开管理评论, 2003, 6(1): 4-9.]
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-3448.2003.01.002 |
|
[45] | Liu Helin.The interpretation and exploitation of urban cultural space: Building the new road of cultural urban. Jiangsu: Southeast University Press, 2010. |
[刘合林. 城市文化空间解读与利用: 构建文化城市的新路径. 江苏: 东南大学出版社, 2010.] | |
[46] | Zhou Zhihua. Machine Learning.Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2016. |
[周志华. 机器学习.北京:清华大学出版社, 2016.] | |
[47] | Schatter J D, Whitley D, Eshelman L J.Combinations of genetic algorithms and neural networks: A survey of the state of the art. International Workshop on Combinations of Genetic Algorithms and Neural Networks, 1992, 47(47): 4667-4677. |
[48] | Quinlan J R.C4.5: Programs for machine learning. San Mateo,CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993. |
[49] | Lynch K.The image of the city. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1960. |
[50] |
Zhang Jie, Lu Shaojing, Jiang Zhijie, et al.The dimensions and characteristics of the perception of Chinese Calligraphic Landscape. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(2): 230-238.
doi: 10.11821/xb201202009 |
[张捷, 卢韶婧, 蒋志杰, 等. 中国书法景观的公众地理知觉特征: 书法景观知觉维度调查. 地理学报, 2012, 67(2): 230-238.]
doi: 10.11821/xb201202009 |
[1] | 乔伟峰, 刘彦随, 王亚华, 方斌, 赵酉辰. 21世纪初期南京城市用地类型与用地强度演变关系[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(11): 1800-1810. |
[2] | 靳诚, 徐菁, 黄震方, 曹芳东. 南京城市内部景点间游客流动特征分析[J]. 地理学报, 2014, 69(12): 1858-1870. |
[3] | 赵荣钦, 黄贤金, 彭补拙. 南京城市系统碳循环与碳平衡分析[J]. 地理学报, 2012, 67(6): 758-770. |
[4] | 谢顺平, 冯学智, 王结臣, 鲁伟. 基于网络加权Voronoi图分析的南京市商业中心辐射域研究[J]. 地理学报, 2009, 64(12): 1467-1476. |
[5] | 赵清, 郑国强, 黄巧华. 南京城市森林景观格局特征与空间结构优化[J]. 地理学报, 2007, 62(8): 870-878. |
[6] | 杨兴柱, 顾朝林 , 王群. 南京市旅游流网络结构构建[J]. 地理学报, 2007, 62(6): 609-620. |
|