1959年来中国天山冰川资源时空变化

doi:10.11821/dlxb201709005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基于两期冰川编目数据与气象数据,对天山1959年来冰川资源的时空变化特征进行研究。研究发现：① 天山地区现有冰川7934条,面积7179.77 km²,冰储量756.48 km³。冰川数量以面积< 1 km²的冰川居多,面积以1~10 km²和≥ 20 km²的冰川为主,冰川集中分布在海拔3800~4800 m之间。② 在四级流域中,阿克苏河流域冰川面积最大为1721.75 km²,面积最小的是伊吾河流域,为56.03 km²。在各市（州）中,阿克苏地区冰川资源量最多,其面积和储量分别占天山总量的43.28%和68.85%;冰川资源量最少的市（州）是吐鲁番地区,面积和储量仅占天山总量的0.23%和0.07%。③ 1959年来,天山地区冰川面积减少了1619.82 km²（-18.41%）,储量亏损了104.78 km³（-12.16%）,其中数量以< 1 km²的冰川减少最多,面积减少以< 5 km²的冰川最为严重。④ 冰川变化呈现明显的区域差异,变化速度最快的是天山东段博格达北坡流域,变化最慢的是中部的渭干河流域。初步分析认为夏季气温显著上升带来的消融大于年内降水带来的积累是天山冰川退缩的主要原因。

关键词: 天山冰川, 冰川变化, 冰川编目, 气候变化, 中国

Abstract:

Based on the glacier inventories and meteorological data, spatial-temporal variations of glaciers in Chinese Tianshan Mountains were analyzed systematically. The results show that: (1) 7934 glaciers with an area of 7179.77 km² and volume of 756.48 km³ were identified in the study area. The number of glaciers below 1 km² accounts for the majority part of glaciers in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains. In contrast, glaciers between 1 to 10 km² and larger than 20 km² have the largest proportions of the total glacier surface area. The glaciers in the study area are mainly distributed at elevations of 3800-4800 m. (2) In 10 watersheds, the Akesu River Basin contains the most of the glaciers with a surface area of 1721.75 km², but the Yiwu River Basin has the least glaciers whose surface area is 56.03 km². There is an obvious difference of glaciers in different regions. In the Akesu region, glacier resource is the most abundant, which accounts for 43.28% and 68.85% in total surface area and volume. In the Turpan region, glacier resource is the least, which accounts for only 0.23% and 0.07% of the total surface area and volume in this region. (3) In the past half century, the loss in glacier area and ice volume were 1619.85 km² (-18.64%) and 104 km³ (21.63%), respectively. Glaciers smaller than 1.0 km² constituted the main body of the decreased glacier number. Glaciers below 5 km² experienced a significant recession. (4) The relative rates of area change for these glaciers were different for different drainage basins. The fastest change of glacier area occurred on the northern slope of the Bogda Basin and the lowest appeared in the Weigan River Basin. The main reason for glacier retreat in this region was that glacier melting caused by rising summer temperatures is greater than glacier mass supply by increased precipitation during the study period.

Key words: glaciers in Tianshan Mountains, glacier variation, glacier inventory, climate change, China

邢武成, 李忠勤, 张慧, 张明军, 梁鹏斌, 牟建新. 1959年来中国天山冰川资源时空变化[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(9): 1594-1605.

Wucheng XING, Zhongqin LI, Hui ZHANG, Mingjun ZHANG, Pengbin LIANG, Jianxin MU. Spatial-temporal variation of glacier resources in ChineseTianshan Mountains since 1959[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(9): 1594-1605.

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三级流域	四级流域	冰川数量			冰川面积			冰川储量
三级流域	四级流域	(条)		(%)		(km²)	(%)	(km³)	(%)
伊犁河(5X0)	伊犁河(5X04)	2121	26.73		1554.18	21.65		113.73	15.03
塔里木内流水系(5Y6)	阿克苏河(5Y67)	773	9.74		1721.75	23.98		271.92	35.95
	渭干河(5Y68)	878	11.07		1656.97	23.08		240.67	31.81
	开都河(5Y69)	694	8.75		332.05	4.62		16.01	2.12
	合计	2345	29.56		3710.77	51.68		528.6	69.88
准格尔内流水系(5Y7)	伊吾河(5Y71)	97	1.22		56.03	0.78		2.77	0.37
	博格达北坡(5Y72)	168	2.12		58.06	0.81		2.62	0.35
	玛纳斯河(5Y73)	1825	23		1024.05	14.26		67.17	8.88
	艾比湖(5Y74)	1000	12.6		598.52	8.34		32.96	4.36
	合计	3090	38.95		1736.66	24.19		105.52	13.95
吐鲁番哈密内流水系(5Y8)	白杨河(5Y81)	270	3.4		110.47	1.54		5.05	0.67
吐鲁番哈密内流水系(5Y8)	庙儿沟(5Y82)	108	1.36		67.69	0.94		3.58	0.47
	合计	378	4.76		178.16	2.48		8.63	1.14

市(自治州)	冰川数量			冰川面积			冰川储量
市(自治州)	(条)		(%)		(km²)	(%)	(km³)	(%)
伊犁哈萨克自治州	1856	23.39		1414.45	19.7		106.62	14.09
克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州	392	4.94		358.56	4.99		28.47	3.76
博尔塔拉蒙古自治州	391	4.93		199.38	2.78		9.57	1.27
吐鲁番地区	64	0.81		16.4	0.23		0.52	0.07
哈密地区	205	2.58		123.72	1.72		6.35	0.84
塔城地区	1154	14.54		830.09	11.56		57.17	7.56
巴音郭楞蒙古自治州	1616	20.37		868.98	12.1		47.82	6.32
昌吉回族自治州	762	9.6		266.69	3.71		11.95	1.58
阿克苏地区	1184	14.92		2988.6	41.63		483.02	63.85
合计	7934			7179.77			756.48

面积等级(km²)	第一次冰川编目				第二次冰川编目
	数量	百分比	面积	百分比	数量	百分比	面积	百分比
	(条)	(%)	(km²)	(%)	(条)	(%)	(km²)	(%)
< 0.5	6079	68.31	1177.61	13.38	5848	73.71	930.99	12.97
0.5~1	1318	14.81	929.92	10.57	957	12.06	688.45	9.59
1~2	801	9.00	1116.97	12.69	585	7.37	818.57	11.40
2~5	458	5.15	1381.15	15.70	343	4.32	1052.19	14.65
5~10	151	1.70	1063.74	12.09	131	1.65	922.89	12.85
10~15	33	0.37	389.27	4.42	21	0.26	263.33	3.67
15~20	18	0.20	320.94	3.65	17	0.21	290.11	4.04
> 20	41	0.46	2419.99	27.50	32	0.40	2213.24	30.83

四级流域	第一次冰川编目	第二次冰川编目	亏损量 (km³)	亏损率 (%)
四级流域	(km³)	(km³)	亏损量 (km³)	亏损率 (%)
伊犁河流域(5X04)	142.18	113.73	28.45	20.01
阿克苏河流域(5Y67)	287.71	271.92	15.79	5.49
渭干河流域(5Y68)	258.27	240.67	17.6	6.81
开都河流域(5Y69)	23.25	16.01	7.21	31.05
伊吾河流域(5Y71)	3.26	2.77	0.49	15.03
博格达北坡(5Y72)	4.20	2.62	1.58	37.62
玛纳斯河流域(5Y73)	82.21	67.17	13.25	18.41
艾比湖流域(5Y74)	47.55	32.96	14.59	30.68
白杨河流域(5Y81)	7.72	5.05	2.67	34.59
庙儿沟流域(5Y82)	4.91	3.58	1.33	27.09