基于企业视角的中国集装箱运输组织网络

doi:10.11821/dlxb201708014

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

货物运输集装箱化在全球资源要素配置和区域经济发展中的作用愈发突出,集装箱运输组织网络研究已成为交通地理学的重要课题。本文基于微观企业视角,选取112家企业和119座城市作为研究样本,借鉴城市网络研究方法和复杂网络理论,探讨了中国集装箱运输组织网络的等级体系、空间格局、网络联系和复杂性特征。研究结果表明：网络节点城市的集装箱运输组织能力差距明显,已形成由全国性、区域性、次区域性和地方性枢纽城市四个层级所构成的金字塔型等级结构;集装箱运输组织能力在空间分布上表现出显著的非均衡性特征,形成由6个核心区和7个集聚区所构成的“6+7”空间格局;网络联系以全国性和区域性枢纽城市为主要空间指向,联系网络总体呈现从东部沿海向中西部地区、从全国性枢纽城市向地方性枢纽城市逐渐拓展趋势;同时,整体网络结构表现出较强的集聚性、连通性和空间组织效率,且复杂网络特征与节点城市集装箱运输组织能力具有显著相关性。

关键词: 企业网络, 集装箱运输, 组织网络, 空间结构, 复杂网络, 中国

Abstract:

Containerization, which is an important technical innovation in global freight system, has a profound and lasting impact on global trade, regional development, and freight spatial organization. At present, container transportation has become an important carrier of global production factors and commodity flows. Thus, research on the organization network of container transportation has attracted considerable attention from researchers. Literature relevant to this area also continues to grow. In this study, we selected 112 typical container shipping lines and freight forwarders, which are the main organizers of the inter-regional flows of container cargo around the world in the context of market economy. A total of 119 cities, where these shipping lines and freight forwarders are located, are taken as study objects. The hierarchical structure, spatial pattern, network connection, and complexity features of China's container transportation organization network are analyzed based on the theory and research method concerning urban network and complex network. Our study revealed that: (1) Gaps exist in the organizational ability of container transportation in each node-city in China's organization network for container transportation. This network can be divided into four types, namely, national hub city, regional hub city, sub-regional hub city, and local hub city. This network is characterised by a typical pyramidal hierarchical structure. (2) The spatial distribution of the organizational ability of container transportation in China is significantly imbalanced. Significant zonal differences and agglomeration can be observed in the Bohai Rim, the Yangtze River Delta, the south-eastern coastal areas, and the Pearl River Delta. In terms of spatial distribution, the "6+7" spatial structure system, which is composed of six core areas and seven agglomeration areas of the organizational ability, presents the current structure of organization network of container transportation. (3) The linkages between the national hub cities and the regional hub cities are close and extensive, which constitutes the basic framework of linkages network and the main direction of linkages among node-cities. The density of the network linkages in the eastern region is significantly higher than that of the central and western regions. By contrast, network linkages generally tend to expand from the eastern coast area to the central and western regions and from the national hub cities to the local hub cities. (4) The results of complex network analysis show that China's container transportation organization network has strong spatial concentration, connectivity, and spatial organization efficiency. Furthermore, we found that a significant correlation exists between the complexity of the network structure and the container transportation organizational ability of a node city.

Key words: enterprise network, container transportation, organization network, spatial structure, complex network, China

叶士琳, 曹有挥, 王佳韡, 吴威. 基于企业视角的中国集装箱运输组织网络[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(8): 1520-1530.

Shilin YE, Youhui CAO, Jiawei WANG, Wei WU. Organization network of Chinese container transportation from the perspective of enterprises[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(8): 1520-1530.

图/表 5

图1

表1

图2

图3

图4

参考文献 24

[1]	Han Zenglin, An Xiaopeng, Wang Li, et al.Distribution and optimization of container transportation network in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2002, 57(4): 479-488.
	[韩增林, 安筱鹏, 王利, 等. 中国国际集装箱运输网络的布局与优化. 地理学报, 2002, 57(4): 479-488.]
[2]	Chang T S.Best routes selection in international intermodal networks. Computers & Operations Research, 2008, 35(9): 2877-2891. doi: 10.1016/j.cor.2006.12.025
[3]	Taylor G D, Broadstreet F, Meinert T S, et al.An analysis of intermodal ramp selection methods. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics & Transportation Review, 2002, 38(2): 117-134. doi: 10.1016/S1366-5545(01)00018-7
[4]	Shintani K, Imai A, Nishimura E, et al.The container shipping network design problem with empty container repositioning. Transportation Research Part E, 2007, 43(1): 39-59. doi: 10.1016/j.tre.2005.05.003
[5]	Wang Chengjin, Jin Fengjun.Organization networks of Chinese marine container transportation. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2006, 26(4): 392-401.
	[王成金, 金凤君. 中国海上集装箱运输的组织网络研究. 地理科学, 2006, 26(4): 392-401.]
[6]	Baird A J.Optimising the container transhipment hub location in northern Europe. Journal of Transport Geography, 2006, 14(3): 195-214. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2004.12.004
[7]	Lam J S L, Wei Y Y. Dynamics of liner shipping network and port connectivity in supply chain systems: Analysis on East Asia. Journal of Transport Geography, 2011, 19(6): 1272-1281. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2011.06.007
[8]	Rodrigue J P, Notteboom T.Containerized freight distribution in North America and Europe//Handbook of Global Logistics. New York: Springer, 2013: 219-246.
[9]	Wilmsmeier G, Notteboom T.Determinants of liner shippping network configuration: A two-region comparison. GeoJournal, 2011, 76(3): 213-228. doi: 10.1007/s10708-009-9333-2
[10]	Notteboom T.Container shipping and ports: An overview. Review of Network Economics, 2004, 3(2): 1-21.
[11]	Laxe F G, Seoane M J F, Montes C P. Maritime degree, centrality and vulnerability: Port hierarchies and emerging areas in containerized transport (2008-2010). Journal of Transport Geography, 2012, 24(3): 33-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.06.005
[12]	Wang Liehui, Hong Yan.Spatial structure of container port systems across the Taiwan Straits under the direct shipping policy: A complex network system approach. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(4): 605-620. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201604006
	[王列辉, 洪彦. 直航背景下海峡两岸集装箱港口体系空间结构: 基于复杂网络的视角. 地理学报, 2016, 71(4): 605-620.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201604006
[13]	Ducruet C, Notteboom T.The worldwide maritime network of container shipping: Spatial structure and regional dynamics. Global Networks, 2012, 12(3): 395-423. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2011.00355.x
[14]	Ridolfi G.Containerisation in the Mediterranean: Between global ocean routeways and feeder services. GeoJournal, 1999, 48(1): 29-34. doi: 10.1023/A:1007036702694
[15]	Song D W.Regional container port competition and co-operation: The case of Hong Kong and South China. Journal of Transport Geography, 2002, 10(2): 99-110. doi: 10.1016/S0966-6923(02)00003-0
[16]	Wang Chengjin.Spatial organizational network of loigsitcs company in China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2008, 63(2): 135-146. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2008.02.003
	[王成金. 中国物流企业的空间组织网络. 地理学报, 2008, 63(2): 135-146.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2008.02.003
[17]	Cullinane K, Fei W T, Cullinane S.Container terminal development in Mainland China and its impact on the competitiveness of the port of Hong Kong. Transport Reviews, 2004, 24(1): 33-56. doi: 10.1080/0144164032000122334
[18]	Rodrigue J P, Comtois C, Slack B.Transportation and spatial cycles: Evidence from maritime systems. Journal of Transport Geography, 1997, 5(2): 87-98. doi: 10.1016/S0966-6923(96)00073-7
[19]	Slack B.Across the pond: Container shipping on the North Atlantic in the era of globalisation. Geojournal, 1999, 48(1): 9-14. doi: 10.1023/A:1007080517715
[20]	Taylor P J.Specification of the world city network. Geographical analysis, 2001, 33(2): 181-194. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-4632.2001.tb00443.x
[21]	Wang Xiaofan, Li Xiang, Chen Guanrong.Complex Network: Theory and Application. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press, 2006.
	[汪小帆, 李翔, 陈关荣. 复杂网络理论及其应用. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2006.]
[22]	Mo Huihui, Wang Jiao'e, Jin Fengjun. Complexity perspectives on transportation network. Progress in Geography, 2008, 27(6): 112-120. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2008.06.016
	[莫辉辉, 王姣娥, 金凤君. 交通运输网络的复杂性研究. 地理科学进展, 2008, 27(6): 112-120.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2008.06.016
[23]	Wang Chengjin, Zhang Mengtian.Spatial pattern and its mechanism of modern logistics companies in China. Progress in Geography, 2014, 33(1): 134-144. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.01.015
	[王成金, 张梦天. 中国物流企业的布局特征与形成机制. 地理科学进展, 2014, 33(1): 134-144.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2014.01.015
[24]	Wang Jiao'e, Mo Huihui, Jin Fengjun. Spatial structural characteristics of Chinese aviation network based on complex network theory. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(8): 899-910. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.08.001
	[王姣娥, 莫辉辉, 金凤君. 中国航空网络空间结构的复杂性. 地理学报, 2009, 64(8): 899-910.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0375-5444.2009.08.001

类型	城市	组织系数(COI)	均值	数量(个)	比重(%)
全国性枢纽城市	上海	5.08	5.08	1	0.84
区域性枢纽城市	天津、青岛、深圳、北京、厦门、大连、广州、宁波	3.02~3.54	3.26	8	6.72
次区域性枢纽城市	南京、武汉、重庆、福州、苏州、杭州、成都、连云港、郑州、西安、中山、烟台、东莞、合肥、南通、汕头、佛山、沈阳、昆明、长沙、嘉兴、无锡、南宁、珠海	1.19~2.64	1.63	24	20.17
地方性枢纽城市	石家庄、济南、南昌、哈尔滨、常州、温州、江门、淄博、湛江、海口、营口、秦皇岛、济宁、临沂、泉州、丹东、潍坊、惠州、唐山、威海、芜湖、太原、扬州、日照、吉林、呼和浩特、锦州、金华、贵阳、九江、镇江、长春、襄樊、洛阳、东营、保定、乌鲁木齐、防城港、廊坊、宜昌、徐州、绍兴、泰州、沧州、肇庆、兰州、包头、湖州、钦州、漳州、西宁、北海、莆田、银川、菏泽、南阳、延边、株洲、盐城、台州、安庆、荆州、邢台、聊城、岳阳、龙岩、黄石、柳州、梧州、衡阳、绵阳、泰安、邯郸、衡水、三明、宿迁、淮安、潮州、滨州、遵义、呼伦贝尔、泸州、晋中、平顶山、自贡、盘锦	0.05~1.09	0.57	86	72.27