极化还是均衡:重塑大国经济地理的战略选择——城市规模分布变化和影响因素的跨国分析

doi:10.11821/dlxb201708007

地理学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 72 ›› Issue (8): 1419-1431.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201708007

极化还是均衡:重塑大国经济地理的战略选择——城市规模分布变化和影响因素的跨国分析

张亮靓^1,²(), 孙斌栋^1,²()

1. 华东师范大学中国现代城市研究中心,上海 200062
2. 华东师范大学城市与区域科学学院,上海 200241

收稿日期:2016-11-08 修回日期:2017-07-01 出版日期:2017-08-20 发布日期:2017-08-23
作者简介:
作者简介：张亮靓(1992-), 女, 安徽滁州人, 硕士生, 研究方向为经济地理与区域经济。E-mail:icyliangliang@126.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41471139);教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地基金(16JJD790012);上海哲学社会科学规划课题(2014BCK003)

Polarization or convergence: Strategy of reshaping economic geography of large countries: A cross-country study on the evolution and determinants of city size distribution

Liangliang ZHANG^1,²(), Bindong SUN^1,²()

1. The Center for Modern Chinese City Studies, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
2. School of Urban and Regional Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China

Received:2016-11-08 Revised:2017-07-01 Online:2017-08-20 Published:2017-08-23
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41471139;The MOE Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities, No.16JJD790012;Shanghai Social Science Foundation, No.2014BCK003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

关于国家空间发展战略,经济学家主张要素向中国沿海发达地区自由流动,而城市和经济地理学家则认为应对不发达地区发展给予支持。本文以国家尺度的城市规模分布来测度经济地理格局和城市化空间结构,综合运用截面和面板双重估计方法,探索了国家经济地理格局与国家规模的关系。结论显示,在控制了其他因素后,表征国家规模的人口规模和国土面积与国家经济地理的均衡分布呈现显著正相关,即大国的经济地理倾向于多中心均衡布局。机制在于,经济中心的辐射半径不是无限的,地理或者更准确地说是距离对于生产力和城市化布局具有重要作用。此外,随着经济水平的提高,国家经济地理格局呈现先极化后均衡的演化趋势;城市化率和非农产业比重的提高以及稳定的政治环境同样也会促进国家经济地理格局向均衡方向发展。再考虑到国家安全、社会稳定的政治诉求和中国地大物博的既有现实,本文政策启示是,大国的经济地理和城市化格局应该走适度均衡发展之路,国家采取空间干预政策促进中国不发达地区的发展有其合理性和必要性。

关键词: 国家经济地理, 大国, 城市规模分布, 均衡, 影响因素, 跨国分析

Abstract:

There is a debate on whether spatially-neutral or spatially-targeted policy is a better strategy for the future development of economic geography and the spatial pattern of urbanization at the national scale. Economists emphasize the spatially-neutral policy and advocate for the free flow of production factors to the developed regions in southeast China, while economic geographers support the latter and the development of central and western China. We argue that the radiation radius of an economic hub is not limitless because of geography, more precisely, it is distance that plays an important role in the distribution of production activities and urbanization. We also believe that not only should economic benefits be taken into account, but also other factors such as politics, ethnic minority and national security. The core point of this paper is that the scale of a nation is the key determinant of the spatial layout of economic geography and urbanization, and larger countries should follow a relatively balanced development path. Based on both cross-sectional and fixed-effect panel models, we explore the relationship between the scale of a nation and city size distribution, the proxy for the spatial pattern of national economic geography. The results show that, (1) all else being equal, the scale of a nation, represented by either population or land area, is positively associated with a balanced city size distribution. That is, the economic geography in large countries is inclined to a spatially balanced layout; (2) a nonlinear relationship is identified between the spatial pattern of national economic geography and per capita GDP. That is, national spatial pattern is unbalanced at lower levels of economic development and evens out at higher levels of development; (3) urbanization, industrialization, and a stable political environment also help balance the national economic geography layout. This study's policy implication is that large countries such as China should implement the strategy of a relatively balanced development of economic geography and urbanization. Considering the objectives of national security, social stability, and the fact that China has a large population and a vast territory, it is reasonable for China to promote the development of the central and western regions with spatially-targeted policies.

Key words: national economic geography, large country, city size distribution, balanced, determinant, cross-country study

张亮靓, 孙斌栋. 极化还是均衡:重塑大国经济地理的战略选择——城市规模分布变化和影响因素的跨国分析[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(8): 1419-1431.

Liangliang ZHANG, Bindong SUN. Polarization or convergence: Strategy of reshaping economic geography of large countries: A cross-country study on the evolution and determinants of city size distribution[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(8): 1419-1431.

图/表 5

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	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
人口密度(ln)	0.1207^***	0.1227^***	0.1370^***	0.1630^***	0.1801^***
	(0.027)	(0.027)	(0.026)	(0.037)	(0.039)
土地面积(ln)	0.1421^***	0.1571^***	0.1405^***	0.1821^***	0.1885^***
	(0.022)	(0.019)	(0.042)	(0.038)	(0.043)
人均GDP(ln)		-0.3835	-0.7843^*	-1.2912^**	-1.1322^**
		(0.324)	(0.420)	(0.571)	(0.558)
人均GDP(ln)的平方		0.0223	0.0399^*	0.0640^**	0.0532^*
		(0.020)	(0.024)	(0.031)	(0.030)
城市化率		0.0050^**	0.0061^*	0.0084^**	0.0094^**
		(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)
第二三产业GDP占比			0.0142^***	0.0138^**	0.0154^**
			(0.005)	(0.006)	(0.006)
进出口贸易GDP占比			-0.0008	-0.0000	-0.0002
			(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
每百人互联网用户			-0.0021	-0.0049	-0.0046
			(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.004)
每百人固定电话数量			0.0005	-0.0006	-0.0004
			(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)
联邦国家虚拟变量				-0.0807	-0.0576
				(0.091)	(0.089)
Freedom不自由				-0.0680	-0.0901
				(0.111)	(0.109)
Freedom自由				0.0441	-0.0285
				(0.230)	(0.227)
国家脆弱指数				-0.0380^**	-0.0439^**
				(0.018)	(0.021)
大洲虚拟变量					Yes
常数项	-1.7721^***	-0.6804	0.3692	2.4925	1.6793
	(0.381)	(1.459)	(1.784)	(2.534)	(2.441)
样本量	149	140	101	100	100
R²	0.155	0.191	0.238	0.288	0.319

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	固定效应	固定效应	随机效应	随机效应
人口密度(ln)	0.2768^***	0.3420^***	0.1921^***	0.1995^***
	(0.036)	(0.054)	(0.024)	(0.031)
土地面积(ln)			0.1830^***	0.1827^***
			(0.021)	(0.029)
人均GDP(ln)		-0.5595^***		-0.5044^***
		(0.149)		(0.125)
人均GDP(ln)的平方		0.0312^***		0.0291^***
		(0.010)		(0.008)
城市化率		-0.0020		0.0021
		(0.002)		(0.002)
第二三产业GDP占比		0.0030^**		0.0034^***
		(0.001)		(0.001)
进出口贸易GDP占比		-0.0005^*		-0.0004^*
		(0.000)		(0.000)
每百人互联网用户		-0.0005		-0.0008^*
		(0.000)		(0.000)
每百人固定电话数量		0.0004		-0.0001
		(0.001)		(0.001)
联邦国家虚拟变量				-0.0185
				(0.122)
Freedom不自由		0.0065		0.0069
		(0.016)		(0.016)
Freedom自由		-0.0074		-0.0130
		(0.023)		(0.022)
国家脆弱指数		-0.0066^**		-0.0072^***
		(0.003)		(0.003)
大洲虚拟变量				YES
年份	YES	YES	YES	YES
常数项	-0.6794^***	1.4215^**	-2.5753^***	-0.8125
	(0.144)	(0.570)	(0.329)	(0.642)
样本量	2235	1878	2235	1878
R²	0.041	0.053
国家数量	149	137	149	137

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
	固定效应	固定效应	随机效应	随机效应
人口密度(ln)	0.1041^***	0.1957^***	0.1046^***	0.1325^***
	(0.016)	(0.055)	(0.013)	(0.024)
土地面积(ln)			0.1368^***	0.1511^***
			(0.015)	(0.020)
人均GDP(ln)		0.0577		0.0243
		(0.105)		(0.092)
人均GDP(ln)的平方		-0.0030		-0.0002
		(0.007)		(0.006)
城市化率		-0.0020		0.0004
		(0.001)		(0.001)
第二三产业GDP占比		0.0017		0.0022^**
		(0.001)		(0.001)
进出口贸易GDP占比		-0.0001		-0.0002
		(0.000)		(0.000)
每百人固定电话数量		0.0016		0.0005
		(0.001)		(0.001)
独立时间分类				-0.0206
				(0.033)
大洲虚拟变量				YES
年份控制	YES	YES	YES	YES
常数项	0.0513	-0.5437	-1.6228^***	-2.2643^***
	(0.056)	(0.372)	(0.211)	(0.456)
样本量	1483	909	1483	909
R²	0.065	0.064
国家数量	149	141	149	141

极化还是均衡:重塑大国经济地理的战略选择——城市规模分布变化和影响因素的跨国分析

Polarization or convergence: Strategy of reshaping economic geography of large countries: A cross-country study on the evolution and determinants of city size distribution

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