民族文化资源的类型特征及成因分析——以格萨尔（果洛）文化生态保护实验区为例

doi:10.11821/dlxb201706013

地理学报 ›› 2017, Vol. 72 ›› Issue (6): 1118-1132.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201706013

民族文化资源的类型特征及成因分析——以格萨尔（果洛）文化生态保护实验区为例

朱鹤^1,²(), 刘家明¹(), 桑子文³, 魏文栋⁴, 魏宗财⁵

1. 中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所中国科学院区域可持续发展分析与模拟重点实验室,北京 100101
2. 中国科学院大学,北京 100049
3. 中国传媒大学经济与管理学院,北京 100024
4. 上海理工大学管理学院,上海 200093
5. 华南理工大学建筑学院,广州 510641

收稿日期:2016-07-12 修回日期:2017-02-25 出版日期:2017-06-25 发布日期:2017-06-25
作者简介:
作者简介：朱鹤(1989-), 山东济南人, 博士, 中国地理学会会员(S1100010339M), 主要从事旅游文化地理及资源研究。E-mail: zhuhe12@mails.ucas.ac.cn

Characteristic and contribution factors of different types of ethnic cultural resources: A case study of Gesar cultural and ecological protection experiment area

He ZHU^1,²(), Jiaming LIU¹(), Ziwen SANG³, Wendong WEI⁴, Zongcai WEI⁵

1. Key Laboratory of Regional Sustainable Development Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS, Beijing 100101, China
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3. Economic and Management College, Communication University of China, Beijing 100024, China
4. Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
5. School of Architecture, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China

Received:2016-07-12 Revised:2017-02-25 Published:2017-06-25 Online:2017-06-25

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由人类非物质文化遗产《格萨（斯）尔》史诗派生出的格萨尔文化是青藏高原地区独特的区域文化形态。文化资源是文化的载体和展示形式,具有价值性和不可替代性。研究格萨尔文化资源的分类、空间分布及成因对于探讨青藏高原地区人地关系,保护人类非物质遗产有非常重要的意义。果洛藏族自治州是格萨尔文化资源最为富集的区域,并于2014年被授予格萨尔文化生态保护实验区。本文首先对格萨尔文化资源进行界定和分类,并以果洛为例,探讨格萨尔文化资源的空间分布特征及与自然地理条件（高程、水源、坡度、坡向、可达性）的关系,并分析影响文化资源分布的原因,得出以下结论：① 格萨尔文化资源可以分为4大类,11个亚类和60个子类,果洛的格萨尔文化资源覆盖全部类型,共1189个;② 果洛格萨尔文化资源空间分布具有聚集性,其中A类文化人（团体）类集聚程度最高,并通过最近邻分析和密度分析对各类文化资源的集聚空间进行识别;③ 格萨尔文化资源的空间分布与自然地理条件有关,多位于海拔相对较低、距水源地较近的位置,不同类型的文化资源分布对坡度、坡向和可达性的关系不同。

关键词: 格萨尔文化, 文化资源, 空间分布, 成因, 果洛

Abstract:

Being a unique local cultural form derived from The Epic Gesar (human intangible cultural heritage), the Gesar culture remains primarily in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China. Due to its historical value, studying the classification, spatial distribution and contribution factors of Gesar culture is of great significance to explore the relationship between man and environment in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and protecting the Gesar human intangible cultural heritage. Guoluo, which boasts the richest Gesar cultural resources in China, is taken as a case in this study. Based on the definition and classification of Gesar cultural resources, this article examined the relationship between the spatial distribution characteristics of Gesar cultural resources and the physical geography factors (including elevation, water source, slope, aspect, and accessibility) in Guoluo. Subsequently, the influencing mechanisms of the above factors on the spatial distribution of cultural resources were further discussed. It was concluded that, (1) Gesar cultural resources can be divided into 4 categories, 11 sub-categories, and 60 small categories; (2) the distribution of Gesar cultural resources, especially the inheritors type, presented a pattern of cluster; the most concentrated spaces for 3 Gesar cultural resources types were identified; (3) the spatial distribution of Gesar cultural resources is closely related to the physical geography conditions. Specifically, most of them were concentrated in the proximity of water source with relatively low altitude. Moreover, the three types of Gesar cultural resources have been affected by different factors including slope, aspect, and accessibility.

Key words: Gesar culture, cultural resources, spatial distribution, contributing factor, Guoluo

朱鹤, 刘家明, 桑子文, 魏文栋, 魏宗财. 民族文化资源的类型特征及成因分析——以格萨尔（果洛）文化生态保护实验区为例[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(6): 1118-1132.

He ZHU, Jiaming LIU, Ziwen SANG, Wendong WEI, Zongcai WEI. Characteristic and contribution factors of different types of ethnic cultural resources: A case study of Gesar cultural and ecological protection experiment area[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(6): 1118-1132.

图/表 9

表1

格萨尔文化资源分类

大类	亚类	亚类界限	子类
A文化人（团体）	AA格萨尔艺人	在格萨尔非物质文化遗产相关领域内具有专业技能的非物质文化遗产传承人	AAA史诗说唱传承人（《格萨（斯）尔》说唱、吟诵）;AAB其他民间文学传承人（阿尼玛卿传说、年宝玉则传说、三果洛传说等）;AAC传统舞蹈传承人（格萨尔金刚舞、藏式舞蹈）;AAD传统曲艺音乐传承人（藏戏、马背藏戏、龙头琴弹唱、藏族民歌、嘛呢调、藏族传统笛子等）;AAE传统体育、游艺与杂技传承人（赛马、藏族摔跤、羊皮袋游泳、赛牦牛、抱沙袋等）;AAF传统手工艺技艺传承人（唐卡、藏靴、石刻工艺、编制技艺、藏戏道具制作、酥油雕刻、藏香制作、纺织、雕刻、藏式碉楼营造技艺等）;AAG传统美术传承人（藏文书法、绘画、格萨尔水彩画、琼布石迟字体等）;AAH传统医学传承人（伏藏堪藏医术、传统藏医、传统藏药制作等）;AAI其他格萨尔文化非物质文化遗产传承人
	AB格萨尔艺术表演团体	主要是格萨尔文化体系内,表演《格萨（斯）尔》史诗相关剧目的表演团体	ABA格萨尔史诗说唱表演团体;ABB格萨尔藏戏表演团体;ABC其他格萨尔表演团体
	AC研究人员	对格萨尔文化进行研究的学者和专家	ACA编制内研究人员;ACB民间研究学者
B文化场所	BA展陈场所	展示格萨尔文化相关文物、遗存遗迹和相关文化艺术作品的展示机构	BAA格萨尔文化博物馆、展览馆;BAB格萨尔文化艺术馆、文化馆;BAC格萨尔文化活动中心;BAD格萨尔文化产业园;BAE其他格萨尔文化展陈场所
	BB传习场所	《格萨（斯）尔》史诗说唱及其他相关非物质文化遗产项目传习的特定场所	BBA传习基地;BBB传习所;BBC传习点;BBD其他格萨尔文化传习场所
	BC研究机构	研究格萨尔文化的学术科研机构	BCA政府研究机构;BCB民间研究机构;BCC挂牌机构
C文化遗存	CA格萨尔文化遗址	与格萨尔文化相关的建筑、墓葬、壁画、岩画、煨桑台等不可移动的文物及重要历史事件发生场所	CAA古代建筑与工程;CAB活动地遗址;CAC军事遗址及古战场;CAD祭祀与宗教活动场所;CAE墓葬、陵寝CAF交通遗迹;CAG人文艺术遗址;CAH历史事件发生地;CAI其他格萨尔文化遗迹
	CB格萨尔文化风物遗迹	在格萨尔文化中具有重要地位的自然景观（物）、自然资源	CBA山岳、丘陵;CBB洞穴;CBC河段;CBD湖泊、潭池;CBE瀑布;CBF温泉;CBG山石、群石;CBH独特地形地貌;CBI其他自然景观、资源
	CC格萨尔文化文物	特指与《格萨（斯）尔》息息相关的法器、兵器、书籍、钱币、佛像、马器、陶器等可移动的文物	CCA生产用具;CCB生活用品;CCC文化艺术用品 CCD科技物品;CCE宗教物品;CCF民族物品;CCG民俗物品;CCH其他
D文化活动	DA民俗事象	与《格萨（斯）尔》相关的民俗活动和民俗现象	DAA生产习俗;DAB消费习俗;DAC婚葬习俗;DAD游艺竞技习俗;DAE禁忌民俗^[30]
D文化活动	DB节庆活动	与《格萨（斯）尔》相关的传统民间节庆活动	DBA民俗风情型节庆活动;DBB历史文化型节庆活动;DBC运动休闲型节庆活动^[31]

表1

表2

表3

果洛萨尔文化资源的最近邻分析

指标	A文化人(团体)	B文化场所	C文化遗存	总体
$d ?$	2251.5091	5417.3865	7514.1206	2457.7200
R_E	5941.3564	12805.2377	11042.3123	5365.6655
R_n	0.3790	0.423 1	0.6805	0.4580

表3

图1

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

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民族文化资源的类型特征及成因分析——以格萨尔（果洛）文化生态保护实验区为例

Characteristic and contribution factors of different types of ethnic cultural resources: A case study of Gesar cultural and ecological protection experiment area

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大类	亚类	子类明细(数量/个)	合计
A文化人(团体)	AA格萨尔艺人	AAA(87),AAB(11),AAC(5),AAD(175),AAE(10) AAF(54),AAG(17),AAH(11),AA(13)	383
	AB格萨尔艺术表演团体	ABA(2),ABB(28)	30
	AC研究人员	ACA(65),ACB(51)	116
	小计：529
B文化场所	BA展陈场所	BAA(5),BAB(6),BAC(2),BAD(1)	14
	BB传习场所	BBA(60),BBB(3）	63
	BC研究机构	BCA(2),BCB(4),BCC(4）	10
	小计：87
C文化遗存	CA格萨尔文化遗迹	CAA(45),CAB(5),CAC(3),CAD(7),CAE(4),CAG(8)	72
	CB格萨尔文化风物	CBA(31),CBB(12),CBC(3),CBD(8),CBE(7),CBF(6),CBG(33),CBH(30),CBI(4)	134
	CC格萨尔文化文物	根据有关文件不予显示	313
	小计：519
D文化活动	DA民俗事象	DAA(8),DAC(5),DAB(12),DAE(7)	32
	DB节庆活动	DBA1(3),DBB(6),DBC(3)	22
	小计：54
总计	1189

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