流动商贩的空间分布特征及与正规商业的分布关系——基于距离测度方法的数量研究

doi:10.11821/dlxb201704005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

有关非正规经济的空间分布特征始终缺乏宏观维度的定量研究。本文利用数字化城市管理系统中的流动商贩数据和工商局登记的正规商业数据,通过DO指数和M函数,分别探究流动商贩的空间特征及其与正规商业的分布关系。研究发现：① 绝大多数类型的流动商贩及其占地面积具有显著集聚的空间格局;其中,与居民需求较为密切的商贩类型,集聚程度相对较低。② 相较于正规商业,流动商贩在极小的空间尺度上更为强烈地集聚分布;但随着尺度扩大,集聚程度呈快速衰减态势。③ 经营内容相近的流动商贩与正规商业之间表现出显著的互斥关系,而非共栖关系;且两者的互斥程度在较小的空间尺度上尤为强烈。由此,本研究证明设立摊贩疏导区具有可行性和必要性,并就设置的类型及原则提出了初步建议。

关键词: 非正规经济, 流动商贩, 空间分布, DO指数, M函数

Abstract:

Although informal economy has become important urban landscape in contemporary China, there are fewer quantitative studies on its spatial structure from the perspective of macroscopic scale. Therefore, the feasibility and necessity of vending zones are still full of controversy. To fill in this research gap, the thesis used point data of street vendors and formal commerce in 2010, which respectively came from digital urban municipal management system and industrial and commercial bureau registration system of Chaoyang District in Beijing. Via DO Index and M Function, this research mainly probed into the spatial structure of street vending and its spatial relationship with formal commerce separately. According to empirical analysis, firstly, this paper found that most vending types and their occupied areas presented a pattern of significant agglomeration. Furthermore, the vending type which had close relationship with residents' demand showed less agglomeration degree. Secondly, compared with the spatial structure of formal commerce, street vending agglomerated more intensely in a tiny scale. Concretely, street vendors, as a whole, reached the peak extent of agglomeration at only approximately 250 to 300 meters. However, the extent of their agglomeration declined dramatically when spatial scale magnified. Thirdly, street vending and formal commerce which provided similar commodity or service had not shown significant co-located spatial relationship, but there existed evident co-dispersion with each other. What's more, the extent of co-dispersion would be stronger in a smaller spatial scale. In conclusion, although street vending presented strong mobility, it had a stable spatial pattern. Thus this research demonstrated the feasibility and necessity of setting inclusive vending zones, and proposed elementary policy suggestion of its principle and types. For example, the government could introduce flexible and fixed vending zones in order to satisfy different demands of various vendors. Furthermore, the area need not be enlarged and would give preference to the area with limited formal commerce supply.

Key words: informal economy, street vending, spatial distribution, DO index, M function

张延吉, 张磊, 吴凌燕. 流动商贩的空间分布特征及与正规商业的分布关系——基于距离测度方法的数量研究[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(4): 618-632.

Yanji ZHANG, Lei ZHANG, Lingyan WU. Spatial distribution of street vending and its spatial relationship with formal commerce: Quantitative research using distance-based methods[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(4): 618-632.

图/表 9

图1

图2

表1

图3

表2

各类流动商贩的总体集聚程度及发生集聚的空间尺度"

未加权			加权
摊贩类型	集聚程度Γ_I	集聚尺度	摊贩类型	集聚程度 $Γ I emp$	集聚尺度
卖唱	0.014496	0~5.2	卖建材	0.014666	0~3.2
招揽住宿的中介	0.011779	0~2.4, 11.0~11.7	招揽住宿的中介	0.013838	0~2.5
卖烟	0.011125	0~3.0	卖烟	0.011357	0~2.8
卖建材	0.010441	0~3.1, 10.2~11.2	卖饰品	0.009998	0~7.7
卖饰品	0.010070	0~7.8	卖唱	0.006180	0~5.5
卖瓷器	0.006337	0~7.4	洗车	0.005087	0~7.6
贴膜	0.005938	0~2.2, 7.0~11.3	卖煤	0.004794	0~4.9
洗车	0.004764	0~2.6, 6.2~9.3	贴膜	0.004500	0~2.0, 7.9~11.5
招揽装修	0.004743	0~2.6, 10.9~12.0	卖瓷器	0.003859	0~7.0
卖书报	0.004634	0~7.2	卖早餐	0.003528	0~6.5
卖早餐	0.004552	0~6.0	理发按摩	0.003489	0~2.5, 6.6~10.9
卖杂货	0.003614	0~7.5	卖杂货	0.003314	0~7.7
卖煤	0.003426	0~4.2	收药	0.003293	0~3.6
卖花	0.002951	0~6.6	卖书报	0.003260	0~7.1
理发按摩	0.002612	0~2.7, 7.9~11.9	现场缝纫	0.002452	0~2.2
收药	0.002560	0~7.4	卖蔬果	0.002360	0~2.0, 4.8~6.5
现场缝纫	0.002324	0~2.0	修车修鞋	0.002332	0~2.2, 4.9~7.6
修车修鞋	0.002200	0~2.4, 5.0~7.4	招揽装修	0.002288	0~2.3, 11.1~12.0
游医	0.002118	0~2.3, 8.3~9.2	修鞋	0.001771	0~3.0
卖菜	0.001926	0~3.0, 3.5~9.9	卖菜	0.001488	0~2.5, 4.3~9.6
卖玩具	0.001859	0~10.0	修车	0.00144	0~4.8
卖光盘	0.001841	0~5.0	游医	0.001345	0~1.6, 8.1~10.0
卖工艺品	0.001475	0~2.3, 5.7~9.6	街头算命	0.001341	0~1.8
卖小动物	0.001471	0~2.4, 9.3~12.0	卖小动物	0.001283	0~2.5, 9.8~12.0
街头算命	0.001227	0~1.8	卖玩具	0.001078	0~3.3, 6.0~10.5
卖服装	0.000975	0~12.0	宣传产品	0.000894	0~1.7, 11.8~12.0
修车	0.000917	0~3.3	卖小吃	0.000811	0~8.9
收废品	0.000852	0~5.3, 10.7~12.0	卖工艺品	0.000783	0~3.2, 6.6~8.9
卖小吃	0.000805	0~8.9	收废品	0.000729	0~4.6, 10.2~12.0
修鞋	0.000698	0~2.0	卖花	0.000564	0~4.6
摊群	0.000506	0~2.6, 10.8~12.0	夜市排档	0.000473	0~1.5
保健咨询	0.000433	0~1.4, 3.9~5.7	推销保险	0.000433	0~0.3, 6.4~11.9
家电维修清洗	0.000395	0~2.0	卖服装	0.000396	0~0.8, 9.7~12.0
推销保险	0.000359	0~0.4, 9.7~12.0	摊群	0.000354	0~2.1
卖小家电	0.000327	0~1.6	卖光盘	0.000346	0~1.8
修纱窗	0.000264	0~1.3, 11.6~12.0	卖主食	0.000334	0~1.5, 10.9~12.0
宣传产品	0.000112	0~1.2, 11.9~12.0	修纱窗	0.000319	0~1.4, 11.8~12.0
卖主食	0.000106	0~0.4, 10.7~12.9	家电维修清洗	0.000314	0~1.7, 4.3~5.3
磨刀	0.000095	0~1.1, 11.4~12.0	保健咨询	0.000304	0~1.5
卖水果	0.000064	6.9~9.4	磨刀	0.000149	0~0.7, 10.9~12.0
卖蔬果	0.000041	0~0.6	卖小家电	0.000148	0~0.9
夜市排档	0.000021	0~0.5, 11.9~12.0
无法归类的商贩	0.000007	0~0.3

表2

图4

图5

图6

表3

M函数的分布形态及空间尺度"

经营类型	流动商贩为参照类型;正规商业为邻近类型( $M S 1, S 2$ )			正规商业为参照类型;流动商贩为邻近类型( $M S 2, S 1$ )				两者显著互斥的尺度
经营类型	M<下包迹线		下包迹线<M<上包迹线		M>上包迹线	M<下包迹线	下包迹线<M<上包迹线	M>上包迹线
1. 垃圾回收	0~17.2	-	-	0~11.2	11.9~14.6, 15.5~16.4	14.6~15.5, 16.4~17.2		0~11.2
2. 蔬果零售	0~1.1	-	-	0~10.3	10.3~17.2	-		0~1.1
3. 服装鞋帽零售	0~4.1	4.1~6.9, 9.5~15.5	6.9~9.5 15.5~17.2	0~17.2	-	-		0~4.1
4. 图书报刊零售	0~3.9	3.9~17.2	-	0~17.2	-	-		0~3.9
5. 烟草制品零售	0~8.6, 12.9~17.2	8.6~10.3	10.3~12.9	0~8.6	8.6~12.9	12.9~17.2		0~8.6
6. 音像制品零售	0~1.1, 1.9~2.6	1.1~1.9, 2.6~17.2	-	0~0.3, 1.7~3.4	0.3~1.7, 3.4~17.2	-		0~0.3, 1.9~2.6
7. 珠宝首饰零售	0~1.7, 6.0~9.5	1.7~6.0, 9.5~17.2	-	0~3.0, 3.9~5.2	3.0~3.9, 5.2~8.2, 14.6~17.2	8.2~14.6		0~1.7
8. 工艺品零售	0~3.4, 13.8~15.5	3.4~13.8, 15.5~17.2	-	0~4.7, 5.6~6.0	4.7~5.6, 6.0~17.2	-		0~3.4
9. 花卉零售	0~3.2	3.2~17.2	-	0~16.4	16.4~17.2	-		0~3.2
10. 家居装潢	0~17.2	-	-	0~17.2	-	-		0~17.2
11. 餐饮服务	0~10.3	10.3~12.1	12.1~17.2	0~17.2	-	-		0~10.3
12. 车辆保养	0~6.0	6.0~17.2	-	0~13.8	13.8~17.2	-		0~6.0
13. 家电维修	0~2.8	2.8~7.3, 13.8~17.2	7.3~13.8	0~6.5, 7.3~7.8	6.5~7.3, 7.8~17.2	-		0~2.8
14. 日用品维修	0~1.7	1.7~17.2	-	0~0.4	0.4~17.2	-		0~0.4
15. 理发美容	0~4.7, 11.2~13.8	4.7~5.2, 8.2~11.2, 13.8~14.6,	5.2~8.2, 14.6~17.2	0~17.2	-	-		0~4.7, 11.2~13.8
16. 家电零售	0~4.1	4.1~17.2	-	0~2.2	2.2~5.6, 6.5~17.2	5.6~6.5		0~2.2
17. 医药产品零售	0~17.2	-	-	0~6.0	6~8.6	8.6~17.2		0~6.0
18. 综合零售	0~10.3	10.3~16.4	16.4~17.2	0~17.2	-	-		0~10.3

表3

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