汉江上游黄土常量元素地球化学特征及区域对比

doi:10.11821/dlxb201702008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文对汉江上游黄土的常量元素含量及相关地球化学参数CIA、Na/K、淋溶系数、退碱系数、残积系数等进行了系统分析。结果显示：① 汉江黄土的主要化学成分为SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃,三者含量总和达767.3 g/kg;常量元素含量大小排序为SiO₂>Al₂O₃>Fe₂O₃>K₂O>MgO>Na₂O>CaO。风化成壤过程中Na、Ca、Mg、Si发生不同程度的迁移淋溶,而Fe、Al、K相对富集。② 其风化成壤强度呈现从马兰黄土L₁→过渡性黄土L_t→古土壤S₀逐渐升高、全新世黄土L₀又降低的规律,记录了该区域气候经历了末次冰期（55.0-15.0 ka BP）冷干、早全新世（15.0-8.5 ka BP）增温增湿、中全新世（8.5-3.1 ka BP）达到最暖湿,晚全新世（3.1-0.0 ka BP）降温变干的演变过程。③ 汉江黄土与洛川、巫山、下蜀黄土的元素组合特征高度一致,不同地区常量元素（CaO除外）含量十分接近且UCC标准化值变幅均小于0.25,这暗示了它们风化之初具有相似的风成沉积基础;但不同区域黄土的化学风化强度差异明显,大致呈现洛川黄土<汉江黄土<巫山黄土<下蜀黄土的趋势,与中国现代季风气候的空间变化规律相吻合,即不同地区黄土风化程度差异主要是东亚季风变化影响的结果。

关键词: 黄土, 常量元素, 风化程度, 汉江上游, 区域对比

Abstract:

Field investigations were carried out along the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River, a major tributary of the Yangtze River in China. Three loess profiles on the first river terrace were selected for a detailed study. The characteristics of major elements and chemical weathering were analyzed systematically. Results are shown as follows. (1) The major elements are dominated by SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃, the total average content of which is 767. 3 g/kg, in the loess profiles of the region. The contents of the major elements are ranked in the following order: SiO₂>Al₂O₃>Fe₂O₃>K₂O>MgO>Na₂O>CaO. The elements Na, Ca, Mg and Si are leached to different degrees and Fe, Al and K relatively enriched in the chemical weathering processes. (2) The weathering and pedogenic intensity was the weakest in the Malan loess L₁, increased slightly in the transition loess L_t, became the strongest in the paleosol S₀, and decreased again in recent loess L₀. The results reveal that the climate was cold-dry in the Last Glacial (55.0-15.0 ka BP), turned into warm-wet gradually in the Early Holocene (15.0-8.5 ka BP), became the warmest and wettest in the Mid-Holocene Climate Optimum (8.5-3.1 ka BP), and turned into cool and dry in the Late Holocene (3.1-0.0 ka BP). (3) Based on the comparison with Luochuan, Wushan and Xiashu loess, we can find that the major elemental compositions and the UCC-normalized patterns of the loess are similar with those of Luochuan, Wushan and Xiashu loess to a higher degree, suggesting a similar sedimentary background of aeolian loess. But the chemical weathering intensity of these loess deposits changes significantly in different parts of China, with the sequence?of Luochuan loess < loess in the Hanjiang River < Wushan loess

Key words: loess, major element, chemical weathering degree, upper Hanjiang River, regional comparison

毛沛妮, 庞奖励, 黄春长, 查小春, 周亚利, 郭永强, 胡慧, 刘涛. 汉江上游黄土常量元素地球化学特征及区域对比[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(2): 279-291.

Peini MAO, Jiangli PANG, Chunchang HUANG, Xiaochun ZHA, Yali ZHOU, Yongqiang GUO, Hui HU, Tao LIU. Chemical weathering characteristics and regional comparative study of the loess deposits in the upper Hanjiang River[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(2): 279-291.

图/表 9

图1

图2

表1

汉江上游黄土剖面地层特征"

地层	年代 (ka BP)	黄土剖面特征描述
地层	年代 (ka BP)	QFC剖面	MTS剖面	HPC剖面
表土 (TS)	1.5-0.0	35~0 cm,浊棕(5YR7/4,干态),黏土—粉砂质地,团粒结构,疏松多孔,多植物根系。	60~0 cm,浊棕(7.5YR5/4,干态),黏土—粉砂质地,团粒结构,疏松多孔,多植物根系。	50~0 cm,浊黄棕(10YR5/3,干态),黏土—粉砂质地,团粒结构,疏松多孔,植物根系发育。
全新世黄土(L₀)	3.1-1.5	110~35 cm,浊黄橙(7.5YR5/4,干态),粉砂质地,块状或团块状结构。顶部有汉代灰色绳纹薄陶片。	130~60 cm,浊黄橙(10YR6/4,干态),粉砂质地,块状结构。	100~50 cm,浊黄橙(10YR6/4,干态),粉砂质地,块状结构,下部有周代灰色陶片和烧土块。
古土壤 (S₀)	8.5-3.1	260~110 cm,浊红棕(5.5YR3/4,干态),黏土-粉砂质地,棱块状结构,致密坚硬,大量亮红棕色黏土胶膜淀积,结构体内仍呈红棕色,且含有少量铁锰结核(< 0.2mm)。	270~130 cm,暗棕(7.5YR3/4,干态),黏土—粉砂质地,棱块状结构,致密坚硬,大量亮红棕色黏土胶膜淀积,结构体内仍呈红棕色。	270~100 cm,暗棕(7.5YR3/4,干态),黏土—粉砂质地,棱块状结构,致密坚硬,大量亮红棕色黏土胶膜淀积,结构体内仍呈红棕色。
过渡性黄土(L_t)	11.5-8.5	320~260 cm,浊黄橙(7.5YR5/4,干态),粉砂质地,块状结构,裂隙面有少量暗棕色黏土胶膜淀积。	350~270 cm,浊黄橙(10YR7/4,干态),粉砂质地,块状结构,裂隙面有少量棕色黏土胶膜沉淀。	310~270 cm,浊黄橙(10YR5/4,干态),粉砂质地,块状结构,裂隙面有少量棕色黏土胶膜沉淀。
马兰黄土(L₁)	55.0-11.5	660~320 cm,浊黄橙(7.5YR5/4,干态),粉砂质地,均匀的块状结构。其中660~480 cm混夹有少量不规则薄层砂。	1140~350 cm,浊黄橙(10YR7/3,干态),粉砂质地,均匀的块状结构。其中1140~590 cm混夹少量不规则薄层砂。	790~310 cm,浊黄橙(10YR7/3,干态),粉砂质地,块状结构。
河流相沉积(T₁-al)	典型的河流相二元结构,上部为十分疏松、干净的粗砂,下部为磨圆度很高的砾石层。

表1

表2

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

参考文献 37

[1]	Liu Dongsheng, Lu Yanchou, Zheng Honghan.Loess and Environment. Beijing: Science Press, 1985.
	[刘东生, 卢演俦, 郑洪汉. 黄土与环境. 北京: 科学出版社, 1985.]
[2]	Wen Qizhong.Geochemistry in Chinese Loess. Beijing: Science Press, 1989.
	[文启忠. 中国黄土地球化学. 北京: 科学出版社, 1989.]
[3]	Diao Guiyi, Wen Qizhong.The migration series of major elements during loess pedogenesis. Geology-Geochemistry, 1999, 27(1): 21-26.
	[刁桂仪, 文启忠. 黄土风化成土过程中主要元素迁移系列. 地质地球化学, 1999, 27(1): 21-26.]
[4]	Rutter N W, Ding Zhongli.Chinese Loess and Global Change. Quaternary Sciences, 1992(1): 2-11.
	[Rutter N W, 丁仲礼. 中国黄土和全球变化. 第四纪研究, 1992(1): 2-11.]
[5]	Huang C C, Pang J L, Su H X, et al.The Ustic Isohumisol (Chernozem) distributed over the Chinese Loess Plateau: Modern soil or palaeosol? Geoderma, 2009, 150(3-4): 344-358. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.02.016
[6]	Chen Jun, An Zhisheng, Liu Lianwen, et al.Variations in chemical compositions of the eolian dust in Chinese Loess Plateau over the past 2.5 Ma and chemical weathering in Asian inland. Science in China: Series D, 2001, 31(2): 136-145. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-9267.2001.02.007
	[陈骏, 安芷生, 刘连文, 等. 最近2.5 Ma以来黄土高原风尘化学组成的变化与亚洲内陆的化学风化. 中国科学(D辑), 2001, 31(2): 136-145.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-9267.2001.02.007
[7]	Gallet S, Jahn B M, Torii M.Geochemical characterization of the Luochuan loess-paleosol sequence, China, and paleoclimatic implications. Chemical Geology, 1996, 133(1-4): 67-88. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00070-8
[8]	Wen Qizhong, Diao Guiyi, Jia Rongfen, et al.Geochemical records of paleoclimate change in loess sections. Quaternary Sciences, 1995, 15(3): 223-231.
	[文启忠, 刁桂仪, 贾蓉芬, 等. 黄土剖面中古气候变化的地球化学记录. 第四纪研究, 1995, 15(3): 223-231.]
[9]	Huang Chunchang.Loess-palaeosoil and climate changes on southern Loess Plateau in Late Pleistocene. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1989, 44(1): 1-10. doi: 10.11821/xb198901001
	[黄春长. 黄土高原南部晚更新世黄土古土壤与气候变迁. 地理学报, 1989, 44(1): 1-10.] doi: 10.11821/xb198901001
[10]	Liang L J, Sun Y B, Beets C J, et al.Impacts of grain size sorting and chemical weathering on the geochemistry of Jingyuan loess in the northwestern Chinese Loess Plateau. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2013, 69(12): 177-184. doi: 10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.12.015
[11]	Qiao Y S, Zhao Z Z, Wang Y, et al.Variations of geochemical compositions and the paleoclimatic significance of loess-soil sequence from Ganzi county of western province, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2009, 54(24): 4697-4703. doi: 10.1007/s11434-009-0544-1 pmid: 21832416
[12]	Qiao Yansong, Zhao Zhizhong, Wang Yan, et al.Variations of geochemical compositions and the paleoclimatic significance of a loess-soil sequence from Garzê county of western Sichuan Province, China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2010, 55(3): 255-260.
	[乔彦松, 赵志中, 王燕, 等. 川西甘孜黄土—古土壤序列的地球化学演化特征及其古气候意义. 科学通报, 2010, 55(3): 255-260.]
[13]	Li Xusheng, Han Zhiyong, Yang Shouye, et al.Chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu province. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2007, 62(11): 1174-1184.
	[李徐生, 韩志勇, 杨守业, 等. 镇江下蜀土剖面的化学风化强度与元素迁移特征. 地理学报, 2007, 62(11): 1174-1184.]
[14]	Chen Y Y, Li X S, Han Z Y, et al.Chemical weathering intensity and element migration features of the Xiashu loess profile in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 2008, 18(3): 341-352. doi: 10.1007/s11442-008-0341-9
[15]	Yang Shouye, Li Congxian, Li Xusheng, et al.Geochemical records of chemical weathering of Xiashu loess in lower reaches of Yangtze River. Geochemica, 2001, 30(4): 402-406. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0379-1726.2001.04.015
	[杨守业, 李从先, 李徐生, 等. 长江下游下蜀黄土化学风化的地球化学研究. 地球化学, 2001, 30(4): 402-406.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0379-1726.2001.04.015
[16]	Li Chang'an, Zhang Yufen, Xiong Deqiang, et al. Major element compositions of the "Wushan Loess". Earth Science: Journal of China University of Geosciences, 2013, 38(5): 916-922. doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2013.090
	[李长安, 张玉芬, 熊德强, 等. “巫山黄土”常量元素地球化学特征. 地球科学: 中国地质大学学报, 2013, 38(5): 916-922.] doi: 10.3799/dqkx.2013.090
[17]	Zhang Yufen, Li Chang'an, Xiong Deqiang. Oxide geochemical characteristics and paleoclimate records of "Wushan loess". Geology in China, 2013, 40(1): 352-360. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2013.01.025
	[张玉芬, 李长安, 熊德强. “巫山黄土”氧化物地球化学特征与古气候记录. 中国地质, 2013, 40(1): 352-360.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-3657.2013.01.025
[18]	Zhang Yufen, Shao Lei, Xiong Deqiang, et al.Elemental compositions of the "Wushan Loess": Implications for origin and sediment source. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2014, 32(1): 78-84.
	[张玉芬, 邵磊, 熊德强. “巫山黄土”元素地球化学特征及成因和物源意义. 沉积学报, 2014, 32(1): 78-84.]
[19]	Li Xusheng, Yang Dayuan, Lu Huayu, et al.Oxide-geochemistry features and paleoclimatic record of the aeolian-dust depositional sequence in southern Anhui. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 1999, 19(4): 75-82. doi: 10.1088/0256-307X/15/11/025
	[李徐生, 杨达源, 鹿化煜, 等. 皖南风尘堆积序列氧化物地球化学特征与古气候记录. 海洋地质与第四纪地质, 1999, 19(4): 75-82.] doi: 10.1088/0256-307X/15/11/025
[20]	Hao Q Z, Guo Z T, Qiao Y S, et al.Geochemical evidence for the provenance of middle Pleistocene loess deposits in southern China. Quaternary Science Riviews, 2010(29): 3317-3326. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.08.004
[21]	Pang Jiangli, Huang Chunchang, Zhou Yali, et al.Holocene aeolian loess and its pedogenic modification in the Upper Hanjiang River Valley, China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2011, 66(11): 1562-1573.
	[庞奖励, 黄春长, 周亚利, 等. 汉江上游谷地全新世风成黄土及其成壤改造特征. 地理学报, 2011, 66(11): 1562-1573.]
[22]	Pang Jiangli, Huang Chunchang, Zhou Yali, et al.Formation of the first river terraces of Hanjiang River and its response to the East Asian Monsoon change. Geological Review, 2014, 60(5): 1076-1084. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0371-5736.2014.05.011
	[庞奖励, 黄春长, 周亚利, 等. 汉江上游I级河流阶地形成及对东亚季风变化的响应. 地质论评, 2014, 60(5): 1076-1084.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0371-5736.2014.05.011
[23]	Pang Jiangli, Huang Chunchang, Zhou Yali, et al.Eolian loess-paleosol sequence and OSL age of the ﬁrst terraces within the Yunxi Basin along the upper Hanjiang River, China. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(1): 63-72. doi: 10.11821/dlxb201501005
	[庞奖励, 黄春长, 周亚利, 等. 郧县盆地风成黄土—古土壤与汉江I级阶地形成年龄研究. 地理学报, 2015, 70(1): 63-72.] doi: 10.11821/dlxb201501005
[24]	Yang Jianchao, Pang Jiangli, Huang Chunchang, et al.Grain-size distribution and its significance in Liaowadian profile in the upper Hanjiang River Valley, China. Journal of Desert Research, 2013, 33(3): 682-687. doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2013.00098
	[杨建超, 庞奖励, 黄春长, 等. 汉江上游河谷辽瓦店剖面粒度组成特征及意义. 中国沙漠, 2013, 33(3): 682-687.] doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2013.00098
[25]	Mao Peini, Pang Jiangli, Huang Chunchang, et al.Pedogenesis characteristics and its environmental information interpretation of Guixianhekou profile in the upper Hanjiang River Valley, China. Journal of Desert Research, 2013, 33(6): 1678-1683. doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2013.00233
	[毛沛妮, 庞奖励, 黄春长, 等. 汉江上游谷地归仙河口剖面风化成壤特征及其记录的气候变化事件. 中国沙漠, 2013, 33(6): 1678-1683.] doi: 10.7522/j.issn.1000-694X.2013.00233
[26]	Zhao Yanlei, Pang Jiangli, Huang Chunchang, et al.Study on loess-weathering paleosol sequence and paleoclmate evolution in QFC profile in Yunxian, China. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2014, 32(5): 840-845.
	[赵艳雷, 庞奖励, 黄春长, 等. 郧县前坊村剖面黄土—古土壤序列风化成壤及古气候研究. 沉积学报, 2014, 32(5): 840-845.]
[27]	Bian Hongyan, Pang Jiangli, Huang Chunchang, et al.A comparative study of chemical weathering intensity and element transport features of loess-palaeosol in the upper reaches of Hanjiang and Weihe river valleys, China. Geographical Research, 2014, 33(4): 654-664. doi: 10.11821/dlyj201404006
	[卞鸿雁, 庞奖励, 黄春长, 等. 汉江上游谷地与渭河谷地黄土化学风化程度比较. 地理研究, 2014, 33(4): 654-664.] doi: 10.11821/dlyj201404006
[28]	Shen Yuchang.Landscape and its development history of Hanjiang River Valley. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1956, 22(4): 295-321. doi: 10.11821/xb195604002
	[沈玉昌. 汉水河谷的地貌及其发育历史. 地理学报, 1956, 22(4): 295-321.] doi: 10.11821/xb195604002
[29]	Zhu Zhenda.Valley landscape of Hanjiang river upstream between Danjiangkou to Baihe. Acta Geographica Sinica, 1955, 21(3): 259-270. doi: 10.11821/xb195503003
	[朱震达. 汉江上游丹江口至白河间的河谷地貌. 地理学报, 1955, 21(3): 259-270.] doi: 10.11821/xb195503003
[30]	Feng Lianjun, Chu Xuelei, Zhang Qirui, et al.Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) and its applications in the Neoproterozoic clasitic rocks. Earth Science Frontiers, 2003, 10(4): 539-544. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2003.04.019
	[冯连君, 储雪蕾, 张启锐, 等. 化学蚀变指数(CIA)及其在新元古代碎屑岩中的应用. 地学前缘, 2003, 10(4): 539-544.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1005-2321.2003.04.019
[31]	Taylor S R, McLennan S M. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. London: Blackwell, 1985: 277.
[32]	Qiao Y S, Zhao Z Z, Wang Y, et al.Geochemical characteristics of the eolian deposits in southern China, and their implications for provenance and weathering intensity. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2011, 308(3): 511-523. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.06.003
[33]	Chen Jun, Li Junfeng, Qiu Gang, et al.Geochemical studied on chemical weathering degree of Luochuan Loess, Shaanxi Province. Science in China: Series D, 1997, 27(5): 531-536.
	[陈骏, 季峻峰, 仇纲, 等. 陕西洛川黄土化学风化程度的地球化学研究. 中国科学(D辑), 1997, 27(5): 531-536.]
[34]	Wang Lijuan, Pang Jiangli, Huang Chunchang, et al.Weathering intensity of the TSG Holocene loess-paleosol sequence and its significance. Progress in Geography, 2011, 30(3): 379-384. doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.03.017
	[王丽娟, 庞奖励, 黄春长, 等. 甜水沟全新世黄土—古土壤序列风化程度及意义. 地理科学进展, 2011, 33(3): 379-384.] doi: 10.11820/dlkxjz.2011.03.017
[35]	Chen Yumei, Shu Qiang, Zhang Maoheng, et al.Environmental evolution information recorded in the Xiashu loess (250-100 ka) in Nanjing, China. Geological Science and Technology Information, 2014, 33(6): 55-59.
	[陈玉美, 舒强, 张茂恒等. 南京下蜀黄土记录的250~100 ka期间的环境演化信息. 地质科学情报, 2014, 33(6): 55-59.]
[36]	Nesbitt H W, Young G M.Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major chemistry of lutites. Nature, 1982, 299: 715-717. doi: 10.1038/299715a0
[37]	Xu Liangfeng, Wei Ji, Jiang Wei.The weathering characteristics of the reticulate red clay in southern Anhui province and its paleo-environmental significance. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2010, 41(1): 7-12.
	[许良峰, 魏骥, 姜伟. 皖南网纹红土的剖面风化特征及其古气候意义地学前缘. 土壤通报, 2010, 41(1): 7-12.]

地层		SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	K₂O	CaO	Na₂O	MgO
汉江上游黄土	TS	472.2~648.2^①	111.2~151.0	54.0~66.7	24.2~28.1	7.4~12.2	9.2~18.3	16.0~19.6
	TS	567.9^②	136.4	61.9	26.4	9.4	12.3	17.6
	L₀	464.7~701.5	105.8~150.0	44.8~62.6	23.7~28.2	7.4~10.4	9.4~21.9	14.2~19.5
	L₀	592.2	127.0	54.7	25.1	8.7	14.1	16.4
	S₀	472.4~652.7	109.5~153.8	56.1~65.7	23.5~29.7	7.4~10.7	9.8~20.7	16.3~20.8
	S₀	568.6	137.8	62.4	26.5	8.6	12.9	18.2
	L_t	480.8~653.7	112.5~152.	53.5~62.3	23.6~29.6	7.5~9.6	9.7~18.4	18.1~20.2
	L_t	570.0	136.0	60.3	26.1	8.7	13.1	19.0
	L₁	479.2~642.8	102.9~151.4	52.7~65.2	22.3~29.5	7.7~11.4	9.7~25.5	16.8~22.3
	L₁	570.1	133.1	57.8	26.3	9.5	15.0	19.8
	整体均值	464.7~701.5	102.9~153.8	44.8~66.7	22.3~28.2	7.4~12.2	9.2~25.5	14.2~22.3
	整体均值	573.8	134.1	59.4	26.1	9.0	13.5	18.2
	CV	0.02	0.04	0.07	0.03	0.16	0.18	0.10
洛川黄土^[2]		575.7	119.0	48.0	20.8	77.3	14.9	20.6
巫山黄土^[17]		662.0	133.5	52.9	23.2	36.6	12.3	16.0
下蜀黄土^[13]		680.7	133.2	53.0	23.5	10.0	9.2	16.1
UCC^[31]		660.0	152.0	50.0	34.0	39.0	42.0	22.0