汉江上游黄土常量元素地球化学特征及区域对比

doi:10.11821/dlxb201702008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

本文对汉江上游黄土的常量元素含量及相关地球化学参数CIA、Na/K、淋溶系数、退碱系数、残积系数等进行了系统分析。结果显示：① 汉江黄土的主要化学成分为SiO₂、Al₂O₃和Fe₂O₃,三者含量总和达767.3 g/kg;常量元素含量大小排序为SiO₂>Al₂O₃>Fe₂O₃>K₂O>MgO>Na₂O>CaO。风化成壤过程中Na、Ca、Mg、Si发生不同程度的迁移淋溶,而Fe、Al、K相对富集。② 其风化成壤强度呈现从马兰黄土L₁→过渡性黄土L_t→古土壤S₀逐渐升高、全新世黄土L₀又降低的规律,记录了该区域气候经历了末次冰期（55.0-15.0 ka BP）冷干、早全新世（15.0-8.5 ka BP）增温增湿、中全新世（8.5-3.1 ka BP）达到最暖湿,晚全新世（3.1-0.0 ka BP）降温变干的演变过程。③ 汉江黄土与洛川、巫山、下蜀黄土的元素组合特征高度一致,不同地区常量元素（CaO除外）含量十分接近且UCC标准化值变幅均小于0.25,这暗示了它们风化之初具有相似的风成沉积基础;但不同区域黄土的化学风化强度差异明显,大致呈现洛川黄土<汉江黄土<巫山黄土<下蜀黄土的趋势,与中国现代季风气候的空间变化规律相吻合,即不同地区黄土风化程度差异主要是东亚季风变化影响的结果。

关键词: 黄土, 常量元素, 风化程度, 汉江上游, 区域对比

Abstract:

Field investigations were carried out along the upper reaches of the Hanjiang River, a major tributary of the Yangtze River in China. Three loess profiles on the first river terrace were selected for a detailed study. The characteristics of major elements and chemical weathering were analyzed systematically. Results are shown as follows. (1) The major elements are dominated by SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃, the total average content of which is 767. 3 g/kg, in the loess profiles of the region. The contents of the major elements are ranked in the following order: SiO₂>Al₂O₃>Fe₂O₃>K₂O>MgO>Na₂O>CaO. The elements Na, Ca, Mg and Si are leached to different degrees and Fe, Al and K relatively enriched in the chemical weathering processes. (2) The weathering and pedogenic intensity was the weakest in the Malan loess L₁, increased slightly in the transition loess L_t, became the strongest in the paleosol S₀, and decreased again in recent loess L₀. The results reveal that the climate was cold-dry in the Last Glacial (55.0-15.0 ka BP), turned into warm-wet gradually in the Early Holocene (15.0-8.5 ka BP), became the warmest and wettest in the Mid-Holocene Climate Optimum (8.5-3.1 ka BP), and turned into cool and dry in the Late Holocene (3.1-0.0 ka BP). (3) Based on the comparison with Luochuan, Wushan and Xiashu loess, we can find that the major elemental compositions and the UCC-normalized patterns of the loess are similar with those of Luochuan, Wushan and Xiashu loess to a higher degree, suggesting a similar sedimentary background of aeolian loess. But the chemical weathering intensity of these loess deposits changes significantly in different parts of China, with the sequence?of Luochuan loess < loess in the Hanjiang River < Wushan loess

Key words: loess, major element, chemical weathering degree, upper Hanjiang River, regional comparison

毛沛妮, 庞奖励, 黄春长, 查小春, 周亚利, 郭永强, 胡慧, 刘涛. 汉江上游黄土常量元素地球化学特征及区域对比[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(2): 279-291.

Peini MAO, Jiangli PANG, Chunchang HUANG, Xiaochun ZHA, Yali ZHOU, Yongqiang GUO, Hui HU, Tao LIU. Chemical weathering characteristics and regional comparative study of the loess deposits in the upper Hanjiang River[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(2): 279-291.

图/表 9

图1

图2

表1

汉江上游黄土剖面地层特征

地层	年代 (ka BP)	黄土剖面特征描述
地层	年代 (ka BP)	QFC剖面	MTS剖面	HPC剖面
表土 (TS)	1.5-0.0	35~0 cm,浊棕(5YR7/4,干态),黏土—粉砂质地,团粒结构,疏松多孔,多植物根系。	60~0 cm,浊棕(7.5YR5/4,干态),黏土—粉砂质地,团粒结构,疏松多孔,多植物根系。	50~0 cm,浊黄棕(10YR5/3,干态),黏土—粉砂质地,团粒结构,疏松多孔,植物根系发育。
全新世黄土(L₀)	3.1-1.5	110~35 cm,浊黄橙(7.5YR5/4,干态),粉砂质地,块状或团块状结构。顶部有汉代灰色绳纹薄陶片。	130~60 cm,浊黄橙(10YR6/4,干态),粉砂质地,块状结构。	100~50 cm,浊黄橙(10YR6/4,干态),粉砂质地,块状结构,下部有周代灰色陶片和烧土块。
古土壤 (S₀)	8.5-3.1	260~110 cm,浊红棕(5.5YR3/4,干态),黏土-粉砂质地,棱块状结构,致密坚硬,大量亮红棕色黏土胶膜淀积,结构体内仍呈红棕色,且含有少量铁锰结核(< 0.2mm)。	270~130 cm,暗棕(7.5YR3/4,干态),黏土—粉砂质地,棱块状结构,致密坚硬,大量亮红棕色黏土胶膜淀积,结构体内仍呈红棕色。	270~100 cm,暗棕(7.5YR3/4,干态),黏土—粉砂质地,棱块状结构,致密坚硬,大量亮红棕色黏土胶膜淀积,结构体内仍呈红棕色。
过渡性黄土(L_t)	11.5-8.5	320~260 cm,浊黄橙(7.5YR5/4,干态),粉砂质地,块状结构,裂隙面有少量暗棕色黏土胶膜淀积。	350~270 cm,浊黄橙(10YR7/4,干态),粉砂质地,块状结构,裂隙面有少量棕色黏土胶膜沉淀。	310~270 cm,浊黄橙(10YR5/4,干态),粉砂质地,块状结构,裂隙面有少量棕色黏土胶膜沉淀。
马兰黄土(L₁)	55.0-11.5	660~320 cm,浊黄橙(7.5YR5/4,干态),粉砂质地,均匀的块状结构。其中660~480 cm混夹有少量不规则薄层砂。	1140~350 cm,浊黄橙(10YR7/3,干态),粉砂质地,均匀的块状结构。其中1140~590 cm混夹少量不规则薄层砂。	790~310 cm,浊黄橙(10YR7/3,干态),粉砂质地,块状结构。
河流相沉积(T₁-al)	典型的河流相二元结构,上部为十分疏松、干净的粗砂,下部为磨圆度很高的砾石层。

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图3

图4

图5

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图7

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地层		SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	K₂O	CaO	Na₂O	MgO
汉江上游黄土	TS	472.2~648.2^①	111.2~151.0	54.0~66.7	24.2~28.1	7.4~12.2	9.2~18.3	16.0~19.6
	TS	567.9^②	136.4	61.9	26.4	9.4	12.3	17.6
	L₀	464.7~701.5	105.8~150.0	44.8~62.6	23.7~28.2	7.4~10.4	9.4~21.9	14.2~19.5
	L₀	592.2	127.0	54.7	25.1	8.7	14.1	16.4
	S₀	472.4~652.7	109.5~153.8	56.1~65.7	23.5~29.7	7.4~10.7	9.8~20.7	16.3~20.8
	S₀	568.6	137.8	62.4	26.5	8.6	12.9	18.2
	L_t	480.8~653.7	112.5~152.	53.5~62.3	23.6~29.6	7.5~9.6	9.7~18.4	18.1~20.2
	L_t	570.0	136.0	60.3	26.1	8.7	13.1	19.0
	L₁	479.2~642.8	102.9~151.4	52.7~65.2	22.3~29.5	7.7~11.4	9.7~25.5	16.8~22.3
	L₁	570.1	133.1	57.8	26.3	9.5	15.0	19.8
	整体均值	464.7~701.5	102.9~153.8	44.8~66.7	22.3~28.2	7.4~12.2	9.2~25.5	14.2~22.3
	整体均值	573.8	134.1	59.4	26.1	9.0	13.5	18.2
	CV	0.02	0.04	0.07	0.03	0.16	0.18	0.10
洛川黄土^[2]		575.7	119.0	48.0	20.8	77.3	14.9	20.6
巫山黄土^[17]		662.0	133.5	52.9	23.2	36.6	12.3	16.0
下蜀黄土^[13]		680.7	133.2	53.0	23.5	10.0	9.2	16.1
UCC^[31]		660.0	152.0	50.0	34.0	39.0	42.0	22.0