地貌发育演化研究的空代时理论与方法

doi:10.11821/dlxb201701008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

地貌的发育在特定的条件下往往呈现空间分布上由“新”至“老”的过渡,据此,对地貌类型与特征在空间上的序列采样,即可为研究某种地貌的个体发育提供基本依据。该方法即为地貌学研究中的空代时。本文首先介绍了空代时方法产生的背景与基本概念。分析了近年来空代时方法应用于河流地貌、构造地貌、河口海岸地貌等不同地貌类型演化过程的研究进展。在此基础上,明确了空代时方法在地貌学研究中的适用条件、影响因素及分类体系,并提出了地貌学空代时的研究范式。本文认为今后的研究工作一方面应充分利用海量的地理空间数据,运用空代时方法研究多种空间尺度下的地貌演化的问题;另一方面,应结合现有的物理机制和统计规律,构建集形、数、理一体化的地貌演化模型。

关键词: 地貌学, 地貌发育, 空代时, 研究范式

Abstract:

Geomorphic evolution often presents a spatial pattern of a "young to old" distribution under certain natural environment condition, whereby sampling the geomorphic types and characteristics in spatial sequence can provide some evidence for the evolution of the individual geomorphologic object. This so-called space-for-time substitution has been a methodology in geomorphology research. This paper firstly introduced the basic concepts and background of space-for-time substitution, then a full review has been conducted of recent research progress in geomorphic evolution based on space-for-time substitution, such as fluvial landform, structural landform, estuarine landform and coastal landform. Finally, the explicit terms like suitable conditions, influencing factors and classifications have been summarized so that the research paradigm of space-for-time substitution was proposed. We argued that in the future, the researchers should focus on a full use of massive geographic data for geomorphic evolution research at multi-spatial scales, as well as an effective combination with physical mechanisms and statistical laws for a comprehensive geomorphic evolution modelling.

Key words: geomorphology, geomorphic evolution, space-for-time substitution, research paradigm

黄骁力, 丁浒, 那嘉明, 汤国安. 地貌发育演化研究的空代时理论与方法[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(1): 94-104.

Xiaoli HUANG, Hu DING, Jiaming NA, Guo'an TANG. Theories and methods of space-for-time substitution in geomorphology[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72(1): 94-104.

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类型	基本特征	典型案例
内营力差异为主型	地貌发育的空间差异性主要由地壳运动的幅度和规模的空间差异性导致,其所涉及的空间尺度往往较大。	由于地壳抬升幅度的不均一性,导致局部地区流域地势产生显著的空间差异
外营力差异为主型	由于降雨、风力等外动力的空间差异,导致所塑造的地貌特征在形态、类型与组合上亦出现与之对应的空间差异性。	在黄土高原重点水土流失区,在地表物质组成和下伏基岩类型相对一致的某些区域,由于降雨侵蚀力的空间变化,导致黄土地貌的分布在这些区域呈现出相应的变化
组成物质差异为主型	地表的各种岩石因其矿物成分、硬度、交接程度、水理性质、结构与产状不同,其抗外力剥蚀的能力常表现出很大差别,形成地貌类型或地表形态的空间差异性。	软硬相间分布的岩石在水平方向上常导致河谷盆地与峡谷相间分布,在垂直方向上则形成陡缓更替的阶状山坡
发育时间差异为主型	在其它地貌形成作用相似的情况下,发育时间越长,同一种地貌将显现出更为“年长”的形态与类型特征。	由于板块碰撞沿某一特定方向传播,导致在碰撞传播方向分布的流域地势呈现渐进变化