基于从业者的旅游历史街区商业空间发展特征及机理——扬州“双东”案例

doi:10.11821/dlxb201612011

地理学报 ›› 2016, Vol. 71 ›› Issue (12): 2212-2232.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201612011

基于从业者的旅游历史街区商业空间发展特征及机理——扬州“双东”案例

徐小波^1,^2,³(), 吴必虎⁴, 刘滨谊², 陈钢华⁵

1. 上海师范大学旅游学院,上海 200234
2. 同济大学建筑与城市规划学院,上海 200092
3. 舟山市旅游委员会,浙江舟山 316021
4. 北京大学城市与环境学院,北京 100871
5. 中山大学旅游学院,广州 510275

收稿日期:2016-01-28 修回日期:2016-06-08 出版日期:2016-12-25 发布日期:2016-12-25
作者简介:
作者简介：徐小波(1984-), 男, 江苏扬中人, 博士, 讲师, 中国地理学会会员(S110010781M), 主要从事人文地理与旅游规划研究。E-mail: tourxxb@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(51678417, 41500154);国家社会科学基金项目(14CGL023)

The development of commercial spaces in tourist historic districts: The case of Shuangdong, Yangzhou

Xiaobo XU^1,^2,³(), Bihu WU⁴, Binyi LIU², Ganghua CHEN⁵

1. Shanghai Institute of Tourism, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
2. College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
3. Zhoushan Municipal Tourism Committee, Zhoushan 316021, Zhejiang, China
4. College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
5. School of Tourism Management, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China

Received:2016-01-28 Revised:2016-06-08 Published:2016-12-25 Online:2016-12-25
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.51678417, No.41500154;National Social Science Foundation of China, No.14CGL023

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旅游商业化是历史街区复兴的重要途径。基于社会空间视角,旅游历史街区商业发展是以从业群体为日常运作核心,兼及居民、游客、恩庇者（管理者）等地域主体在内的空间生产过程。旅游历史街区演化是以“空间实践”为中心环节的社会建构,其发展状态是不同主体、不同层次的空间生产相互博弈的总体涌现。依托扬州“双东”案例,运用田野调查、统计检验、对应分析、模糊数学、逻辑回归等方法,以从业者空间生产为脉络,剖析旅游商业发展机理的杂合性与矛盾性,指出商业空间状态潜伏着不对称的利益博弈和不均衡的发展效应。“双东”旅游商业开发对城市中低产阶层自主就业有较强吸附效应,使之成为商业发展的主要依托。从业群体大致分化为乐观型、寓居型、保守型,分别对应于积极评价—业务扩张、温和评价—业务维持、消极评价—业务收缩生产机理,对“双东”空间演化具有不同的响应机制和影响效应。研究分析了主体、实践、环境特质对不同类型从业个体的影响特征以及对从业群体的总体影响,认为恩庇是统摄“好恶效应”、操控利益格局的多解方案。旅游历史街区商业发展利弊兼具、相因相生,统一于历史街区的自我演替过程。

关键词: 旅游从业者, 历史街区, 旅游商业空间, 空间生产, 扬州“, 双东”

Abstract:

Tourism-oriented commercialization, a widely adopted approach to rejuvenating historic districts in China, generates positive effects as well as produces negative impacts. Social space theory suggests that the typical evolution of the commercialization of tourist historic districts (THDs) results from the collaboration of entrepreneurs, residents, tourists, and other community patrons. Entrepreneurs act as a networking hub within the community and are the orchestrators of business practices. These practices include how spaces are developed, animated, and experienced, and which are initially guided by practitioner considerations and values. Eventually, the involvement of different practitioners makes THDs shared and flexible spaces where individualized business practices lead to particular benefits for collaborators and patrons. Therefore, the development and evolution of commercial THD spaces is a melting pot of inputs and actions by diverse stakeholders and partners. To clarify and further the knowledge on the development of social spaces in THDs, this research focused on a classic THD in Shuangdong, Yangzhou, a well-known historical city in Jiangsu Province. In addition to the fieldwork, the statistical methods applied included chi-square tests, correspondence analysis, fuzzy mathematics, and logistic regression. The results for Shuangdong THD (SDTHD) showed that business practices are varied and competitive, and generate positive and negative effects. Tourism-oriented commercialization creates employment and self-employment opportunities mainly for the middle-low classes of residents inside and outside SDTHD, making them an important core for THD entrepreneurship. THD entrepreneurs were classified into three groups: (1) highly-motivated, emphasizing environmentally-friendly and business expansion practices; (2), moderately-motivated with more limited vision and a focus on business maintenance; and (3) lowly-motivated who are dissatisfied and withdraw. The distinguishable attributes and effects of the practices of these three groups were identified. Specific business tactics result from the entrepreneurs acting individually as well as collectively. Additionally, patrons and residents seek out and derive differing benefits from the THD, resulting in a complex mixture of business practices and customer and resident rewards. This research concludes that tourism-oriented commercialization produces interweaving positive and negative impacts on communities; neither of which can be completely controlled due to the complex interaction of all the players in THDs.

Key words: entrepreneurs, historic districts, tourism-oriented commercialization, Shuangdong, Yangzhou, spatial production

徐小波, 吴必虎, 刘滨谊, 陈钢华. 基于从业者的旅游历史街区商业空间发展特征及机理——扬州“双东”案例[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(12): 2212-2232.

Xiaobo XU, Bihu WU, Binyi LIU, Ganghua CHEN. The development of commercial spaces in tourist historic districts: The case of Shuangdong, Yangzhou[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(12): 2212-2232.

图/表 14

图1

图2

图3

表1

图4

图5

表2

从业群体感知环境特征

因子/E_i	E₁₁	E₁₂	E₁₃	E₁₄	E₁₅	E₁₆	E₁₇	E₁₈	E₂₁	E₂₂	E₂₃	E₂₄	E₂₅	E₂₆	E₂₇	E₂₈	E₃₁	E₃₂	E₃₃	E₃₄	E₃₅	E₄₁	E₄₂	E₄₃	E₄₄	E₄₅	E₅₁	E₅₂	E₅₃
项态基数 M(E_i/j)	36	83	43	48	19	24	22	8	65	32	8	12	90	12	9	41	24	30	31	29	1	21	12	8	20	148	38	48	50
	89	72	49	51	45	90	111	21	16	42	41	87	43	32	85	123	54	75	36	12	10	115	108	19	136	69	89	91	51
	89	50	111	7	95	120	67	63	33	127	79	88	31	70	80	25	43	45	72	34	20	98	114	94	35	17	78	56	133
	20	29	31	105	75		34	58	120	33	72	47	70	19	60	45	82	59	67	71	6			86	43		29	29
				23				84			34			31			31	25	28	88	61			27				10
														46							136
														24
项态模糊得分 F(E_i/j)	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7	7
	5	4	5	5	5	4	5	5	5	5	5	5	4	6	5	5	5	5	5	5	5	4	4	5	4	4	5	5	4
	3	3	3	4	3	1	3	4	3	3	4	3	2	5	3	3	4	4	4	4	4	1	1	4	2	1	3	4	1
	1	1	1	2	1		1	2	1	1	3	1	1	4	1	1	3	2	2	3	3			2	1		1	3
				1				1			1			3			1	1	1	1	2			1				1
														2							1
														1
隶属度 μ(F(E_i/j))	1.00	1.00	0.89	1.00	0.78	0.89	0.89	1.00	0.89	1.00	0.89	1.00	0.89	0.89	0.89	1.00	1.00	0.89	0.89	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.89	1.00	1.00	0.89	0.89	0.89
	0.89	0.78	1.00	1.00	0.89	0.78	0.67	0.89	0.78	0.78	0.78	0.89	0.78	0.78	0.78	0.89	0.78	0.78	0.89	0.78	0.89	0.89	1.00	0.89	0.78	0.89	0.78	0.89	1.00
	0.89	0.89	0.89	0.78	1.00	1.00	0.89	0.67	0.89	0.89	0.67	0.78	0.78	0.89	0.89	1.00	0.67	0.67	0.78	0.78	0.89	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.89	1.00	0.78	0.89	1.00
	1.00	1.00	1.00	0.89	1.00		1.00	0.78	0.89	0.89	0.78	1.00	1.00	0.56	1.00	1.00	0.89	0.78	0.67	0.89	0.89			0.67	1.00		1.00	0.78
				1.00				1.00			1.00			0.78			0.89	1.00	0.89	1.00	0.89			0.78				1.00
														0.78							1.00
														0.89
因子加权得分/I_i	4.21	4.48	3.89	3.64	3.07	2.77	4.03	2.62	3.22	3.62	3.53	3.55	3.99	3.89	3.37	4.37	3.79	3.88	3.62	2.99	1.76	3.01	2.69	3.10	3.41	5.68	4.16	4.75	2.94
因子趋近得分/S_i	5	4	3	4	3	4	5	2	3	3	4	3	4	4	3	5	4	4	4	3	2	4	4	4	4	7	5	5	4
趋近系数/c_i	-0.19	0.11	0.23	-0.10	0.02	-0.44	-0.24	0.24	0.07	0.17	-0.13	0.15	0.00	-0.03	0.11	-0.14	-0.06	-0.03	-0.11	0.00	-0.12	-0.33	-0.49	-0.29	-0.17	-0.23	-0.20	-0.05	-0.36
因子熵权/Iw_i	0.12	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.13	0.11	0.12	0.13	0.12	0.12	0.13	0.12	0.12	0.15	0.12	0.12	0.21	0.21	0.21	0.20	0.18	0.19	0.18	0.23	0.21	0.18	0.34	0.36	0.30
维度综合得分/D_k	3.60(E₁)								3.70(E₂)								3.26(E₃)					3.54(E₄)					4.01(E₅)
维度熵权/Dw_k	0.21								0.21								0.20					0.20					0.19
元系综合得分/TE	3.62

表2

图6

表3

综合评价(P41)逻辑回归模型

因子	项态代码 (选项编号)	系数α	sig.	参考项
(P₄₁)	a.偏消极(K=1)	-13.398	0.037^**	一般化
(P₄₁)	b.偏积极(K=2)	-4.256	0.480	一般化
S₁₅	a.配偶合居^Ⅱ	2.400^②	0.036^**	三代以上合居
S₁₅	b.配偶、子女合居^Ⅱ	1.959^②	0.064^*	三代以上合居
S₂₁	a.1000元以下^Ⅲ	3.108^②	0.089^*	5001~8000元
S₂₁	c.3001~5000元^Ⅴ	-2.744^③	0.035^**	5001~8000元
S₂₂	a.学生^Ⅲ	3.267^②	0.080^*	下岗待业
	b.无工作经历^Ⅱ	5.920^①	0.001^***
	c.商业经营^Ⅰ	2.802^②	0.068^*
	e.公职人员^Ⅲ	6.910^①	0.059^*
S₂₄	a.3~4年^Ⅱ	3.804^②	0.008^***	0.5~1年
E₁₂	a.尚需开发^Ⅴ	-4.307^③	0.000^***	需要完善
	b.不在意^Ⅳ	-2.147^③	0.061^*
	c.基本满意^Ⅱ	3.207^②	0.025^**
E₁₄	a.一般化^Ⅴ	-11.218^⑤	0.043^**	不在意
E₁₄	b.不满意^Ⅴ	-12.246^⑤	0.029^**	不在意
E₂₅	b.优化利用^Ⅴ	-4.785^③	0.021^**	不在意
E₂₈	a.无拥挤^Ⅱ	3.929^②	0.041^**	不在意
	b.局部拥挤^Ⅰ	5.304^①	0.010^**
	c.较拥挤^Ⅱ	4.769^①	0.012^**
E₃₂	a.很激烈^Ⅳ	-4.263^③	0.016^**	适中
E₃₂	b.较激烈^Ⅳ	-2.074^③	0.024^**	适中
E₄₁	a.友好^Ⅴ	-2.159^③	0.005^***	一般化
E₄₁	b.冷漠^Ⅳ	-4.485^③	0.008^***	一般化
E₄₃	a.很友好^Ⅳ	-4.276^③	0.003^***	较冷漠
	b.较友好^Ⅴ	-2.717^③	0.002^***
	c.一般化^Ⅳ	-7.659^④	0.000^***
P₁₃	a.无户外活动^Ⅴ	-4.347^③	0.014^**	花局里
	b.东关街^Ⅴ	-4.073^③	0.025^**
	c.西北片^Ⅲ	-5.341^④	0.023^**
	d.东北片^Ⅳ	-14.010^⑤	3.316^***
	e.东南片^Ⅳ	-11.524^⑤	0.001^***
	f.西南片^Ⅳ	-12.106^⑤	0.000^***
P₁₅	a.很明确^Ⅱ	3.833^②	0.009^***	一般化
P₂₁	a.花局里^Ⅲ	4.333^②	0.089^*	东圈门
P₂₁	b.琼花观^Ⅲ	3.614^②	0.083^*	东圈门
P₂₂	a.家庭经营^Ⅰ	2.108^②	0.068^*	注册公司
	b.亲友合伙^Ⅱ	3.683^②	0.008^***
	c.其他^Ⅱ	3.679^②	0.037^**
P₂₄	a.住宿^Ⅲ	6.050^①	0.084^*	古玩字画
P₂₄	b.日常服务^Ⅲ	-4.543^③	0.042^**	古玩字画
P₂₇	a.很满意^Ⅳ	-5.530^④	0.000^***	一般化
	b.较满意^Ⅳ	-3.323^③	0.007^***
	c.不在意^Ⅳ	-3.265^③	0.011^**
P₂₈	a.偏低^Ⅳ	-1.587^③	0.049^**	适中
P₂₉	a.0.5万以下^Ⅲ	-10.417^⑤	0.013^**	4~6万
	b.1~2万^Ⅲ	4.127^②	0.017^**
	c.3~4万^Ⅱ	2.990^②	0.032^**
	d.6~8万^Ⅱ	4.411^②	0.006^***

表3

表4

业务意向(P42)逻辑回归模型

因子	项态代码 (选项编号)	模型1			模型2		参考项
因子	项态代码 (选项编号)	系数β		sig.		系数γ	sig.
(P₄₂)	a.收缩(K=1)	-7.027	0.016^**		-8.325	0.006^***	维持
(P₄₂)	b.扩大(K=2)	-4.190	0.147		-5.428	0.072^*	维持
P₄₁	a.偏消极^Ⅳ	-	-		-1.828^③	0.139	一般化
P₄₁	b.偏积极^Ⅴ	-	-		-1.719^③	0.013^**	一般化
S₁₅	b.配偶、子女合居^Ⅱ	1.961	0.006^***		1.542^②	0.036^**	三代以上合居
S₁₅	c.其他^Ⅲ	2.608	0.032^**		2.248^②		三代以上合居	0.068^*
S₂₁	b.1001~3000元^Ⅰ	2.109	0.002^***		2.327^②	0.001^***	5001~8000元
	c.3001~5000元^Ⅱ	0.846	0.250		1.367^②			0.081^*
	d.8001~15000元^Ⅲ	-4.283	0.010^**		-4.486^④			0.007^***
S₂₂	b.无工作经历^Ⅱ	4.609	0.000^***		3.658^①	0.005^***	下岗待业
	c.商业经营^Ⅰ	2.810	0.003^***		2.821^②			0.004^***
	d.普通职工^Ⅱ	2.108	0.026^**		2.118^②			0.028^**
E₁₁	a.不满意^Ⅳ	-2.036	0.033^**		-2.261^③	0.018^**	较满意
E₁₁	b.一般化^Ⅳ	-1.132	0.039^**		-1.173^③		较满意	0.038^**
E₂₅	a.基本满意^Ⅰ	3.250	0.005^***		3.528^①	0.003^***	不在意
	b.优化利用^Ⅱ	1.626	0.172		2.190^②			0.078^*
	c.导向不对^Ⅰ	3.045	0.004^***		3.609^①			0.001^***
E₃₁	a.一般化^Ⅳ	-1.254	0.098^*		-1.502^③	0.061^*	扩大规模
E₃₂	b.较激烈^Ⅳ	-1.250	0.059^*		-1.133^③	0.091^*	适中
E₃₄	a.不到位^Ⅳ	-3.819	0.012^**		-3.945^④	0.013^**	不在意
E₄₁	b.冷漠^Ⅳ	-3.046	0.007^***	-3.077^④	0.013^**	一般化
E₄₄	a.从未发现^Ⅴ	-3.715	0.000^***	-4.244^④	0.000^***	不在意
E₄₄	b.偶尔发现^Ⅴ	-1.813	0.071^*	-2.083^③		不在意	0.058^*
P₁₃	c.西北片^Ⅲ	-3.648	0.022^**	-3.312^④	0.040^**	花局里
	d.东北片^Ⅳ	-7.031	0.002^***	-5.937^⑤			0.012^**
	f.西南片^Ⅳ	-7.080	0.000^***	-7.500^⑤			0.001^***
P₂₁	a.花局里^Ⅳ	-3.787	0.021^**	-4.321^④	0.013^**	东圈门
	b.琼花观^Ⅳ	-4.415	0.003^***	-4.514^④			0.004^***
	c.盐阜路^Ⅳ	-3.206	0.031^**	-3.178^④			0.049^**
	d.东关街^Ⅴ	-5.824	2.069^***	-6.192^⑤			1.708^***
P₂₂	c.其他^Ⅳ	-1.480	0.113	-1.588^③	0.097^*	注册公司
P₂₄	c.其他^Ⅲ	3.645	0.025^**	4.532^①	0.009^***	古玩字画
P₂₇	c.不在意^Ⅲ	1.408	0.067^*	1.756^②	0.033^**	一般化
P₂₈	a.偏低^Ⅱ	0.725	0.197	1.020^②	0.087^*	适中
P₂₈	b.偏高^Ⅳ	-3.107	0.014^**	-3.563^④		适中	0.007^***
P₂₉	a.0.5~1万^Ⅳ	-4.458	0.002^***	-4.871^④	0.001^***	4~6万
P₂₉	c.3~4万^Ⅳ	-1.572	0.074^*	-1.737^③		4~6万	0.063^*

表4

图7

图8

图9

图10

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元系		维度	因子
主体 (S)		S_1.社会文化特征	S_11.性别^b	S_12.年龄^b	S_13.学历	S_14.常住地址	S_15.居住伴侣^ab
主体 (S)		S_2.经济职业特征	S_21.家庭收入^ab	S_22.先前职业^ab	S_23.从业身份^b	S_24.从业时长^a	S_25.从业动机
环境 (E)		E_1.物质与设施建设环境	E_11.店铺开发水平^ab	E_12.运营配套设施^a	E_13.商业公共设施^ab	E_14.综合交通条件^a	E_15.清洁卫生状况^ab
		E_1.物质与设施建设环境	E_16.市政服务设施^ab	E_17.居民生活设施^a	E_18.居住环境建设^ab
		E_2.旅游与休闲活动环境	E_21.旅游景区^ab	E_22.旅游服务^ab	E_23.休闲设施^ab	E_24.建筑风貌^a	E_25.文物遗迹^ab
		E_2.旅游与休闲活动环境	E_26.人文风情^ab	E_27.生态环境^ab	E_28.公众拥挤^ab
		E_3.市场与商业发展环境	E_31.市场客源状况^ab	E_32.市场竞争状况^ab	E_33.街区商业影响^ab	E_34.街区公共营销^ab	E_35.民间商会状况
		E_4.社会与公共管理环境	E_41.居民友好^ab	E_42.游客友好^ab	E_43.同行友好^a	E_44.冒渎现象^ab	E_45.社会治安^ab
		E_5.政策与专项扶持环境	E_51.街区综合管理^ab	E_52.业务培训管理^ab	E_53.公共参与政策^b
实践 (P)	外显	P_1.社会生活特征	P_11.户外休闲时间^ab	P_12.休闲活动范围^ab	P_13.休闲活动地段^ab	P_14.街区亲友人脉	P_15.街区场所P 依恋^a
		P_2.业务活动特征	P_21.店铺位址^ab	P_22.企业性质^ab	P_23.员工数量^b	P_24.经营内容^ab	P_25.品牌类型^b
		P_2.业务活动特征	P_26.总投资额^a	P_27.产品销量^ab	P_28.产品售价^ab	P_29.年收益额^ab
	内隐	P_3.场景感知特征	对环境(E)各因子的主观感知
	内隐	P_4.认知/意欲特征	P_41.生活场所评价^b	P_42.业务经营意向^a

基于从业者的旅游历史街区商业空间发展特征及机理——扬州“双东”案例

The development of commercial spaces in tourist historic districts: The case of Shuangdong, Yangzhou

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