广州市中产阶层聚居区空间分异及形成机制

doi:10.11821/dlxb201612002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着中国社会经济的发展,中产阶层规模不断发展壮大,并逐渐成为社会主流群体,其不断增长的居住空间需求对社会空间结构具有较大影响。本文研究广州市中产阶层聚居区空间分异及形成机制,为政府制定人口发展规划、城市更新等政策提供参考依据。首先采用因子生态分析法、聚类分析法、集中度指数分析了广州市2010年中产阶层聚居区空间分布及特征,并将中产阶层聚居区划分为教育、职业、收入和混合4个亚类聚居区。其次,将2010年中产阶层聚居区与2000年的聚居区比较,发现2000-2010年广州市中产阶层聚居区空间与地域类型演变呈现以下特征：① 中产阶层聚居区区域范围有所扩大,呈现郊区化与向中心性并存现象;② 老城区外围、珠江两岸及经济开发区是中产阶层集中分布的区域;③ 中心城区内城中村外来人口的集聚带来中产阶层的逐渐消失;④ 4个亚类中产阶层聚居区呈现街道数目改变和类型转换的变化;⑤ 中产阶层聚居区呈现强稳定型、弱稳定型、衰减型和增长型4种不同地域类型的变化。最后,本文从社会阶层分化、房地产市场、全球化、传统社会空间历史延续以及个体力量和城市建设等方面对中产阶层聚居区空间分异形成机制进行探讨。

关键词: 中产阶层聚居区, 空间分异, 地域类型, 形成机制, 广州市

Abstract:

As a result of socio-economic development, the middle class in China has grown considerably and has gradually become an important social group, and its expanding housing demand has exerted a profound effect on the socio-spatial structure of cities. This paper analyzes the spatial differentiation and formation mechanism of the middle class social area in Guangzhou to provide a reference for the policy implications of social development planning and urban planning and redevelopment. Based on the fifth and sixth censuses, 148 sub-districts from 10 districts of Guangzhou in 2010 are divided into five social areas—mixed class, middle class, salaried workers, peasant class, and working class—by principal components analysis hierarchical cluster methods, and the spatial distribution and characteristics of the middle class social area are analyzed. Next, using a concentration index, the middle class community is divided into four sub-areas: the educational middle class, the professional middle class, the income middle class, and the mixed middle class. The same approach is then used to examine the spatial distribution and characteristics of the middle class social area in 2000. In comparison of the results from 2000 and 2010, it can be seen that the middle class social area in Guangzhou has experienced the following changes: (1) The middle class social area is expanding, with evident suburbanization and centralization. (2) The suburban area, the banks of the Pearl River, and the economic development zone are the main areas where the middle class is concentrated. (3) The agglomeration of a floating population in the urban villages is leading to the disappearance of the middle class social area. (4) In each sub-social area of middle class, the number and the sub-social area they belonged to have been changing from 2000 to 2010. (5) The middle class social area can be divided into four subtypes according to their changing condition: a stable type, an unstable type, a decaying type, and a growing type. Finally, this paper analyzes the mechanism of the change in the middle class social area from the perspectives of social strata polarization, real estate, globalization, the historical continuity of traditional social space, individual behavior, and urban construction.

Key words: middle class social area, spatial differentiation, formation mechanism, Guangzhou

周春山, 边艳, 张国俊, 胡锦灿. 广州市中产阶层聚居区空间分异及形成机制[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(12): 2089-2102.

Chunshan ZHOU, Yan BIAN, Guojun ZHANG, Jincan HU. Spatial differentiation and the formation mechanism of the middle class areas in Guangzhou[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(12): 2089-2102.

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变量类型	2000年社会区研究			2010年社会区研究
变量类型	变量		数目	变量	数目
基本情况	家庭结构	5		家庭结构	5
基本情况	年龄结构	3		年龄结构	3
组织资源	职业结构	7		职业结构	7
	行业结构	16		行业结构	16
	在业情况	7		在业情况	7
经济资源	租房费用	9		租房费用	9
	购房费用	9
	不同年代住房面积	6		不同年代住房面积	7
	人均住房面积	8		人均住房面积	8
	住房来源	7		住房来源	7
文化资源	教育人口	8		教育人口	8
文化资源				受教育程度就业人员	7
总计		85			84

社会区		中产阶层聚居区	混合阶层聚居区	一般工薪阶层聚居区	工人阶层聚居区	农民阶层聚居区
街道及分布		农林街、梅花村等39个街道,集中分布在中心城区	沙面街、岭南街、华林街等22个街道,集中分布在老城区	官洲、前进街、江海街、林和街、龙洞街等41个街道,集中分布在紧邻中产阶层聚居区的中心城区	新造镇、钟村镇、金沙街等20个街道,集中分布在近郊区	化龙镇、九龙镇、萝岗街等26个街镇,集中分布在近远郊区
职业类型	国家与社会管理者	1.97	0.67	1.11	0.72	0.36
	专业技术人员	1.49	1.41	0.98	1.04	0.40
	办事人员和有关人员	1.44	1.54	0.96	0.91	0.55
	商业服务业人员	0.94	1.52	1.26	0.86	0.59
	农林牧渔生产人员	0.10	0.03	0.12	0.55	4.03
	生产运输设备人员	0.87	0.39	0.90	1.10	1.39
	不便分类从业人员	0.16	0.01	0.29	0.36	3.83
教育水平	未上过学	0.67	0.81	0.68	1.99	0.92
	小学到高中	0.84	0.86	0.99	1.02	1.21
	专科、本科	1.54	1.50	1.04	0.96	0.28
	研究生	1.96	1.19	1.07	0.08	0.74
住房来源	租赁廉租房	0.64	1.03	0.96	1.14	1.48
	租赁其他房	0.83	0.82	1.39	0.78	0.69
	自建住房	0.37	0.46	0.40	1.25	3.31
	购买商品房	1.11	1.04	0.95	1.68	0.24
	购买二手房	1.27	1.32	0.98	1.23	0.25
	购买经济适用房	0.93	0.83	1.48	0.96	0.16
	购买原公有住房	2.30	1.95	0.68	0.20	0.08
	其他	1.35	1.94	0.86	0.49	0.81

中产阶层聚居区亚类		教育中产阶层聚居区	职业中产阶层聚居区	收入中产阶层聚居区	混合中产阶层聚居区
街道及分布		五山街、黄花岗街、新港街、赤岗街等7个街道,集中在中心城区	东湖街、农林街、洪桥街、建设等12个街道,集中分布在中心城区、老城区和郊区	素社街、南源街、彩虹街、昌岗街等12个街道,集中分布在中心城区的荔湾片区和海珠区西部	南石头街、鱼珠街、东沙街、黄埔街等8个街道,集中分布在近郊区、紧邻老城区的中心城区
空间形态结构		带状+片状	片状	块状	片状
职业类型	国家与社会管理者	1.27	1.40	0.50	0.64
	专业技术人员	1.28	0.99	1.07	0.77
	办事人员	1.12	0.94	1.21	0.88
	商业服务业人员	0.78	0.91	1.45	1.11
教育水平	专科	0.93	1.05	1.21	0.73
	本科	1.31	1.04	1.03	1.01
	研究生	2.12	0.95	0.62	0.97
住房来源	购买商品房	1.03	0.72	1.96	1.07
	购买二手房	0.84	1.28	1.03	0.96
	购买原公有住房	1.29	1.66	1.01	0.72