末次盛冰期以来中国湖泊记录对环流系统及气候类型的响应

doi:10.11821/dlxb201611003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为了探讨中国长时间尺度湖泊时空演变规律和潜在的驱动机制,本文在柯本气候分区和中国季风—非季风区的划分基础上,对中国34个有明确数据的典型湖泊运行CCSM 3.0气候模拟系统和水量能量平衡模型模拟其水位变化,同时利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对中国按水汽输送划分的季风区进行验证。结果表明,末次盛冰期以来中国湖泊演化主要受千年尺度大气环流的驱动影响,在各个柯本气候区内没有明显的规律性。末次盛冰期以来,在季风区中国湖泊演化主要有早中全新世湖泊水位相对较高以及末次盛冰期和早全新世湖泊水位均较高2种演变规律;在东亚干旱区主要有中晚全新世期间湖泊水位相对较高以及末次盛冰期和中全新世湖泊水位均较高2种演变规律。本文为中国过去气候变化及湖泊演化机制研究提供新的证据,同时为人类全面认识末次盛冰期以来湖泊水位变化提供了新的视角。

关键词: 湖泊, 末次盛冰期, 全新世, 环流系统, 气候区

Abstract:

In order to investigate the spatial-temporal evolution pattern and potential driving mechanism of lakes on a long time-scale, based on the K?ppen climate classification, we classify Chinese climate as 4 climate zones, 6 climatic types and select 34 lakes which have reliable dating, and its lake records have certain continuity since the Last Glacial Maximum. At the same time, NCEP/NCAR 0.5°×0.5° 1900-2015 grid data are used to verify our traditional monsoon region which is defined based on water vapor transportation field. Meanwhile, this study uses a series of models, i.e., the NCAR CCSM 3, a lake energy-balance and a lake water-balance model, to examine the lake-level evolution process and potential driving mechanism in monsoonal Asia and arid central Asia since the Last Glacial Maximum. Our results indicate that the evolution of lakes in China is mainly affected by millennial-scale atmospheric circulation, and lake-level changes in all climate zones have no obvious regularity. In the monsoon region, there are two kinds of evolvement rules, a relatively high lake-level in the early and mid-Holocene and a relatively high lake-level in the Last Glacial Maximum and early Holocene. Meanwhile, in the arid region of East Asia controlled by westerlies, there are also two kinds of evolvement rules. One is that the lake-level in mid- and late Holocene is relatively high, and the other is that the lake-level is relatively high in mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum. This study provides a large amount of new evidence, which reflects the past climate change and mechanism of lake evolvement, as well as a new perspective to comprehensively understand lake-level changes since the Last Glacial Maximum.

Key words: lake, the Last Glacial Maximum, Holocene, atmospheric circulation, climate zone

李育, 刘媛. 末次盛冰期以来中国湖泊记录对环流系统及气候类型的响应[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(11): 1898-1910.

Yu LI, Yuan LIU. The response of lake records to the circulation system and climate zones in China since the Last Glacial Maximum[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(11): 1898-1910.

图/表 7

表1

图1

图2

表2

中国所选择的34个湖泊末次盛冰期以来湖泊资料

序号	湖泊名	纬度	经度	21-8.5 ka	21-6 ka	21 ka-PI	8.5-6 ka	8.5 ka-PI	6 ka-PI	气候带	气候型	气候副型	环流气候区	参考文献
A	罗布泊	40.29	90.8	高	高	高	低	低	高	干带	沙漠气候	k	中亚干旱区	Chao等^[22]; Yan等^[23]
B	艾比湖	44.9	82.7	高	高	高	低	高	高	干带	沙漠气候	k	中亚干旱区	Wu等^[24]; 靳等^[25]
C	博斯腾湖	42	87	低	低	低	低	低	高	干带	沙漠气候	k	中亚干旱区	Wu¨nnemann等^[26]; Huang等^[27]
D	班公错	33.7	79.42	高	不变	高	低	高	高	干带	沙漠气候	k	中亚干旱区	Fontes等^[28]; 李元芳等^[29]
E	青海达布逊湖	36.97	95.11	低	低	低	低	高	高	干带	沙漠气候	k	中亚干旱区	江德昕等^[30]
F	玛纳斯湖	45.75	86	低	低	低	高	不变	低	干带	沙漠气候	k	中亚干旱区	Rhodes等^[34]
G	乌伦古湖	47.2	87.29	低	低	低	低	低	高	干带	草原气候	k	中亚干旱区	Mischke等^[32]; 安成邦等^[33]
H	巴里坤湖	43.66	92.8	高	高	高	低	低	高	干带	草原气候	k	中亚干旱区	Ma等^[35]; Lu等^[36]
I	台错	33.72	80.7	低	高	高	高	高	高	干带	草原气候	k	中亚干旱区	Zheng等^[37]
J	呼伦湖	48.9	117.4	低	低	低	高	高	低	干带	草原气候	k	中亚干旱区	王苏民等^[38]; Zhai^[39]
K	哈拉湖	38.28	97.58	低	低	低	低	低	低	极地带	苔原气候	G	中亚干旱区	Yan等^[40]
L	赛里木湖	44.5	81.2	低	低	低	低	高	高	冷温带	冬干冷温气候	c	中亚干旱区	Jiang等^[41]; 陈明勇等^[42]
1	查干淖尔湖	43.27	112.9	高	高	高	不变	高	高	干带	沙漠气候	k	季风区	江德昕等^[43]
2	猪野泽	39.05	103.85	低	高	高	高	高	不变	干带	沙漠气候	k	季风区	Zhang等^[44]; Pachur等^[45]
3	吉兰泰盐湖	39.7	105.09	低	低	低	高	高	低	干带	沙漠气候	k	季风区	Jia等^[46]]; Geng等^[47]
4	宁晋泊	37.25	114.75	低	低	高	低	高	高	干带	草原气候	k	季风区	Zhang等^[48]
5	萨拉乌苏古湖	37.7	108.6	低	低	高	不变	高	高	干带	草原气候	k	季风区	Zhang等 ^[49]
6	盐海子湖	40.2	108.4	高	高	高	高	高	不变	干带	草原气候	k	季风区	Chen等^[50]; 钱作华等^[51]
7	扎布耶盐湖	31.35	84.07	高	高	高	低	高	高	干带	草原气候	k	季风区	Wang等^[52]; 刘俊英等^[53]
8	沉错	28.93	90.6	高	高	不变	高	高	高	极地带	苔原气候	G	季风区	Zhu等^[54]
9	乱海子湖	37.58	101.33	低	低	低	高	高	高	极地带	苔原气候	G	季风区	Herzschuh等^[55]
10	班戈错	31.75	89.57	不变	高	高	高	高	不变	极地带	苔原气候	G	季风区	赵希涛等^[56]
11	纳木错	30.65	90.5	低	低	低	低	高	高	极地带	苔原气候	G	季风区	Mügle等^[57]; Witt等^[58]
12	岱海	40.58	112.7	低	低	低	低	高	高	冷温带	冬干冷温气候	b	季风区	王苏民等^[59]; Wang等^[60]
13	兴凯湖	45.2	132.2	低	低	不变	低	高	高	冷温带	冬干冷温气候	b	季风区	吴健等^[61]
14	二龙湾玛珥湖	42.3	126.37	低	低	低	低	高	高	冷温带	冬干冷温气候	b	季风区	刘玉英等^[62]
15	青海湖	37.5	100.5	低	低	低	高	高	不变	冷温带	冬干冷温气候	c	季风区	Madsen等^[63]; Colman等^[64];
16	若尔盖湖	33.13	103.65	低	低	低	不变	高	高	冷温带	冬干冷温气候	c	季风区	Zhou等^[65]; 唐领余等^[66]
17	大湖	24.25	115.033	低	低	高	不变	高	高	温暖带	常湿温暖气候	a	季风区	Xiao等^[67]
18	太湖	31.5	120.5	低	低	高	不变	高	高	温暖带	常湿温暖气候	a	季风区	薛滨等^[68]; 王建等^[69]
19	洱海	25.84	99.98	高	高	高	不变	高	高	温暖带	夏干温暖气候	b	季风区	Madsen等^[70]
20	湖光岩玛尔湖	21.15	110.28	低	低	低	高	高	高	温暖带	冬干温暖气候	a	季风区	Mingram等^[71]
21	星云湖	24.5	102.88	低	低	低	不变	高	高	温暖带	冬干温暖气候	b	季风区	Hodell等^[72]
22	泸沽湖	27.72	100.79	低	低	高	低	高	高	温暖带	冬干温暖气候	b	季风区	Wang等^[73]; Xiao等^[74]

表2

表3

图3

图4

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气候带	气候型	气候副型	特征
A热带			T_cold≥ 18β℃
	Af 热带雨林气候		P_dry≥ 60βmm
	Aw 热带疏林草原气候		P_dry≤ 60βmm & P_dry≥ (100-MAP/25) mm
	Am 热带季风气候		P_dry≤ 60βmm & P_dry≤ (100-MAP/25) mm
B干带			MAP < 10βP_th
	Bs 草原气候		MAP ≥ 5βP_th
	Bw 沙漠气候		MAP < 5βP_th
		h	MAT ≥ 18β℃
		k	MAT < 18β℃
C温暖带			T_hot>10β℃ & 0β℃< T_cold< 18β℃
	Cs 夏干温暖气候		P_sdry< 40βmm & P_sdry<P_wwet/3
	Cw 冬干温暖气候		P_wdry< P_swet/10
	Cf 常湿温暖气候		既非Cw也非Cf
		a	T_hot≥ 22β℃
		b	T_hot< 22β℃ & count (T_mon> 10β℃) ≥ 4
		c	T_cold≥-38β℃ & count(T_mon> 10β℃) < 4
D冷温带			T_hot>10β℃ & T_cold≤ 0β℃
	Df 常湿冷温气候		P_wdry≥ P_swet/10
	Dw 冬干冷温气候		P_wdry< P_swet/10
		a	T_hot≥ 22β℃
		b	T_hot< 22β℃ & count (T_mon> 10β℃) ≥ 4
		c	T_cold≥-38β℃ & count (T_mon> 10β℃) < 4
		d	T_cold< -38β℃
E极地带			T_hot< 10β℃
	ET 苔原气候		T_hot≥ 0β℃
	EF 冰原气候		T_hot< 0β℃
		G	H ≥ 2500βm

	Pre-Industrial	6 ka	8.5 ka	21 ka
离心率	0.016724	0.018682	0.019199	0.018994
倾角(°)	23.45	24.1	24.22	22.949
近日点经度(°)	102.04	0.87	319.5	114.42
CO₂ (ppm)	280	280	260	185
CH₄(ppb)	760	650	660	350
N₂O (ppb)	270	270	260	200
大陆冰川	Peltier (2004) 0 ka	Peltier (2004) 0 ka	Peltier (2004) 8.5 ka	Peltier (2004) 21 ka
植被组成	同现代	同现代	同现代	同现代