区域“水—土—能—碳”耦合作用机制分析

doi:10.11821/dlxb201609012

地理学报 ›› 2016, Vol. 71 ›› Issue (9): 1613-1628.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201609012

区域“水—土—能—碳”耦合作用机制分析

赵荣钦¹(), 李志萍¹, 韩宇平², 张战平¹, 丁明磊¹

1. 华北水利水电大学资源与环境学院,郑州 450045
2. 华北水利水电大学黄河科学研究院,郑州 450045
3. 不列颠哥伦比亚大学资源环境与可持续发展研究所,加拿大 V6T 1Z4

收稿日期:2016-02-04 修回日期:2016-05-05 出版日期:2016-11-25 发布日期:2016-11-25
作者简介:
作者简介：赵荣钦(1978-), 男, 河南孟津人, 博士后, 副教授, 中国地理学会会员(S110008988M), 从事土地利用与碳排放研究。E-mail: zhaorq234@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41301633, 51679089)

The coupling interaction mechanism of regional water-land-energy-carbon system

Rongqin ZHAO¹(), Zhiping LI¹, Yuping HAN², KANDLIKAR Milind³, Zhanping ZHANG¹, Minglei DING¹

1. School of Resources and Environment, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China
2. The Yellow River Institute of Science, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China
3. Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada

Received:2016-02-04 Revised:2016-05-05 Published:2016-11-25 Online:2016-11-25
Supported by:
National Natural Science Fundation of China, No.41301633, No.51679089

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

在相关研究的基础上,对区域“水—土—能—碳”耦合系统及其要素关系进行解析;分析其耦合作用机制、主要研究视角和影响因素;并提出了未来的研究趋向。① 区域“水—土—能—碳”耦合作用系统不仅体现了地表系统四大圈层的作用,更以水循环、土地利用、能量流通、碳循环的形式构成了区域“自然—经济—社会”的核心内容,该系统不仅反映了区域不同资源类型的匹配关系和开发利用效率,也体现了人类社会对环境的影响程度;② 该系统可以分为三个相互联系、相互作用的子系统：水系统、土地系统和能源系统。它们之间通过不同途径相互联系、互为资源,共同构成了区域社会经济发展的资源基础,而区域碳排放强度则主要取决于水、土、能等要素之间相互需求的类型、产业活动方式和能源类型与结构等;③ 区域“水—土—能—碳”耦合作用机制可以从微观角度、产业活动、土地利用等不同视角来分析;④ 区域“水—土—能—碳”耦合作用系统主要受自然、经济、社会和压力等因素的影响。其中经济因素,特别是经济发展水平、生产效率和技术水平是系统结构、功能和效率的决定性要素;⑤ 未来应重点从区域“水—土—能—碳”耦合系统模拟、其与气候变化和粮食安全的关系、资源耦合开发的碳排放效率及其综合评估与调控研究等方面开展研究。

关键词: 区域, 水—, 土—, 能—, 碳, 耦合, 机制

Abstract:

Water, land, energy and carbon are key elements of earth's surface system. Researches on regional water-land-energy-carbon system (WLEC system) will not only help to reveal the impact mechanism of resource coupling exploitation on carbon emissions, but also has great significance to explore low-carbon development mode based on water, land and energy saving. Based on the literature review, this paper analyzed the element relationship of regional WLEC system, discussed the coupling interaction mechanism, research perspectives and impact factors of regional WLEC system, and put forward the future research points in this field. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Regional WLEC system reflects the interactions among different spheres of earth's surface system. Through water cycle, land use, energy flow and carbon cycle, WLEC system becomes the core of regional natural-economic-social system. It not only reflects the matching relationship and exploitation efficiency of regional resources, but also embodies the impact extent of human activities on environment. (2) Regional WLEC system can be divided into three subsystems: water system, land system and energy system. They interacted with each other and together formed the resource base for the regional socio-economic development. Regional carbon emission intensity is mainly determined by the need relationship among three subsystems, industrial activities and energy structure. (3) Regional WLEC system can be studied from different perspectives such as microscopic view, industrial activities and land use. (4) Regional WLEC system is influenced by natural, economic, social and pressure factors, in which economic factor, especially economic development level, production efficiency and technology, is the determinant factor of the function and efficiency of regional WLEC system. (5) In the future, modeling of regional WLEC system, relationship between WLEC system and climate change and food security, carbon emission efficiency of resource coupling exploitation and the integrated evaluation and regulation of WLEC system should be strengthened.

Key words: region, water-land-energy-carbon system, coupling, mechanism

赵荣钦, 李志萍, 韩宇平, 张战平, 丁明磊. 区域“水—土—能—碳”耦合作用机制分析[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(9): 1613-1628.

Rongqin ZHAO, Zhiping LI, Yuping HAN, KANDLIKAR Milind, Zhanping ZHANG, Minglei DING. The coupling interaction mechanism of regional water-land-energy-carbon system[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(9): 1613-1628.

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研究类别	研究核心内容	方法	区域	年份	作者
“水—碳”耦合	陆地生态系统的碳水耦合	通量观测和模拟	江西千烟洲	2012	任小丽等^[15]
“水—碳”耦合	水体的碳释放	样点监测与模拟	全球	2013	Raymond等^[16]
“水—能—碳”耦合	区域水系统与碳排放	物质流和生命周期分析	多伦多等4个城市	2014	Venkatesh等^[1]
	农业水资源开发利用的碳排放	样点调查和估算方法	中国	2012	Wang等^[27]
	农作物“水—碳—能”通量	涡度相关法	加拿大	2005	Kothavala等^[31]
“土—碳”耦合	土地利用与土壤碳通量	碳通量观测	美国加利福尼亚	2006	Carlisle等^[37]
“土—碳”耦合	土地利用与生态系统碳收支	参数估算法	美国	1999	Houghton等^[40]
“土—能—碳”耦合	土地利用、能源消费与碳排放	温室气体清单	巴基斯坦	2012	Ali等^[3]
“土—能—碳”耦合	面向低碳的土地利用调控	线性规划	中国	2011	赖力等^[49]
“能—碳”耦合	能源消费碳排放的核算	温室气体清单	全球	2010	Kennedy等^[2]
“能—碳”耦合	能源流通与隐含碳转移	隐含碳分析	南京市	2014	Zhao等^[78]
“水—土—能—碳”耦合	“水—土—能—碳”系统与生态系统服务	能值分析方法	巴西	2014	Watanabe等^[5]
“水—土—能—碳”耦合	“水—土—能—碳”和气候变化关系	系统分析方法	美国	2012	Skaggs等^[4]

耦合关系	需求种类	主要环节^[4]	碳排放
水土关系	水资源开发对土地的需求	流域集水/蓄水工程、地表覆被工程、生态系统保护与建设。	水利工程及生态保护工程的直接和间接的碳排放。
水土关系	土地开发对水的需求	生态系统保护、农作物生产、畜牧业、采矿业、工业、市政、商业及生活用水。	不同土地利用方式下的水资源开发的碳排放;土地开发导致的直接碳排放。
土能关系	土地开发对能源的需求	土地开发、交通建设、经济生活、资源开发与利用。	土地开发过程中能源消费的碳排放;土地开发导致的直接碳排放;资源开发过程中能源消费的碳排放;各项经济活动能源消费的碳排放。
土能关系	能源开发对土地的需求	能源基础设施建设、水利工程、矿山开采、电厂、太阳能和风能工厂、输电线路建设、输油管道、铁路、精炼厂/炼油厂、生物能源及生物燃料生产、碳捕获与封存、能源矿床开发。	能源基地及能源基础设施建设活动中的碳排放;能源开采和运输过程中的碳泄露;土地利用方式变化的直接碳排放。
水能关系	水资源开发对能源的需求	抽水、输水、水资源调节及污水处理。	水资源开发过程中能源消费的碳排放;污水处理过程的碳排放。
水能关系	能源开发对水的需求	能源开发与提取、冷却、加工、碳捕获与封存等过程。	能源开发用水过程中能源消耗的碳排放。

区域“水—土—能—碳”耦合作用机制分析

The coupling interaction mechanism of regional water-land-energy-carbon system

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