青藏高原海拔4000 m区域人类活动的新证据

doi:10.11821/dlxb201607011

地理学报 ›› 2016, Vol. 71 ›› Issue (7): 1231-1240.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201607011

青藏高原海拔4000 m区域人类活动的新证据

侯光良¹(), 曹广超¹, 鄂崇毅¹, 任晓燕², 李凡¹

1. 青海师范大学青藏高原环境与资源教育部重点实验室,西宁 810008
2. 青海省文物考古研究所,西宁 810001
3. 南京大学地理与海洋科学学院,南京 210093

收稿日期:2015-08-03 修回日期:2015-12-08 出版日期:2016-07-25 发布日期:2016-07-25
作者简介:
作者简介：侯光良(1972-), 男, 教授, 中国地理学会会员(S110007894M), 主要从事环境演变与人类活动研究。E-mail:hgl20@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金项目(41550001);青海省重点实验室发展专项—青海省自然地理与环境过程重点实验室(2014-Z-Y24, 2015-Z-Y01)

New evidence of human activities at an altitude of 4000 meters area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Guangliang HOU¹(), Guangchao CAO¹, Chongyi E¹, Xiaoyan REN², B Wuennemann³, Fan LI¹

1. Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Processes of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
2. Qinghai Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Xining 810007, China
3. School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093,China

Received:2015-08-03 Revised:2015-12-08 Online:2016-07-25 Published:2016-07-25
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.441550001;Special Project of Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province-Key Laboratory of Physical Geography and Environmental Processes of Qinghai Province, No.2014-Z-Y24, No.2015-Z-Y01

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

青藏高原早期人类活动对于研究人类对极端环境响应与适应至关重要,4000 m海拔区域是人类向高原腹地迁移与扩散的关键。下大武1号遗址（XDW1）发现了11290±69 cal. a BP人类活动遗留的灰烬层,及其年代主要集中在11.2 cal. ka BP的细石叶、石片等石制品,是目前青藏高原4000 m海拔区域发现的最早的人类活动证据之一,说明在全新世伊始,人类就已经登上了海拔4000 m的青藏高原主体。据此推测人类在高原东北部扩张的时空演变过程,末次冰消期人类在海拔3000~4000 m高原东北缘青海湖盆地、共和盆地等区域活动,全新世初期扩张至4000 m海拔高原主体,全新世大暖期向高原腹地深入;上述3个人类活动阶段与末次冰消期环境的改善、全新世伊始的气候迅速转暖和全新世暖期盛期的到来等重大气候变化阶段密切相关。

关键词: 全新世早期, 青藏高原, 人类活动

Abstract:

Human activities during the early stage in Tibetan Plateau are crucial to improve the knowledge about how human beings react and respond to extreme environmental conditions, especially those in the area with elevation > 4000 m asl, which is considered as the key of the migration and diffusion of human from plain to hinterland. Ash layer dated as 11290±69 cal. a BP and stoneworks such as micro-blade and fine flake mainly occurring at ca.11.2 cal ka BP were found in the archaeological site XDW1, which can be considered as the first evidence to show the human activities above 4000 m asl in the Tibetan Plateau. This study indicates that human beings have migrated to hinterland in the early Holocene, and evaluated the spacial and temporary population diffusion patterns in northeastern Tibetan Plateau: (1) human beings dominated the marginal regions with 3000-4000 m asl in northeastern Tibetan Platean, such as Qinghai Lake Basin and Gonghe Basin during the Last Deglaciation. (2) They expanded to the regions above 4000 m asl during the Early Holocene. (3) People diffused toward hinterland with higher elevation during the Holocene Climatic Optimum. The three stages of human migration and diffusion in the Tibetan Plateau are closely related to the improving climate conditions from the Last Deglaciation until the Holocene Climatic Optimum.

Key words: early Holocene, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, human activity

侯光良, 曹广超, 鄂崇毅, 任晓燕, 李凡. 青藏高原海拔4000 m区域人类活动的新证据[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(7): 1231-1240.

Guangliang HOU, Guangchao CAO, Chongyi E, Xiaoyan REN, B Wuennemann, Fan LI. New evidence of human activities at an altitude of 4000 meters area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(7): 1231-1240.

图/表 9

图1

图2

表1

图3

表2

图4

图5

图6

图7

参考文献 37

[1]	Rademaker K, Hodgins G.Paleoindian settlement of the high-altitude Peruvian Andes. Science, 2014, 346: 466-469. doi: 10.1126/science.1258260 pmid: 25342802
[2]	Chen F H, Dong G H, Zhang D J, et al.Agriculture facilitated permanent human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau after 3600 BP. Science, 2014, 20. doi: 10.1126/science.1259172.
[3]	Tang Huisheng.Discussing the paleolithic and microlith on the Tibet Plateau. Archaeology, 1999(5): 44-54.
	[汤惠生. 略论青藏高原的旧石器与细石器. 考古, 1999(5): 44-54.]
[4]	Huo Wei.Archaeological discoveries and research in Tibet in the last decade. Cultural Relics, 2000(3): 85-95.
	[霍巍.近十年西藏考古发现与研究. 文物, 2000(3): 85-95.]
[5]	Huang Weiwen, Chen Kezao, Yuan Baoyin.Paleolithics of Xiao Qaidam Lake in Qinghai Province in China//Proceedings of the Sino-Australian Quaternary Meeting. Beijing: Science Press, 1987: 168-175.
	[黄慰文, 陈克造, 袁宝印. 青海小柴达木湖的旧石器//中国科学院中澳第四纪合作研究组. 中国—澳大利亚第四纪学术讨论会论文集. 北京: 科学出版社, 1987: 168-175.]
[6]	Sun Y J, Lai Z P, Long H.Quartz OSL dating of archaeological sites in Xiao Qaidam Lake of the NE Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and its implications for palaeoenvironmental changes. Quaternary Geochronology, 2010, 5: 360-364.
[7]	Tang H S, Zhou C L, Li Y Q, et al.A new discovery of microlithic information at the entrance to the northern Qingzang Plateau of the Kunlun Mountains of Qinghai Province. Chin. Sci. Bull., 2013, 58: 247-253.
[8]	Brantingham P J, Madsen D B, Gao X, et al.Late occupation of the high-elevation northern Tibetan Plateau based on cosmogenic, luminescence, and radiocarbon ages. Geoarchaeology, 2014, 28: 413-431. doi: 10.1002/gea.21448
[9]	He Yuanhong, Cai Linhai, Li Pei, et al. The footprint of the early pioneers of the southern plateau. China Cultural Relics News, 2014-04-04.
	[何元洪, 蔡林海, 李佩, 等. 青南高原早期先民的足迹. 中国文物报, 2014-04-04.]
[10]	Madsen D B, Ma H Z, Brantingham P J, et al.The late Upper Paleolithic occupation of the northern Tibetan Plateau margin. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2006, 33: 1433-1444. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.017
[11]	Rhode D, Zhang H Y, Madsen D B, et al.Epipaleolithic/early Neolithic settlements at Qinghai Lake, western China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2007, 34: 600-612. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2006.06.016
[12]	Brantingham P J, Gao X, Olsen J W, et al.A short chronology for the peopling of the Tibetan Plateau//Madsen D B, Chen F H, Gao X. Developments in Quaternary Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2007: 129-150. doi: 10.1016/S1571-0866(07)09010-0
[13]	Gao Xing, Zhou Zhenyu, Guan Ying.Human cultural remains and adaptation strategies in the Tibetan Plateau margin region in the late Pleistocene. Quaternary Sciences, 2008, 28(6): 970-977. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2008.06.001
	[高星, 周振宇, 关莹. 青藏高原边缘地区晚更新世人类遗存与生存模式. 第四纪研究, 2008, 28(6): 970-977.] doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1001-7410.2008.06.001
[14]	Yi Mingjie, Gao Xing, Zhang Xiaolin, et al.A Preliminary Report on Investigations in 2009 of some prehistoric sites in the Tibetan Plateau margianl region. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2011, 30: 124-136.
	[仪明洁, 高星, 张晓凌, 等. 青藏高原边缘地区史前遗址2009 年调查试掘报告. 人类学报, 2011, 30: 124-136.]
[15]	Lv Hongling.Tibet Paleolithic know again. Archaeology, 2011(3): 59-68.
	[吕红亮. 西藏旧石器时代再认识. 考古, 2011(3): 59-68.]
[16]	Van D J, Tapponnier P. Ryerson F J, et al.Uniform postglacial slip-rate along the central 600 km of the Kunlun Fault (Tibet), from Al-26, Be-10, and C-14 dating of riser offsets, and climatic origin of the regional morphology. Geophysical Journal International, 2002, 148: 356-388.
[17]	Xie Junyi.New discovery and look forward on the Paleolithic in western-center of Gansu Province. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 1991, 10(1): 27-33.
	[谢骏义. 甘肃西部和中部旧石器考古的新发现及其展望. 人类学报, 1991, 10(1): 27-33.]
[18]	Dong G H, Jia X, Elston R, et al.Spatial and temporal variety of prehistoric human settlement and its influencing factors in the upper Yellow River valley, Qinghai Province, China. Journal of Archaeological Science, 2013, 40: 2538-2546. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.10.002
[19]	Gai Pei, Wang Guodao.Excavation report on a Mesolithic site at Layihai, Upper Yellow River. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 1983, 2(1): 49-59.
	[盖培, 王国道. 黄河上游拉乙亥中石器时代遗址发掘报告. 人类学报, 1983, 2(1): 49-59.]
[20]	Reimer P J, Baillie M G L, Bard E, et al. Radiocarbon Calibration Program. Radiocarbon, 2009, 51: 1111-1150.
[21]	Han W X, Yu L P, Lai Z P, et al.The earliest well-dated archeological site in the hyper-arid Tarim Basin and its implications for prehistoric human migration and climatic change. Quaternary Research, 2014, 82: 66-72. doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2014.02.004
[22]	Zhang D D, Li S H.Optical dating of Tibetan human hand and footprints:An implication for the palaeoenvironment of the last glaciation of the Tibetan Plateau. Geophysical Research Letters, 2002, 29: X1-X3.
[23]	Dong Guangrong, Wang Guiyong, Li Xiaoze, et al.Eastern sand area in China since the last interglacial period of ancient monsoon change. Science China (Series D): Earth Science, 1996, 26: 437-444.
	[董光荣, 王贵勇, 李孝泽, 等.末次间冰期以来我国东部沙区的古季风变迁. 中国科学(D辑): 地球科学, 1996, 26: 437-444.]
[24]	Zhang Dongju, Chen Fahu, Ji Duxue, et al.The age, lithics and paleoenvironmental study of the Sumiaoyuantou Locality, Gansu Province. Acta Anthropologica Sinica, 2011, 30: 289-298.
	[张东菊, 陈发虎, 吉笃学, 等. 甘肃苏苗塬头地点石制品特征与古环境分析. 人类学学报, 2011, 30: 289-298.]
[25]	Shi Yafeng, Zheng Benxing, Yao Tandong.Glaciers and environments during the Last Glacial Maximum on the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 1997, 19(2): 97-113.
	[施雅风, 郑本兴, 姚檀栋. 青藏高原末次冰期最盛时的冰川与环境. 冰川冻土, 1997, 19(2): 97-113.]
[26]	Thompson L G, Yao T D, Davis M E, et al.Tropical climate instability: The last glacial cycle from a Qinghai-Tibetan ice core. Science, 1997, 276: 1821-1825. doi: 10.1126/science.276.5320.1821
[27]	Shen J, Liu X Q, Wang S M, et al.Palaeoclimatic changes in the Qinghai Lake area during the last 18 000 years. Quaternary International, 2005, 136: 131-140. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2004.11.014
[28]	Yu L P, Lai Z P. OSL chronology and palaeoclimatic implications of aeolian sediments in the eastern Qaidam Basin of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Palaeogeography,Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 2012, 337/338: 120-129. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.04.004
[29]	Xu Shuying.The paleosols and their reflection of the environmental changes in the northeast region of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 1994, 14(3): 225-232.
	[徐叔鹰. 青藏高原东北部的古土壤及其对环境变迁的反映. 地理科学, 1994, 14(3): 225-232.]
[30]	Shen C M, Liu K B, Tang L Y, et al.Quantitative relationships between modern pollen rain and climate in the Tibetan Plateau. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2006, 140: 61-77. doi: 10.1016/j.revpalbo.2006.03.001
[31]	Dykoski C A, Edwards R L, Cheng H, et al.A high-resolution, absolute-dated Holocene and deglacial Asian monsoon record form Dongge Cave, China. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2005, 233: 71-86. doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.01.036
[32]	Schlutz F, Lehmkuhl F.Holocene climatic change and the nomadic Anthropocene in Eastern Tibet: Palynological and geomorphological results from the Nianbaoyeze Mountains. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2009, 28: 1449-1471.
[33]	Ou X J, Lai Z P, Zhou S Z, et al.Timing of glacier fluctuations and trigger mechanisms in eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during the late Quaternary. Quaternary Research, 2014, 81: 464-475. doi: 10.1016/j.yqres.2013.09.007
[34]	Hou Guangliang, Fang Xiuqi.Characteristics analysis and synthetical reconstruction of regional temperature series of the Holocene in China. Journal of Palaeogeography, 2012, 14(2): 243-252. doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2012.02.011
	[侯光良, 方修琦. 中国全新世分区气温序列集成重建及特征分析. 古地理学报, 2012, 14(2): 243-252.] doi: 10.7605/gdlxb.2012.02.011
[35]	Lu H Y, Wu N Q, Liu K B, et al.Modern pollen distributions in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the development of transfer functions for reconstructing Holocene environmental changes.Quaternary Science Reviews, 2011, 30: 947-966.
[36]	Yu G, Chen X, Ni J, et al.Palaeovegetation of China: A pollen data-based synthesis for the mid-Holocene and last glacial maximum. Journal of Biogeography, 2000, 27: 635-664. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00431.x
[37]	Aichner B, Herzschuh U, Wilkes H, et al. Ecological development of Lake Donggi Cona, north-eastern Tibetan Plateau, since the late glacial on basis of organic geochemical proxies and non-pollen palynomorphs.Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology,Palaeoecology, 2012, 313/314: 140-149. doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.10.015

样品号	测年编号	深度(cm)	测试物质	AMS¹⁴C年代(a BP)	校正年代 (cal. a BP)2 Sigma
XDW1-2	BA131369	50~60	炭屑	9695±40	11146±74
XDW1-5	BA131371	88	炭屑	8950±35	10079±63
XDW1-7	BA131373	80~90	炭屑	9885±35	11285±73
XDW1-6	BA131372	103	炭屑	9875±40	11290±69

	石器数量(件)			典型石器
层位(cm)	细石叶	石片	刮削器	其他	总计	编号	描述
20~30	1	6			7	XDW1-a	细石叶,长29 mm,宽6 mm,硅质灰岩,横断面为等腰三角形,一面为劈裂面,另一面中部有凸脊,刃部有使用痕迹,尖尾端内卷
20~30	1	6			7	XDW1-b	石片,长30 mm,宽15 mm,硅质灰岩
30~40		7	1		8	XDW1-d	石片,长20 mm,宽9 mm,最厚处6 mm,燧石,一侧双面加工,形成多个锋利的刃脊,顶部刃有使用疤痕,底部横截面为三角形断面
40~50		7			7
50~60	2	7		25	34	XDW1-c	细石叶断片,长8 mm,宽6 mm,硅质灰岩,横断面呈三角形,刃部有使用痕迹
60~70		7	1	21	29	XW1-e	石片,呈薄片状,长23 mm,宽20 mm,最厚处4 mm,硅质灰岩
70~80		5	2		7	XW1-f	刮削器,薄片状,长17 mm,宽13 mm,厚2 mm,燧石,两刃部锋利
70~80		5	2		7	XW1-g	石片,长23 mm,宽12 mm,燧石
80~90				3	3
90~100				1	1

青藏高原海拔4000 m区域人类活动的新证据

New evidence of human activities at an altitude of 4000 meters area of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

RichHTML

PDF (PC)

赞

可视化

被引次数

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 9

参考文献 37

相关文章 15

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	黄海, 田尤, 刘建康, 张佳佳, 杨东旭, 杨顺. 藏东地区斜坡土壤冻融侵蚀力学机制及敏感性分析[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(1): 87-100.
[2]	董广辉, 仇梦晗, 李若, 陈发虎. 探讨过去人地关系演变机制的“支点”概念模型[J]. 地理学报, 2021, 76(1): 15-29.
[3]	封志明, 李文君, 李鹏, 肖池伟. 青藏高原地形起伏度及其地理意义[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1359-1372.
[4]	孙思奥, 王晶, 戚伟. 青藏高原地区城乡虚拟水贸易格局与影响因素[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1346-1358.
[5]	梁馨月, 徐梦珍, 吕立群, 崔一飞, 张风宝. 基于地貌特征的青藏高原边缘泥石流沟分类[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1373-1385.
[6]	冯雨雪, 李广东. 青藏高原城镇化与生态环境交互影响关系分析[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1386-1405.
[7]	许珺, 徐阳, 胡蕾, 王振波. 基于位置大数据的青藏高原人类活动时空模式[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1406-1417.
[8]	王楠, 王会蒙, 杜云艳, 易嘉伟, 刘张, 涂文娜. 青藏高原人口流入流出时空模式研究[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1418-1431.
[9]	左其亭, 崔国韬. 人类活动对河湖水系连通的影响评估[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(7): 1483-1493.
[10]	金凯, 王飞, 韩剑桥, 史尚渝, 丁文斌. 1982—2015年中国气候变化和人类活动对植被NDVI变化的影响[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(5): 961-974.
[11]	戚伟, 刘盛和, 周亮. 青藏高原人口地域分异规律及“胡焕庸线”思想应用[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(2): 255-267.
[12]	高星, 康世昌, 刘青松, 陈鹏飞, 段宗奇. 1899—2011年青藏高原南部枪勇错沉积物磁性矿物的环境意义[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(1): 68-81.
[13]	范科科, 张强, 孙鹏, 宋长青, 余慧倩, 朱秀迪, 申泽西. 青藏高原土壤水分变化对近地面气温的影响[J]. 地理学报, 2020, 75(1): 82-97.
[14]	郭超,蒙红卫,马玉贞,李丹丹,胡彩莉,刘杰瑞,雒聪文,王凯. 藏南羊卓雍错沉积物元素地球化学记录的过去2000年环境变化[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(7): 1345-1362.
[15]	高兴川,曹小曙,李涛,吕敏娟. 1976-2016年青藏高原地区通达性空间格局演变[J]. 地理学报, 2019, 74(6): 1190-1204.