旅游社区多群体态度差异和冲突倾向的空间特征——以西安汤峪镇为例

doi:10.11821/dlxb201606011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

随着乡村旅游的快速发展,乡村旅游社区逐步成为多群体竞争与冲突的场所,其内部多群体的态度差异成为指示社区冲突的重要指标。本文以西安汤峪镇为例,采用参与式制图（Participatory Mapping）和半结构访谈方法对当地居民、度假购房业主和游客3类群体的旅游开发态度和景观价值感知进行调查,最终获得315套访谈表与填图,共提取空间信息点5518个。基于对Brown等土地利用冲突倾向指标模型的修订,并结合地理空间分析方法探讨旅游社区态度差异和冲突倾向的空间特征。结论显示：① 旅游开发态度及其差异具有明显的地点指向性,并与景观价值的空间感知相关联。旅游开发冲突倾向空间上并非均匀分布,而是呈斑状格局,高值集中于社区旅游开发核心区域,且强度由开发的核心区域向外围区域减弱;② 潜在冲突地点的形成既有传统冲突因素的影响,又有特殊空间因素的作用,旅游开发要素的空间结构、多人群景观价值的空间感知、社区旅游发展阶段和相关人群的涉入程度都会影响冲突空间的形成;③ 参与式制图与深度访谈结合的方法能够帮助获得多人群主观数据,为认识态度和旅游开发冲突的空间特征提供了新的技术支撑。

关键词: 参与式制图, 态度差异, 景观价值, 冲突倾向, 西安汤峪镇

Abstract:

With the rapid development of rural tourism, local communities have become the places where multi-groups compete and conflict with each other. The differences in preference to tourism development among multi-groups have become a key indicator of conflicts in these communities. Taking Tangyu town as a case, this study employed participatory mapping, which is an important tool of the public participation geographic information system (PPGIS), and semi-structure interview to investigate the landscape values and preferences for tourism development from local residents, tourists and vacation homeowners. Finally we obtained 315 sets of questionnaires, interviews and mappings, which totally generated 5518 geo-spatial points. Based on Brown's land use conflict model, this study combined preference differences and landscape values with geo-spatial analysis to explore the spatial features of differences of different preferences and potential conflicts held by multi-groups. Results indicated that: (1) Preferences toward tourism development and their difference were characterized by obvious location differentiation, and were related to different groups' spatial perception of landscape values. The spatial distribution of conflicts potential associated with tourism development in Tangyu was uneven, but presented a patch structure. The areas with high values of conflict potential were mainly distributed across core areas of tourism development, and the values decreased gradually from the core areas to the peripheral areas. (2) The formation of potential conflict sites was not only impacted by the traditional factors, but also by the spatial factors. The tourism development stages of local community, the involvement degree of those related groups, the spatial structure of tourism development elements and the spatial perception of landscape values, jointly contributed to the formation of conflict sites. (3) The combination of participatory mapping and in-depth interview provided a new method to better understand the spatial features of preferences and conflicts potential associated with tourism development.

Key words: participatory mapping, preference difference, landscape value, conflict potential, Tangyu town, Xi'an

褚玉杰, 赵振斌, 张铖, 陈诚, 陈幺. 旅游社区多群体态度差异和冲突倾向的空间特征——以西安汤峪镇为例[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(6): 1045-1058.

Yujie CHU, Zhenbin ZHAO, Cheng ZHANG, Cheng CHEN, Yao CHEN. Spatial features of preference difference and conflict potential among multi-groups in tourism community: A case of Tangyu town in Xi'an[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(6): 1045-1058.

图/表 10

图1

图2

表1

表2

表3

图3

图4

图5

图6

图7

参考文献 44

[1]	Xu Zhenxiao, Zhang Jie, Geoffrey Wall, et al.Research on influence of residents' place attachment on positive attitude to tourism with a mediator of development expectation: A case of core tourism community in Jiuzhaigou. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2009, 64(6): 736-744.
	[许振晓, 张捷, Geoffery Wall, 等. 居民地方感对区域旅游发展支持度影响. 地理学报, 2009, 64(6): 736-744.]
[2]	Zhong Jie, Chen Biao.The coordination of tourism social conflict and societal harmonious development in the Western minority region. Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2011, 32(2): 140-144.
	[钟洁, 陈飙. 西部民族地区旅游社会冲突的协调与社会和谐发展. 西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2011, 32(2): 140-144.]
[3]	Sun Jiuxia, Wu Lirong.Research on interest' relationship of community tourism development in Longji terrace. Tourism Forum, 2013, 6(6): 28-35. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-3784.2013.06.005
	[孙九霞, 吴丽蓉. 龙脊梯田社区旅游发展中的利益关系研究. 旅游论坛, 2013, 6(6): 28-35.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-3784.2013.06.005
[4]	Kreiner N, Shmueli D F, Gal M B.Understanding conflicts at religious-tourism sites: The Baha'i World Center, Israel. Tourism Management Perspectives, 2015, 16(10): 228-236. doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2015.04.001
[5]	Owens P L.Conflict as a social interaction process in environment and behaviour research: The example of leisure and recreational research. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1985, 5(3): 243-259. doi: 10.1016/S0272-4944(85)80025-6
[6]	McDougall G H G, Munro H, Ritchie J R B, et al. Scaling and Attitude Measurement in Tourism and Travel Research. New York: John Wiley, 1987: 87-100.
[7]	Alreck P L, Settle R B.The Survey Research Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin, 2004.
[8]	Kemmis D.Community and the Politics of Place. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990: 119
[9]	Yung L, Freimund W A, Belsky J M.The politics of place: Understanding meaning, common ground, and political difference on the Rocky Mountain Front. Forest Science, 2003, 49(6): 855-866. doi: 10.1016/S1389-9341(03)00041-8
[10]	Yang J, Ryan C, Zhang L.Social conflict in communities impacted by tourism. Tourism Management, 2013, 35(4): 82-93. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.06.002
[11]	Doxey G V.A causation theory of visitor-residents irritants, methodology and research inferences. Paper presented at the 6th Annual Conference Proceedings of the Travel Research Association, San Diego, CA, 1975: 195-198.
[12]	Kaoruko M.Residents' attitudes toward tourism, focusing on ecocecentric attitudes and perceptions of economic costs: The case of iriomote island, Japan [D]. Michigan: Michigan State University, 2012.
[13]	Wang Y S, Pfister R E.Residents' attitudes toward tourism and perceived personal benefits in a rural community. Journal of Travel Research, 2008, 47(1): 84-93. doi: 10.1177/0047287507312402
[14]	Potts R H, Thomas D.Tourism planning in historic districts: Attitudes toward tourism development in Charleston. Journal of the American Planning Association, 2011, 69(3): 233-244. doi: 10.1080/01944360308978017
[15]	Nunkoo R, Smith S L J, Ramkissoon H. Residents' attitudes to tourism: A longitudinal study of 140 articles from 1984 to 2010. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2013, 21(1): 5-25.
[16]	Jurowki C, Gursoy D.Distance effects on residents' attitudes toward tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 2004, 31(2): 296-312. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2003.12.005
[17]	Hunt C, Stronza A.Stage-based tourism models and resident attitudes towards tourism in an emerging destination in the developing world. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2014, 22(2): 279-298. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2013.815761
[18]	Dredge D.Place change and tourism development conflict: Evaluating public interest. Tourism Management, 2010, 31(1): 104-112. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.01.004
[19]	Vaske J J, Donnelly M P, Wittmann K, et al.Interpersonal versus social-values conflict. Leisure Sciences, 1995, 17(3): 205-222. doi: 10.1080/01490409509513257
[20]	Vaske J J, Needham M D, Cline R C.Clarifying interpersonal and social values conflict among recreationists. Journal of Leisure Research, 2007, 39(1): 182-195. doi: 10.1080/10413200701601508
[21]	Bakhtiari F, Jacobsen J B, Jensen F S.Willingness to travel to avoid recreation conflicts in Danish forests. Urban Forestry and Urban Greening, 2014, 13(4): 662-671. doi: 10.1016/j.ufug.2014.08.004
[22]	Jackson S, Haider W, Elliot T.Resolving inter-group conflict in winter recreation: Chilkoot Trail National Historic Site, British Columbia. Journal for Nature Conservation, 2003, 11: 317-323. doi: 10.1078/1617-1381-00063
[23]	Ap J.Residents' perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 1992, 19(4): 665-690. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(92)90060-3
[24]	Hovardas T, Stamou G P.Structural and narrative reconstruction of representations of "environment", "nature", and "ecotourism". Society and Natural Resources, 2006, 19(3): 225-237.
[25]	Anderson N M, Williams K J H, Ford R M. Community perceptions of plantation forestry: The association between place meanings and social representations of a contentious rural land use. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2013, 34(6): 121-136.
[26]	Buijs A E, Arts B J M, Elands B H M, et al. Beyond environmental frames: The social representation and cultural resonance of nature in conflicts over a Dutch woodland. Geoforum, 2011, 42(3): 329-341.
[27]	Hernik J, Gawroński K, Dixon-Gough R.Social and economic conflicts between cultural landscapes and rural communities in the English and Polish systems. Land Use Policy, 2013, 30(1): 800-813. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.06.006
[28]	Schneider I E.Revisiting and revising recreation conflict research. Journal of Leisure Research, 2000, 32(1): 129-132.
[29]	Hawthorne T, Krygier J, Kwan M P.Mapping ambivalence: Exploring the geographies of community change and rails-to-trails development using photo-based Q method and PPGIS. Geoforum, 2008, 39(2): 1058-1078.
[30]	Barrow C J.How is environmental conflict addressed by SIA? Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2010, 30(5): 293-301. doi: 10.1016/j.eiar.2010.04.001
[31]	Brody S D, Highfield W, Arlikatti S, et al.Conflict on the coast: Using geographic information systems to map potential environmental disputes in Matagorda Bay, Texas. Environmental Management, 2004, 34(1): 11-25. doi: 10.1007/s00267-004-0256-x
[32]	Harrill R.Residents' attitudes toward tourism development: A literature review with implications for tourism planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 2004, 18(3): 251-266. doi: 10.1177/0885412203260306
[33]	Williams J, Lawson R.Community issues and resident opinions of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 2001, 28(2): 269-290. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00030-X
[34]	Raymond C, Brown G.A spatial method for assessing resident and visitor attitudes towards tourism growth and development. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 2007, 15(5): 520-540.
[35]	Brody S D, Grover H, Bernhardt S, et al.Identifying potential conflict associated with oil and gas exploration in Texas state coastal waters: A multicriteria spatial analysis. Environmental management, 2006, 38(4): 597-617. doi: 10.1007/s00267-005-0265-4
[36]	Sieber R.Public Participation geographic information systems: A literature review and framework. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 2008, 96(3): 491-507. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.2006.00702.x
[37]	Brown G.Mapping landscape values and development preferences: A method for tourism and residential development planning. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2006, 8(2): 101-113. doi: 10.1002/jtr.562
[38]	Chen Xiangming.Quality methods in social science. Social Sciences in China, 1996, 16(6): 93-102.
	[陈向明. 社会科学中的定性研究方法. 中国社会科学, 1996, 16(6): 93-102.]
[39]	Brown G, Raymond C M.Methods for identifying land use conflict potential using participatory mapping. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2014, 122(2): 196-208. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.11.007
[40]	Buizer M, Turnhout E.Text, talk, things, and the sub-politics of performing place. Geoforum, 2011, 42(5): 530-38. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.05.004
[41]	Paasi A.Region and place: Regional identity in question. Progress in Human Geography, 2003, 27(4): 475-485. doi: 10.1191/0309132503ph439pr
[42]	Trudeau D.Politics of belonging in the construction of landscapes: Place-making, boundary-drawing and exclusion. Cultural Geographies, 2006, 13(3): 421-433. doi: 10.1191/1474474006eu366oa
[43]	Draper J, Woosnam K M, Norman W C.Tourism use history: Exploring a new framework for understanding residents' attitudes toward tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 2011, 50(1): 64-77. doi: 10.1177/0047287509355322
[44]	Ryan R L.The social landscape of planning: Integrating social and perceptual research with spatial planning information. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2011, 100(4): 361-363. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.01.015

序号	价值与态度	调查描述	原因
A	美学(风景)价值	调查范围内,风景优美,能为人们提供审美享受的地点	为什么?
B	历史文化价值	调查范围内,历史悠久,有遗迹和传说故事,能够体现当地传统文化的地点	为什么?
C	经济(生计)价值	调查范围内,能够为人们提供收入或就业机会的地点	为什么?
D	休闲娱乐价值	调查范围内,能够使人们放松身体、心情愉悦的地点	为什么?
E	生态环境价值	调查范围内,动植物种类丰富,生态环境良好的地点	为什么?
G	精神价值	调查范围内,使人们感到神圣、不可冒犯的地点	为什么?
H	疗养/健康价值	调查范围内,能够提高人们身体素质,保持身心健康的地点	为什么?
I	代表性价值	调查范围内,具有象征意义的,能够代表当地特色的地点	为什么?
J	您支持进行旅游开发的地点	调查范围内,您支持开发旅游业的地点(如支持兴建旅游景点、宾(旅)馆、餐馆、度假住宅、休闲娱乐场所等)	为什么?
K	您反对进行旅游开发的地点	调查范围内,您反对开发旅游业的地点(如反对兴建旅游景点、宾(旅)馆、餐馆、度假住宅、休闲娱乐场所等)	为什么?

特征项目	类别	社区居民			度假购房业主			游客
特征项目	类别	人数(个)		比例(%)		人数(个)	比例(%)	人数(个)	比例(%)
性别	男	50	15.87		58	18.41		64	20.32
性别	女	55	17.46		46	14.60		42	13.33
年龄	18岁以下	8	2.54		0	0.00		3	0.95
	18~29岁	25	7.94		6	1.90		26	8.25
	30~44岁	39	12.38		15	4.76		31	9.84
	45~59岁	25	7.94		30	9.52		30	9.52
	60岁以上	8	2.54		53	16.83		16	5.08
文化水平	小学以下	2	0.63		1	0.32		1	0.32
	小学	8	2.54		2	0.63		3	0.95
	初中	58	18.41		14	4.44		15	4.76
	中专或高中	24	7.62		16	5.08		24	7.62
	大专	8	2.54		20	6.35		24	7.62
	本科及以上	5	1.59		51	16.19		39	12.38
合计		105	33.33		104	33.02		106	33.65

代码	专题价值	各类群体表述的空间信息点(个)
代码	专题价值	社区居民	度假购房业主	游客	合计
A	美学(风景)价值	306	262	276	844
B	历史文化价值	225	126	144	495
C	经济(生计)价值	256	197	217	670
D	休闲娱乐价值	270	278	263	811
E	生态环境价值	179	165	151	495
G	精神价值	122	69	100	291
H	疗养/健康价值	188	157	176	521
I	代表性价值	204	193	204	601
J	您支持进行旅游开发的地方	148	125	161	434
K	您不支持进行旅游开发的地方	90	151	115	356
合计		1988	1723	1807	5518