三工河流域山地—绿洲—荒漠系统降水空间变异性研究

doi:10.11821/dlxb201605003

地理学报 ›› 2016, Vol. 71 ›› Issue (5): 731-742.doi: 10.11821/dlxb201605003

三工河流域山地—绿洲—荒漠系统降水空间变异性研究

徐利岗^1,^2,³(), 周宏飞^1,²(), 潘锋⁴, 吴林峰^1,², 汤英³

1. 中国科学院新疆生态与地理研究所,乌鲁木齐 830011
2. 阜康荒漠生态系统国家野外观测研究站,阜康 831505
3 宁夏水利科学研究院,银川 750021
4. 乌鲁木齐气象卫星地面站,乌鲁木齐 830011

收稿日期:2015-12-22 修回日期:2016-02-15 出版日期:2016-05-25 发布日期:2016-05-25
作者简介:
作者简介：徐利岗(1981-), 男, 宁夏银川市人, 博士, 主要从事水文水资源及相关研究。E-mail: xlg9120@163.com
基金资助:
国土资源部公益行业科研专项(201511047-2);博士后基金项目(2013M542416)

Spatial variability of precipitation for mountain-oasis-desert system in the Sangong River Basin

Ligang XU^1,^2,³(), Hongfei ZHOU^1,²(), Feng PAN⁴, Lingfeng WU^1,², Ying TANG³

1. Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, CAS, Urumqi 830011, China
2. Fukang Desert Ecosystem Observation and Experiment Station, Fukang 831505, Xinjiang, China
3. The Scientific Research Institute of the Water Conservancy of Ningxia, Yinchuan 750021, China
4. Urumqi Meteorological Satellite Ground Station, Urumqi 830011, China

Received:2015-12-22 Revised:2016-02-15 Published:2016-05-25 Online:2016-05-25
Supported by:
Land and Resources Research Special Funds for Public Welfare Projects, No.201511047-2;China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, No.2013M542416

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

山地—绿洲—沙漠系统（MODS）是中国内陆干旱区最基本、也最典型的地理景观格局,以天山北麓中段、准噶尔盆地南缘的三工河流域为典型区,设置降雨量监测网,获取2007-2014年5-8月份降雨量数据,利用（旋转）经验正交函数分解（REOF/EOF）、分形理论及克里金法（Kriging）等方法探讨流域尺度干旱内陆区MODS多地貌单元复合情况下降水的空间结构型及异质性特征,为深入了解MODS生态系统植被演变规律及其恢复提供借鉴。主要结论为：依据第一特征向量（对总体方差贡献82.4%）0~30 km、30~70 km及70~150 km的3个荷载区段,将研究区划分为山地区、绿洲区及沙漠区;其夏季降水场以“整体一致”型为主,表现为降水一致全流域整体增加,且增幅自山地—绿洲—荒漠依次减小。山地区半变异函数曲线符合高斯模型,绿洲区符合球状模型变程为15.3 km,荒漠区5月、6月及其它时段分别符合高斯模型、指数模型及球状模型,变程58.6 km比山地和绿洲大。随机因素引起的空间异质性占0.01%~9.57%;绿洲区降水空间变异性最大,山地次之沙漠区最小;6月份降水空间异质性最显著,8月最小;在南北方向（0°）和东南—西北方向（135°）变异性最强。

关键词: 山地—绿洲—荒漠系统, 三工河流域, 降水, 空间变异性, Kriging

Abstract:

Mountain-Oasis-Desert System (MODS) is the typical landscape pattern in the inland arid area of Northwest China. We set the rainfall monitoring network in the Sangong River Basin, which is located in the middle part of northern Tianshan Mountains, southern margin of the Junggar Basin, to obtain the data of May-August rainfall for 2007-2014. Then empirical orthogonal function, fractal theory and geostatistics method were used to investigate characteristics of spatial distribution pattern and spatial variability of precipitation for the Mountain-Oasis-Desert System in arid inland areas. Results indicate that: (1) The first feature vector (contribution rates of the overall changes was 82.4%) has three load sections, namely, 70-150 km, 30-70 km and 0-30 km; accordingly, and the study area is divided into mountain area, oasis area and desert area. (2) The spatial distribution of summer precipitation presents a pattern of "overall uniformly type", which means that precipitation will increase over the whole basin, and the increase range is decreasing from mountain, oasis to desert. (3) The semi variation function curve of the mountainous region fits the Gauss model, the oasis area fits the Spherical model and the variation distance is 15.3 km. The desert area in May, June and other months fits the Gauss model, the exponential model and the spherical model respectively, and the variation distance is 58.6 km, which is longer than that of the mountain and oasis. (4) In research scale, owing to the random factors arising precipitation spatial heterogeneity take up 0.01%-9.57% of all, it was mainly caused by autocorrelation. (5) The spatial variability of precipitation in the oasis region was the largest, while that of the desert region was the smallest. The spatial heterogeneity of precipitation in June was the most significant, while the minimum value was observed in August. The variation was the greatest in both the north-south (0°) and the southeast-northwest directions (135°).

Key words: mountain-oasis-desert system, Sangong River Basin, precipitation, spatial variability, kriging method

徐利岗, 周宏飞, 潘锋, 吴林峰, 汤英. 三工河流域山地—绿洲—荒漠系统降水空间变异性研究[J]. 地理学报, 2016, 71(5): 731-742.

Ligang XU, Hongfei ZHOU, Feng PAN, Lingfeng WU, Ying TANG. Spatial variability of precipitation for mountain-oasis-desert system in the Sangong River Basin[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2016, 71(5): 731-742.

图/表 10

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分区	站名	编号	纬度(度分秒)	经度(度分秒)	高程(m)
荒漠子区	一站	1	N45 14 20.2	E87 36 10.2	518
	沙漠公路1	2	N45 00 45.6	E87 42 39.1	519
	二站	3	N44 52 50.7	E87 49 32.2	521
	沙漠公路2	4	N44 36 16.5	E88 07 33.0	504
	沙漠腹地(18#)	5	N44 35 44.4	E87 51 51.5	462
	阜康站北沙窝观测场	6	N44 22 42.1	E87 55 09.0	442
绿洲子区	农七队	7	N44 20 35.0	E87 49 29.0	502
	农二队	8	N44 20 21.8	E88 06 55.3	462
	阜康生态站	9	N44 17 28.5	E87 55 47.8	456
	六运湖东	10	N44 16 28.8	E88 05 48.6	478
	冰湖水库	11	N44 12 21.5	E87 59 04.4	510
	南湾村	12	N44 08 01.7	E87 52 57.7	527
	阜康市	13	N44 09 09.5	E87 58 58.1	541
	五运村	14	N44 10 30.5	E88 07 29.2	559
	上斜沟村	15	N44 07 26.9	E88 09 00.2	693
山地子区	红山水库	16	N44 03 49.1	E87 59 15.8	828
	三工煤矿	17	N44 04 05.5	E88 04 28.3	800
	四工养护站	18	N44 02 34.7	E88 07 49.8	1080
	泉泉沟	19	N43 58 57.5	E88 00 25.6	1067
	林场	20	N43 58 54.2	E88 04 09.1	1116
	天池售票处	21	N43 56 44.1	E88 05 51.5	1293
	四工源头	22	N43 56 58.4	E88 11 05.4	1734
	农行接待站	23	N43 54 17.5	E88 06 49.6	1640
	径流区2	24	N43 51 41.3	E88 09 03.5	1983
	径流区1	25	N43 52 05.3	E88 08 12.9	1941
	RG2500	26	N43 49 48.3	E88 10 29.8	2515

统计参数		时段
统计参数		5月			6月			7月			8月			夏季
区域		山地	绿洲	荒漠	山地	绿洲	荒漠	山地	绿洲	荒漠	山地	绿洲	荒漠	山地	绿洲	荒漠
均值		143.0	59.4	41.2	53.1	12.1	10.5	137.5	57.5	43.0	98.0	51.0	36.1	267.6	127.6	94.5
众数		133.8	52.2	39.2	19.2	10.8	11.3	76.9	53.8	41.8	113.0	53.4	34.5	80.8	121.5	92.7
标准差		33.41	10.11	5.72	25.91	3.22	2.43	41.11	8.04	3.92	19.42	7.27	3.19	97.19	36.08	8.99
偏度		-0.10	0.70	0.19	0.84	0.85	-0.08	0.05	0.42	0.62	-0.23	0.27	0.81	-0.05	6.20	0.82
峰度		-1.01	0.37	-0.21	0.04	0.42	-0.24	-1.23	0.40	0.02	-0.76	-0.10	0.78	-0.89	5.38	0.89
变异系数		0.233	0.170	0.139	0.487	0.265	0.231	0.299	0.139	0.091	0.198	0.143	0.088	0.363	0.283	0.095
频率 (%)	25	115.0	51.7	37.0	31.5	9.8	9.0	99.6	52.2	40.1	81.7	45.6	33.8	194.5	114.4	88.2
	50	146.1	58.7	40.7	48.0	11.5	10.7	137.2	57.9	42.3	99.5	51.1	35.5	265.4	122.5	92.6
	75	168.2	64.3	45.6	69.4	13.9	12.0	171.6	61.7	45.8	114.4	55.1	38.2	348.2	132.2	100.3
	85	181.0	69.5	47.5	81.2	15.7	13.0	187.4	64.8	47.5	120.9	58.1	39.7	380.8	139.1	104.1
	95	196.1	80.8	50.5	106.0	18.7	14.6	201.5	72.8	50.1	126.8	64.4	41.7	421.2	162.0	110.5

特征向量	特征值	方差贡献率	累积方差贡献率
1	26317.54	82.431	82.431
2	2834.44	12.338	94.769
3	1593.16	5.229	100.000
4	8.400×10¹³	3.167×10¹⁴	100.000

统计参数	时段
统计参数	5月			6月			7月			8月			夏季
区域	山地	绿洲	荒漠	山地	绿洲	荒漠	山地	绿洲	荒漠	山地	绿洲	荒漠	山地	绿洲	荒漠
模型	GAU	SPH	GAU	GAU	SPH	EXP	GAU	SPH	SPH	GAU	SPH	SPH	GAU	SPH	SPH
块金值(C₀)	0.0001	0.0001	0.0029	0.0010	0.0200	0.0001	0.0001	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	0.0001	0.0000	0.0001	0.0000	0.0000
基台值(C₀+C)	0.0576	0.3002	0.0303	0.3710	0.9120	0.0907	0.1222	0.1402	0.0084	0.0578	0.1412	0.0078	0.1372	0.0286	0.0097
C₀/(C₀+C)(%)	0.17	0.03	9.57	0.27	2.19	0.11	0.07	0.08	0.00	0.17	0.07	0.00	0.07	0.00	0.00
变程(a)	14.15	12.90	49.90	15.12	13.70	49.90	14.30	15.24	56.80	14.95	13.83	48.60	15.50	13.32	52.30
分维数(D)	1.405	1.484	1.123	1.528	1.651	1.239	1.574	1.574	1.168	1.240	1.607	1.576	1.275	1.288	1.555
RSS	0.0000	0.0007	0.0001	0.0066	0.0349	0.0004	0.0008	0.0018	0.0000	0.0002	0.0023	0.0000	0.0015	0.0001	0.0000
决定系数(R²)	0.945	0.946	0.968	0.970	0.958	0.960	0.969	0.910	0.971	0.973	0.910	0.961	0.954	0.966	0.953

方向	统计参量	区域
		山地子区						绿洲子区						荒漠子区
		5月	6月	7月	8月	夏季		5月	6月	7月	8月	夏季		5月	6月	7月	8月	夏季
0°	分维数	1.223	1.3977	1.5107	1.7257	1.4777		1.667	1.526	1.632	1.799	1.605		1.232	1.124	1.364	1.284	1.367
	标准差	0.212	0.5237	0.6087	0.5767	0.4187		0.433	0.553	0.346	0.365	0.298		0.232	0.524	0.291	0.371	0.422
	拟合度	0.877	0.658	0.653	0.746	0.676		0.695	0.718	0.677	0.743	0.770		0.755	0.558	0.712	0.584	0.681
45°	分维数	1.231	1.469	1.588	1.666	1.433		1.567	1.435	1.657	1.785	1.466		1.358	1.266	1.386	1.059	1.531
	标准差	0.314	0.654	0.569	0.566	0.413		0.557		0.444	0.314	0.644		0.524	0.361		0.413	0.511	0.520	0.368
	拟合度	0.831	0.666	0.718	0.796	0.735		0.676		0.679	0.858	0.737		0.793	0.879		0.724	0.789	0.664	0.891
90°	分维数	1.242	1.501	1.601	1.682	1.491	1.514	1.492	1.549	1.848	1.497	1.291	1.248	1.355	1.262	1.538
	标准差	0.319	0.489	0.391	0.645	0.288	0.534		0.414	0.258	0.357	0.350	0.463		0.412	0.325	0.389	0.400
	拟合度	0.657	0.837	0.814	0.737	0.715	0.687		0.701	0.714	0.734	0.725	0.700		0.623	0.791	0.715	0.825
135°	分维数	1.219	1.400	1.538	1.681	1.405	1.502	1.466	1.566	1.790	1.485	1.208	1.230	1.329	1.053	1.365
	标准差	0.454	0.448	0.389	0.416	0.374	0.454		0.375	0.657	0.388	0.510	0.289		0.366	0.487	0.298	0.347
	拟合度	0.621	0.616	0.730	0.698	0.790	0.636		0.743	0.676	0.765	0.598	0.705		0.709	0.665	0.721	0.756

三工河流域山地—绿洲—荒漠系统降水空间变异性研究

Spatial variability of precipitation for mountain-oasis-desert system in the Sangong River Basin

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