城市网络地位与网络权力的关系——以中国汽车零部件交易链接网络为例

doi:10.11821/dlxb201512008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

网络中心性和网络权力是城市节点的两个重要网络结构特征,现有研究往往缺乏对二者联系和差别的足够重视。从拓扑结构角度,解析城市网络中心性和网络权力的基本内涵,基于度中心性、介数中心性分别表征城市网络中心性和网络权力存在的不足,引入递推中心性和递推权力的概念,利用2009年中国汽车零部件供需链接配套关系数据构建城市关联网络,讨论网络节点分布、链接关系等拓扑结构特征,识别各项中心性和权力指标的相互关系。研究表明：① 汽车零部件供需链接的城市网络具备低密度、多中心、“富人俱乐部”的特征;② 上海、长春、北京、重庆、十堰为最高等级的网络中心城市,分别锁定中国6大汽车产业带的对应地区;③ 长三角、京津地区、山东、广西、湖北三省及川渝地区为6大网络权力城市集中区,长三角地区网络权力最为突出;④ 递推中心性、递推权力在测度城市网络中心性和网络权力方面,具有更高的区分性和精准度;⑤ 城市网络存在由“高中心性—高权力”的核心城市到“低中心性—低权力”的裙带城市的一维分布特征,这与空间距离阻尼对城市链接有无的影响程度的衰减有关;同时也存在二者关系非匹配的“高中心性—低权力”的中心集束城市和“低中心性—高权力”的权力门户城市。

关键词: 汽车零部件, 城市网络, 递推权力, 递推中心性, 中国

Abstract:

Centrality and power show important network structure characteristics of a major city. However, research on the city network often ignores the connection and the differences between these concepts. We explain the basic concepts underpinning both centrality and power. We introduce two concepts: recursive centrality and recursive power, to describe degree centrality and betweenness centrality as applied to a city's position and power in a network, respectively. We form a complete set of relational data based on a matching relationship between Chinese auto parts supply and demand in 2009. Finally we review China's urban network topology characteristics, such as node distribution and link relationships, and identify the relationship between the center and the power index. Empirical studies show that (1) the Chinese city network (based on auto parts supply and demand) is of low density, polycentric, and is characterized by the "rich club". (2) Shanghai, Changchun, Beijing, Chongqing and Shiyan show the highest level of centrality in their city networks within the six major auto industry regions (northeast China, Beijing-Tianjin, central China, Sichuan-Chongqing, and the Yangtze River Delta). (3) There are six major network power city clusters in China: the Yangtze River Delta, Beijing-Tianjin, Shandong Province, Guangxi autonomous region, Hubei Province, and Sichuan-Chongqing. Among them, the Yangtze River Delta is the most powerful one. (4) With regards to measuring centrality and power in a network, recursive centrality and recursive power are both discernible and accurate. (5) City network distribution features can be classified as either core cities, with high centrality and high power, or peripheral cities, with low centrality and low power. The damping effect of distance influences the degree of connection within a city. Other relationships exist, such as center city clusters, with high center and low power, and powerful gateway cities, with low centrality and high power.

Key words: auto parts, city network, recursive power, recursive centrality, China

王成, 王茂军, 柴箐. 城市网络地位与网络权力的关系——以中国汽车零部件交易链接网络为例[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(12): 1953-1972.

Cheng WANG, Maojun WANG, Qing CHAI. The relationship between centrality and power in the city network[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(12): 1953-1972.

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产业带	省份 (直辖市)	规模以上汽车企业数	规模以上整车企业数¹	规模以上零部件企业数	从业人员数(万人)	代表城市	代表企业
东北地区	吉林省	441	26	415	19	长春	一汽集团
	黑龙江省	111	26	83	4.3^*	哈尔滨	哈飞集团
	辽宁省	513	62	451	11	沈阳	华晨集团
京津地区	北京市	203	53	150	12	北京	北京现代
京津地区	天津市	—	22	—	8.1	天津	一汽丰田
华中地区	湖北省	1013	84	929	24.8	武汉、十堰	东风集团
	湖南省	300	10	290	7	长沙、株洲	三一集团
	安徽省	600	44	500	15.2	合肥、芜湖	奇瑞集团
西南地区	重庆市	—	12	—	31	重庆	长安集团
西南地区	四川省	320	37	283	13.5	成都	一汽大众
长江三角洲地区	上海市	138	21	117	11	上海	上汽集团
	江苏省	1798	123	1675	35.1	南京、苏州	吉利汽车
	浙江省	1600	36	1600	36.3	杭州、玉环	东风日产
珠江三角洲地区	广东省	918	54	808	29.5	广州	广汽本田

汽车公司	配套供应商	汽车公司	配套供应商	汽车公司	配套供应商
一汽大众	389	东风汽车	857	上海通用五菱	264
一汽集团	971	东风日产	121	奇瑞集团	424
一汽轿车	150	神龙汽车	267	南京汽车集团	165
一汽海马	130	东风悦达起亚	68	南京依维柯	151
天汽集团	24	上汽集团	110	北汽福田	486
天津一汽夏利	178	上海通用	367	北京奔驰	142
天津一汽丰田	136	上海大众	411	北京现代	90
长安汽车集团	343	长安铃木	115	长安福特马自达	190
哈飞集团	203	昌河汽车	167	广州本田	140
广汽丰田	72	吉利汽车	248	比亚迪汽车	149
华晨金杯	331	东南(福建)汽车	80	广汽长丰	94
江铃汽车	274	重汽集团	329	重庆重汽	78
陕汽集团	186	北奔重汽	167	江淮汽车	291
郑州日产	100	长城汽车	245	河北中兴	66

单位名称	企业驻地城市	配套对象
北京市国兴汽车油泵制造有限	北京市	为一汽—大众、长春轻型车厂等配套
济南三联五菱汽车配件有限公司	济南市	为上汽通用五菱、东风柳汽、北汽福田配套
马瑞利动力系统有限公司	上海市	为华晨金杯、奇瑞汽车、神龙汽车、上海大众、长安汽车配套
大连同泰汽车部件有有限公司	大连市	为北京奔驰—戴克、沈飞等配套
浙江康林实业发展有限公司	玉环县	为北京奔驰—戴克、北汽福田、东风渝安、五菱等配套

企业类型	1~5家	比重(%)	6~10家	比重(%)	11~50家	比重(%)	51家以上	比重(%)
车身零部件企业	128	81.0	13	8.2	12	7.6	4	2.5
底盘零部件	267	79.2	32	9.5	31	9.2	7	2.1
电子电器零部件	148	77.5	15	7.9	24	12.6	4	2.1
发动机零部件企	229	80.9	27	9.5	24	8.5	3	1.1
通用件和相关工业产品企业	214	79.6	22	8.2	31	11.5	2	0.7

链接强度	链接频次	链接频率(%)	链接强度规模	链接强度规模的比重(%)
1~10	4113	97.44	7569	77.87
11~20	79	1.87	1147	11.80
21~30	17	0.40	421	4.33
31~40	5	0.12	177	1.82
41~50	4	0.09	180	1.85
51以上	3	0.07	226	2.33
合计	4221	100.00	9720	100.00