中国环境规制、地理区位与企业生产率增长

doi:10.11821/dlxb201510004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

环境规制对企业生产率的影响是当前学术界的研究热点,但基于地理区位视角的研究较少。应用中国环境规制地理空间数据和微观企业数据,实证分析了环境规制空间差异与环境规制空间相关性对企业生产率的影响。结果表明,环境规制空间差异与企业生产率之间存在显著的倒U型关系;环境规制空间相关性作用显著,邻近城市环境规制提升有利于本城市企业生产率增长;环境规制对生产效率高的企业具有显著促进作用,但对生产效率低的企业影响不明显;不同的地理区位,环境规制对企业生产率的影响不同,相对于中西部地区,东部地区环境规制促进企业生产率增长的作用更为显著。本文揭示了在地理区位视角下,针对环境规制对企业生产率的影响,“成本假说”和“波特假说”具有各自的解释空间。

关键词: 环境规制, 地理区位, 企业生产率, 波特假说, 中国

Abstract:

The impact of environmental regulations on firms' productivities is a hot topic at present, but little attention has been paid to the geographic location aspect. As the literature show two kinds of theories named "Cost hypothesis" and "Porter hypothesis" according to the impact of environmental regulations on firms' productivities, this paper empirically analyzes the influences of spatial difference and interdependence of environmental regulations on firms' productivity based geographic data and micro-firm-level data for the period of 2004-2007. Our results show that spatial difference of environmental regulations has a significant impact on firms' total factor productivity with an inverted U-shaped relationship. That is to say, appropriate intensity of environmental regulations could promote firms' productivities, but if the environmental regulations are too intensive, firms' productivity might decrease. The effect of spatial correlation of environmental regulation is significant. The environmental regulation of neighborhoods can promote the productivity of firms in native city. Environmental regulation has a significant impact on the firms with high efficiency, but no significant influence on firms with low efficiency. Besides, the impact of environmental regulation on productivity of pollution-intensive firms is variant according to geographic location. The promotion of environmental regulation on firms' productivity is stronger in the eastern region than in the central and western regions. Our research suggests different mechanisms for the Cost hypothesis and Porter hypothesis in the context of geographic location. The governments shall make different regulations in different parts of the country instead of one policy.

Key words: environmental regulation, geographic location, firms' productivity, Porter hypothesis, China

黄志基, 贺灿飞, 杨帆, 周沂. 中国环境规制、地理区位与企业生产率增长[J]. 地理学报, 2015, 70(10): 1581-1605.

Zhiji HUANG, Canfei HE, Fan YANG, Yi ZHOU. Environmental regulation, geographic location and growth of firms' productivity in China[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2015, 70(10): 1581-1605.

图/表 5

表1

图1

图2

表2

表3

参考文献 28

[1]	World Bank.Toward a Green, Clean and Resilient World for All: A World Bank Group Environment Strategy, 2012-2022. Washington DC, 2012.
[2]	Economy E.Environmental enforcement in China//Day K A (ed). China's environment and the challenge of sustainable development. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2005: 102-120. doi: 10.1126/science.222.4624.565-a
[3]	Cao K, Ye X.Coarse-grained parallel genetic algorithm applied to a vector based land use allocation optimization problem: The case study of Tongzhou Newtown, Beijing, China. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 2013, 27(5): 1133-1142. doi: 10.1007/s00477-012-0649-y
[4]	He C F, Pan F Y, Yan Y.Is economic transition harmful to China's urban environment? Evidence from industrial air pollution in Chinese cities. Urban Studies, 2012, 49(8): 1767-1790. doi: 10.1177/0042098011415719
[5]	He C F, Zhang T, Wang R.Air quality in urban China. Eurasian Geography and Economics, 2012, 53(6): 750-771. doi: 10.2747/1539-7216.53.6.750
[6]	Jaffe A B, Peterson S R, Portney P R, et al.Environmental regulation and the competitiveness of US manufacturing: What does the evidence tell us? Journal of Economic literature, 1995, 33(1): 132-163.
[7]	Christainsen G B, Haveman R H.Public regulations and the slowdown in productivity growth. The American Economic Review, 1981, 71(2): 320-325. doi: 10.1016/0309-586X(81)90042-X
[8]	Barbera A J, McConnell V D. Effects of pollution control on industry productivity: A factor demand approach. The Journal of Industrial Economics, 1986, 35(2): 161-172. doi: 10.2307/2098356
[9]	Gray W. B.The cost of regulation: OSHA, EPA and the productivity slowdown. The American Economic Review, 1987, 77(5): 998-1006. doi: 10.1016/0038-0121(88)90025-0
[10]	Jorgenson D W, Wilcoxen P J.Environmental regulation and US economic growth. The Rand Journal of Economics, 1990, 21(2): 314-340. doi: 10.2307/2555426
[11]	Greenstone M.The Impacts of Environmental Regulations on Industrial Activity: Evidence from the 1970 & 1977 Clean Air Act Amendments and the Census of Manufactures. NBER Working Paper No. 8484. National Bureau of Economic Research .2001.
[12]	Li Chunmi, Bi Chao.Analysis of industrial total factor productivity in western regions considering environmental regulation. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University (Social Sciences), 2012, 32(1): 18-22. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-245X.2012.01.006
	[李春米, 毕超. 环境规制下的西部地区工业全要素生产率变动分析. 西安交通大学学报(社会科学版), 2012, 32(1): 18-22.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-245X.2012.01.006
[13]	Gollop F M, Roberts M J.Environmental regulations and productivity growth: The case of fossil-fueled electric power generation. The Journal of Political Economy, 1983, 91(4): 654-674. doi: 10.1086/261170
[14]	Millimet D L, Osang T.Environmental regulation and productivity growth: An analysis of US manufacturing industries. Empirical Modeling of the Economy and the Environment, 2003, 20: 7-22. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-57415-3_2
[15]	Porter M E.America's Green Strategy. Scientific American, 1991, 264(4): 168-170.
[16]	Porter M E, Van der Linde C. Toward a new conception of the environment-competitiveness relationship. The journal of economic perspectives, 1995, 9(4): 97-118. doi: 10.2307/1183001
[17]	Ambec S, Cohen M A, Elgie S, et al.The Porter hypothesis at 20: Can environmental regulation enhance innovation and competitiveness? Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 2013, 7(1): 2-22. doi: 10.1093/reep/res016
[18]	Hamamoto M.Environmental regulation and the productivity of Japanese manufacturing industries. Resource and Energy Economics, 2006, 28(4): 299-312. doi: 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2005.11.001
[19]	Yang C H, Tseng Y H, Chen C P.Environmental regulations, induced R&D, and productivity: Evidence from Taiwan's manufacturing industries. Resource and Energy Economics, 2012, 34(4): 514-532.
[20]	Berman E, Bui L T.Environmental regulation and productivity: Evidence from oil refineries. Review of Economics and Statistics, 2001, 83(3): 498-510. doi: 10.1162/00346530152480144
[21]	Zhang C, Liu H, Bressers H T A, et al. Productivity growth and environmental regulations-accounting for undesirable outputs: Analysis of China's thirty provincial regions using the Malmquist-Luenberger index. Ecological Economics, 2011, 70(12): 2369-2379. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.07.019
[22]	Lanoie P, Laurent-Lucchetti J, Johnstone N, et al.Environmental policy, innovation and performance: New insights on the Porter hypothesis. Journal of Economics & Management Strategy, 2011, 20(3): 803-842. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-9134.2011.00301.x
[23]	Zhang Cheng, Lu Yang, Guo Lu, et al.The intensity of environmental regulation and technological progress of production. Economic Research, 2011(2): 113-124.
	[张成, 陆旸, 郭路, 等. 环境规制强度和生产技术进步. 经济研究, 2011(2): 113-124.]
[24]	Yang R D, He C F.The productivity puzzle of Chinese exporters: Perspectives of local protection and spillover effects. Papers in Regional Science, 2014, 93(2): 367-384.
[25]	Zhao Xiaowei.Environmental regulation, environmental regulation competition and regional industrial economic growth: An empirical study based on spatial panel Durbin model, International Trade Issue, 2014(7): 82-92.
	[赵霄伟. 环境规制, 环境规制竞争与地区工业经济增长: 基于空间Durbin面板模型的实证研究. 国际贸易问题, 2014(7): 82-92.]
[26]	Tong Weiwei, Zhang Jianmin.Can environmental regulation promote technological innovation? A reexamination based on China's manufacturing enterprises' data. Finance and Economics Sciences, 2012(11): 66-74.
	[童伟伟, 张建民. 环境规制能促进技术创新? 基于中国制造业企业数据的再检验. 财经科学, 2012(11): 66-74.]
[27]	Wang Guoyin, Wang Dong.Porter hypothesis, environmental regulation and enterprises' technological innovation. China Soft Science, 2011(1): 100-112.
	[王国印, 王动. 波特假说, 环境规制与企业技术创新. 中国软科学, 2011(1): 100-112.]
[28]	Shen Neng, Liu Fengchao.Can intensive environmental regulation promote technological innovation? Porter Hypothesis reexamined. China Soft Science, 2012(4): 49-59. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-9753.2012.04.006
	[沈能, 刘凤朝. 高强度的环境规制真能促进技术创新吗? 基于“波特假说”的再检验. 中国软科学, 2012(4): 49-59.] doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-9753.2012.04.006

变量种类	变量名	变量含义	年份
因变量	TFP	企业全要素生产率	2004-2007
自变量	ER	环境规制强度综合指数	2003-2006
自变量	WER	邻近城市环境规制强度综合指数	2003-2006
控制变量	Age	企业生存年数	2004-2007
	Size	企业全部从业人员数	2004-2007
	Loan	企业是否有贷款	2004-2007
	Owner	企业所有制虚拟变量	2004-2007
	Market	城市全社会消费品零售总额	2004-2007
	Human	城市每千人拥有的高等教育在校人数	2004-2007
	Indus	城市工业增加值占GDP比重	2004-2007
	Exter	城市单位面积制造业工人总数	2004-2007
	Year dummy	年份虚拟变量	2004-2007
	Industry dummy	产业类型虚拟变量	2004-2007

	OLS回归		分位回归
	OLS回归		0.1	0.1	0.5	0.5	0.9	0.9
	（1）	（2）	（3）	（4）	（5）	（6）	（7）	（8）
ER	0.00885^***	0.0249^***	-0.000509	0.0163^***	0.00770^***	0.0178^***	0.0274^***	0.0469^***
WER	0.00216^***	0.00635^***	0.00252^***	0.0108^***	0.00221^***	0.00653^***	0.00220^***	0.00222^**
ER^2		-0.000563^***		-0.000630^***		-0.000393^***		-0.000792^***
WER^2		-0.000128^***		-0.000220^***		-0.000115^***		-0.0000444^**
Age	0.00266^***	0.00264^***	0.00412^***	0.00397^***	0.00374^***	0.00369^***	0.00162^***	0.00174^***
Size	-0.808^**	-0.676^*	0.126^***	0.138^***	0.0314	0.0316	-0.336^***	-0.337^***
Loan	0.0168^***	0.0156^***	0.0598^***	0.0565^***	0.0321^***	0.0292^***	-0.0479^***	-0.0459^***
Market	-0.0770^***	-0.132^***	-0.0149^*	-0.0914^***	-0.0691^***	-0.110^***	-0.118^***	-0.163^***
Human	0.00442^***	0.00511^***	0.00115^***	0.00238^***	0.00381^***	0.00437^***	0.00707^***	0.00743^***
Indus	0.000851^***	0.000314	0.00222^***	0.00143^***	0.000983^***	0.000328	-0.000999^***	-0.00135^***
Exter	-10.56	237.2^***	116.4^***	516.9^***	-17.21	196.8^***	-214.9^***	-29.49
Owner	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Year	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Industry	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Constant	3.287^***	3.225^***	1.975^***	1.879^***	3.227^***	3.192^***	4.559^***	4.499^***
N	184804	184804	184804	184804	184804	184804	184804	184804
R²	0.156	0.158	0.107	0.109	0.088	0.089	0.075	0.076

	东部		中部		西部
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
ER	0.00791^***	0.0270^***	0.00321	0.0734^***	-0.0196^***	0.00804
WER	0.000840^***	0.00296^***	0.00769^***	0.0209^***	-0.00130	0.00836^*
ER^2		-0.000586^***		-0.0106^***		-0.00461^**
WER^2		-0.0000705^***		-0.000715^***		-0.000446^**
Age	0.00205^***	0.00200^***	0.00457^**	0.00458^**	0.00337^***	0.00332^***
Size	0.108^*	0.118^**	-0.500^***	-0.496^***	-0.0280	-0.00247
Loan	0.0183^***	0.0182^***	0.00152	0.000699	-0.0276^*	-0.0299^**
Market	-0.0729^***	-0.119^***	0.272^***	0.184^***	0.0849^**	0.0682^*
Human	0.00420^***	0.00455^***	-0.00491^***	-0.00410^***	-0.00565^***	-0.00539^***
Indus	0.00117^***	0.000756^***	-0.00249^***	-0.00255^***	-0.0000280	-0.000128
Exter	-12.96	164.1^***	10095.9^***	9399.4^***	8374.3^***	7968.2^***
Owner	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Year	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Industry	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y	Y
Constant	3.318^***	3.249^***	3.205^***	3.097^***	3.256^***	3.212^***
N	117892	117892	46737	46737	20175	20175
R²	0.155	0.156	0.187	0.188	0.170	0.170